The Jutish cemetery at Sarre revisited: Part II

THE JUTISH CEMETERY AT SARRE REVISITED: PART II D.R.J. PERKINS INTRODUCTION At the time of writing, an initial account of evaluation work in the Jutish cemetery at Sarre in 1990 was published in Arch. Cant., cix (1991), 139-66. That text is of an introductory nature with only six of the eighteen graves excavated being described; it being anticipated either that the site would be subject to rescue excavation, 1 or scheduled as an Ancient Monument. In the event English Heritage now plans to schedule the site, although regrettably without being able to apply management such as to protect the remaining graves from plough attrition. With the future of the burial ground now uncertain, it is important that the evidence obtained in 1990 be presented in its entirety. This text concludes the grave inventory, and an osteological report is given as Appendix I. John Brent's account of his researches at Sarre in the 1860s is rendered difficult as a source by its archaic format. For this reason essential data from his report are here combined with the later material and presented in tabulated form as Appendix II. EXCAVATION A plan showing trenches and the position of graves appears in Part I. Those graves definitely not examined by John Brent have been given numbers following on from his list. Empty or disturbed graves that may have been entered by Brent's workers are given a # prefix 1 The evaluation revealed serious plough damage to the graves and rescue action was proposed in the form of a Kent Archaeological Society training excavation. 2 J. Brent, 'Account of the Society's Researches in the Saxon Cemetery at Sarre', Arch. Cant. v, vi, vii, (1862-8). 83 D.R.J. PERKINS against the chance of their being identified from Brent's cemetery plan. Grave plans are given in Figs. 1 and 2 and grave-goods are illustrated in Figs. 3-7. Grave structures are listed according to C. Hogarth's classification.3 Patterns of grave disturbance are described according to the writer's own system of classification which was supplied in Part I. Further information bearing on the Sarre cemetery and obtained during a rescue excavation in 1991 was touched upon in Part I, and will be dealt with in detail in a separate publication.4 GRAVE INVENTORY (Continued) All grave measurements given are the maximums. All depth measurements are from the exposed chalk surface. Letters refer to the position of objects or features shown in the grave drawings, Figs. 1 and 2. Numbers refer to grave goods illustrations, Figs. 3-7. Grave numbers follow in sequence from John Brent's excavations. Numbers with a # prefix were allocated prior to it being established whether or not Brent had opened a given grave. Unless otherwise stated burials are head west. Grave #1 Length 3.00 m., width 1.12 m., depth 0.45 m. Orientated 280°. A neatly cut grave with rounded corners, and of U section. Empty but for two eroded long bone fragments at the western end, (a). The fill was loose, grey-black, and generally unlike that of the other graves. This is probably a grave investigated by Brent. Grave 276 (#3) Length 2.40 m., width 0.88 m., depth 0.57 m. Orientated 295°. A neatly cut grave having an external structure Class II, a, 2, consisting of four well cut post-holes each of which had been re-cut, see Fig. 1 (inset). The grave had been disturbed in ant􀁉quity, Class A, 1, factor 2(b ). Skull fragments may have been in situ, but long bones were heaped at the western end of the grave. The only finds were two 3 A.C. Hogarth, 'Structural features in Anglo-Saxon Graves' Arch. Journ., cxxx (1973), 104-19. , 4 In preparation in 'The Sarre Main Drainage Scheme: an Archaeological Repo rt for Southern Water'. 84 THE JUTISH CEMETERY AT SARRE, II Grave # 1 􀀄-a Grave 279 Grave 276 Grave 280 Inset: Grave 276 with poslholes 0 0 CD 􀀄 Im. Fig. 1. Grave plans to scale as shown. 85 Grave 27 a '·" 􀀂, Grave 283 Grave 288 •-3 () ... D.R.J. PERKINS Grave 284 Grave 287 1-a : . Grave 289 Fig. 2. Grave plans to scale as shown. 86 ,.... a C THE JUTISH CEMETERY AT SARRE, II bronze strap-ends, Fig. 3, 4 and 5, and some fragments of worked bone, perhaps from a comb (not illustrated). Grave 278 (#5) Length 1.65 m., width 0.86 m., depth 0.67 m. Orientated 290°. A grave of rather irregular plan, but with well-cut vertical sides. Presumably, the grave of a female child, of which only the teeth survived, (a). At (b) an iron knife, Fig. 4, 24, and scattered about point (c) 25 beads (two fragmentary), Fig. 4, 1-23. Grave 279 (#6) Length 2.40 m., width 1.20 m., depth 0.98 m. Orientated 305°. Grave with rounded corners and vertical sides. Disturbed in antiquity, bones and objects scattered in the fill at all levels, Class 1, 2(b). Presumably, a multiple burial, bones were found representing four persons at least one of them male. The only finds were an iron knife and a spear ferrule, Fig. 5, 1 and 2. Grave 280 (#7) Length 1.80 m., width 0.60 m., depth 0.35 m. Orientated 290°. A small more or less rectangular grave with well-cut vertical sides. Fragmentary long bones of a male child. At (a) a small spearhead found standing on its socket at about 10° from vertical, Fig. 5, 5. At (b) an iron knife, and at (c) an iron buckle loop, Fig. 5, 3 and 4. Grave 282 ( # 13) Length 2.35 m., width 1.25 m., depth 0.80 m. Orientated 280°. Grave with rounded ends and sides sloping inwards. Disturbed in antiquity ( Class 1, 2(b)), the bones fragmented and scattered in fill which contained fragments of peg-tile and a clay-pipe stem of eighteenth-century pattern. Grave 283 (#14) Length 2.05 m., width 0.75 m., depth 0.24 m. Orientated 295°. A grave with rounded ends and open U-section. Disturbed in antiquity (Class 1, l(a) 2(b)), one tibia may have remained in situ. Further damage in modern times by ploughing. When exposed by machine a spearhead was disturbed from grave fill at chalk surface level. At (a) an iron knife, Fig. 5, 6, and Fig. 6, 1. 87 D.R.J. PERKINS Grave 284 (#15) Length 1.47 m., width 0.60 m., depth 0.10 m. Orientated 295°. A small grave of oval plan, the floor sloping up at the eastern end, Fig. 2 (section). A few skull fragments, and at (a) an iron knife, broken with the point missing, Fig. 6, 2. Grave 287 (#19) Length 2.24 m., width 0.78 m., depth 0.79 m. Orientated 295°. Grave with slightly undercut sides. Disturbed in antiquity (Class 1, 2(b)), bones piled at the foot (b).At (a) and (c) the heads and parts of the shafts of two large iron nails, both bearing wood traces, Fig. 6, 3 and 4. Grave 288 (#20) Length 2.60 m., width 1.15 m., depth 0.90 m. Orientated 285°. Grave with slightly undercut sides. Disturbed in antiquity (Class 1, 2(b)), bones piled at foot of grave. At (a) a small bronze buckle, Fig. 6, 8. In the area of (b) three angled fragments of iron strapping, each bearing a wood trace, one illustrated, Fig. 6, 6. High in the fill was part of an iron nail or skewer, fragments of iron rods, possibly the remains of keys, Fig. 6, 5 and 7. Grave 289 (#21) Length 1.95 m., width 0.67 m., depth 0.25 m. Orientated 273°. A grave with rounded ends, its shallow bowl-shaped section cut with a slot shaped for the body, grave structure Class 1 (b )5. Disturbed in antiquity, Class F, l(c), long bones scattered in fill, skull and feet in situ. At (a) an amethyst bead and at (b) two beads of orange glass, Fig. 7, 1, 2, and 3. At (c) an iron knife, and at (d) a piece of angled iron strapping bearing wood traces. Grave 291 (#31) Length 1.90 m., width 0.75 m., depth 0.16 m. Orientated 260° . A grave with rounded ends and shallow bowl-shaped section. Down t􀁋e south side and foot a shelf. This could be a grave structure, or s1mp􀁌y. a solution hollow cut by the grave. Skeleton in very friable condition of a slightly built individual. At (a) an iron knife, broken and point missing, and at (b) remains of an iron object entirely composed of corrosion products on a matrix of chalk silt, perhaps 88 THE JUTISH CEMETERY AT SARRE, II 1 281 2 I 􀀉-[ <.􀀊 􀀆@@ 6 Q0088 278 W11w Red 􀀁 Ornncw 􀀁 YPilow □ Liqhl EH11,, Q Grf'nn ■ D􀀠rk Bl11i, 􀀂 l llf(f ll()IC.,(' □ Wl11lo □ Fig. 4. Objects from grave 278, 1-23 (Scale: 1:1), 24 (Scale:½). 90 THE JUTISH CEMETERY AT SARRE, II once a shield stud, Fig. 7, 6 and 7. This grave was in process of destruction by ploughing. THE GRAVE GOODS Supplement to the description of Grave 281 in Part I (cf. Arch. Cant., cix (1991), 146). The upper fill of Grave 281 ( disturbed) yielded small fragments of what appeared to be ivory. Later during processing of the human skeletal material further pieces were identified, and all were then combined to assemble three objects, Fig. 3, 1, 2, 3. From their shape and texture they appear to have been fashioned from Walrus teeth. One (Fig. 3, 3) is notched on three sides in a way that would allow suspension from a cord or thong. With no more obvious use to mind, they must have been worn, either for adornment or as amulets. Brent found a pair of similar though more complete objects in Grave 204, describing them as made from 'morse tooth' (OE). Weapons The spearhead from Grave 280 (Fig. 5, 5), has a mid-ribbed blade, otherwise conforming in overall proportions and shape to Swanton's D-series,5 in particular type D2. It is rather small for the type, being only 24 cm. long, two examples found by Brent measuring 34 cm. and 42 cm. Although Grave 280 appears to be undisturbed, the spearhead was found standing point upwards in the fill, its socket resting on the chalk floor of the grave. Brent mentions the phenomenon as occurring in Graves 237 and 238. It is difficult to explain this in terms of rotting shafts or collapsing coffin lids, so here perhaps we encounter ritual practice. The Grave 283 spearhead (Fig. 6, 1), conforms with Swanton's E-series, more particularly type E4. No surprise here, since Brent's excavations yielded five of this type with six E3s. Swanton describes them as sixth-century types. A spear ferrule was found in the disturbed fill of Grave 279 (Fig. 5, 2), to which adhered a wood fragment preserved by iron corrosion products. This had fine straight grain and exhibited a flat surface. Presumably, the ferrule had rested on or against some wooden object such as a box or shield. An object from Grave 291, although composed of ferrous traces on 5 M.J. Swanton, A Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Spear Types, BAR 4, 1974. 91 D.R.J. 􀁏ERKINS a core of calcareous concretion, preserved the appearance of a shield stud (Fig. 7, 7). Its position in the grave makes little sense, so that it was perhaps intrusive. A relic in topsoil at the time of burial. Knives Graves 279 and 289 held knives conforming to Evison's type 1,6 Figs. 5, 1, and 7, 4. Graves 278 and 280 had knives of type 4, Figs. 4, 24, and 5, 3. In the case of both the latter, a skin of metallic corrosion and remains of a bone or horn hilt had expanded from the tang in the form of a blister, leaving them in good condition. In particular, the tang of the Grave 280 knife preserved a sharp rectangular section, and was so well forged as to resemble a machine age product. The knife from Grave 283 had a sickle-shaped blade with curved back and inwardly curved cutting edge, Fig. 5, 6. Similar blades have been recorded in the Ozengell and Sewerby cemeteries.7 They presumably correspond with Bohner's type D. 8 The Grave 284 knife had lost its point through plough damage, Fig. 6, 2. What remained was a slender blade of thin section with parallel back and cutting edges, and no appreciable shoulder between tang blade. The Grave 291 knife, Fig. 7, 6, was too fragmented and corroded for identification as to type. Of the 18 graves investigated, 12 contained knives, although it should be noted that the remaining six graves had all been disturbed. In undisturbed burials with preserved skeletons, knives were in three cases positioned just above the left hip (Graves 280, 290, and 291), and in Grave 275 above the right hip. The knives were aligned with the body, hilt to head, in Graves 290 and 291, and obliquely, hilt pointing inwards and down grave in Graves 275 and 280. These positions perhaps indicate methods of attachment: sheath on belt loop, or sheath on suspension strap. The knife types identified would seem to be generally accepted as belonging to the late-sixth and seventh centuries. Beads Grave 278 contained twenty-three monochrome glass beads, Fig. 4 6 V.I. Evison, Buckland Anglo-Saxon Cemetery, Dover, H.B.M.C. Report no. 3 (1987), 113. 7 S.M. Hirst, An Anglo-Saxon Inhumation Cemetery at Sewerby, East Yorkshire, York University Archaeological Publications (1985), 88, Fig. 44, 8. 8 K. Bohner, Die Friinkischen Altertumer des Trierer Landes, Germanische Denkmaler der Vi:ilkerwanderungszeit, Berlin (1958). 92 THE JUTISH CEMETERY AT SARRE, II 1 279 I 3 --- 9 4 280 283 ) I 0 (f) 6 Fig. 5. Objects from graves 279,280, and 283, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 (Scale:½), 5 (Scale: A). 93 D.R.J. PERKINS 2 284 287 • 5 7 6 .. l l I u--- l.:_􀀅 I () 288 -o- 8 e]J j 1 283 Fig. 6. Objects from graves 283, 284, 287, and 288, 1 at scale shown; 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (Scale: ½), 8 (Scale 1 :1). 94 THE JUTISH CEMETERY AT SARRE, II 289 291 Fig. 7. Objects from graves 289 and 291, 1, 2, 3 (Scale: 1:1), 4, 5, 6, 7 (Scale: ½). 95 D.R.J. PERKINS (a) 1-23, and colour code Fig. 4 (b). In form they break down into: disc, six; barrel, three; short cylinder, four; short cylinder rounded, four; drawn double, three; drawn triple, two; pentagonal cylinder, one. By colour: three white, six yellow, eight green, two wine-red, and two orange. Two beads (Fig. 4 (a), 5 and 6), appear to be very pale pink over a wine red core. Beads of similar appearance were found in Grave 286, see Part I, Arch. Cant., cix (1991), 147. It seems probable that this is due to deterioration, a colorant or component of the glass breaking down. Grave 289 yielded two barrel-shaped beads of orange glass, and one of amethyst quartz, Fig. 7, 1, 2, 3. Elsewhere in the cemetery, amethyst beads were found with a composite disc brooch and gold coins ( Grave B, see Appendix II), and two pouch bottles and a silver stud (Grave 220). Perhaps some indication as to why Grave 289 was disturbed. Buckles and strap-tags Little can be said of the iron buckle loop and tongue from Grave 280, Fig. 5, 4. This may have had a buckle plate, although no trace was seen. The small bronze buckle from Grave 288, Fig. 6, 8, has a folded rectangular plate fastened by three rivets. It was presumably mounted on a strap rather than a belt, since the loop would only accept a strap-end less than 1 cm. wide. It is decorated with incised lines, punched rings, and lines of punched dots. While buckles of this form are common, they are usually plain, whereas the decoration on this small example could be described as meticulous. A matching pair of bronze strap-tags was found in the disturbed fill of Grave 276, Fig. 3, 4 and 5. They are similar to one found in Grave 98 in the Bucklands cemetery,9 although more ornate with ring-anddot decoration. Iron fragments The fills of the disturbed graves yielded many iron fragments, for the most part small and amorphous, so that nothing could be made of them. The few of which it is possible to comment were: Two nail or clench-bolt fragments from Grave 287 (Fig. 6, 3, 4), are of the dimensions usually associated with fairly large wooden constructions such as boats, doors, or more probably in this case, coffins. 9 Evison, op. cit., 239, Fig. 47, 6. 96 THE JUTISH CEMETERY AT SARRE, II Pieces of angled iron strapping were found in Graves 288 and 289 (Fig. 6, 6, and Fig. 7, 5), those from Grave 288 bearing wood traces. This might be expected, as such fragments are usually interpreted as box fittings. Curiously though, the wood traces are on the outside of the angles. The pointed fragment (Fig. 6, 5), from Grave 288 might be part of a nail or skewer. Less enigmatic are the fused together pieces of round-section bar from the same grave (Fig. 6, 7); these are most probably parts of keys or latch-lifters. DISCUSSION Plough attrition Five graves were found to be in process of destruction by the plough, this representing 27 per cent of those excavated. None of them was more than 25 cm. deeper than the plough-abraded chalk surface, and in each case bones and/or metallic objects were visible at the interface with topsoil. Of the 272 graves opened by John Brent, he mentions only one as specially shallow, its depth 18 in. Brent measured grave depths from field surface level, whereas today's archaeologists carry out open area cemetery excavations and use the subsoil horizon level in which the grave first appears as datum. Both measurements are arbitrary, and, without the rare survival of a contemporary land surface, 10 we can have no idea of original grave depths. Brent tells us that topsoil was 12-18 in. (30-46 cm.) deep. By our reckoning then, his shallow grave would have been about 15 cm. in depth. Thus, only one grave of the 272 opened last century was as shallow as five graves (27 per cent) of the 18 examined in 1990. This strange disparity in the incidence of shallow graves is surely due to plough attrition over the 130 years since Brent's excavation. The field seems to have been arable land for hundreds of years, so that topsoil must have eroded from the exposed hill-top. Real damage to the underlying chalk would have commenced in the 1950s, 10 The land surface of the Jutish period was observed in sections over two graves in the Ozengell cemetery during excavations by the writer and G. Grainger in 1980-82. These horizons had been protected by road and railway work in 1847. The section over Grave 105 demonstrated that a medieval - nineteenth century build-up of loam over the Dark Age horizon had been denuded elsewhere in the cemetery field during the modern era. 11 D.R.J. Perkins, Archaeological Sites in Thanet; Their Need for Protection, (updated 1992). Discussion Pamphlet by the Trust for Thanet Archaeology. 97 D.R.J. PERKINS when ploughing by tractor became universal in Thanet, and the subsoiler was introduced. The Trust for Thanet Archaeology has amassed evidence on the extent of attrition on sites throughout the island.11 Where there is an overburden of 30 cm. or so, plough cuts into the chalk of up to 5 cm. are often observed. Subsoiler cuts are much deeper, grooves 12.5 cm. deep having been recorded.12 Because furrows are spaced apart, it would take several years for the mesh of cuts to overlap, reducing the whole chalk surface by, say, 5 cm. However, an annual attrition rate of only 5 mm. would, during the forty years since powered ploughing commenced, suffice to bring the more shallow graves to the point of destruction. Grave structures With the exception of annular and penannular barrow ditches, Saxon grave structures are common only in east Kent, with their full diversity of classes being unique to Thanet. Presumably, this sixthseventh century phenomenon is a strong insular tradition, spreading beyond Thanet by strictly local migration. It appears in Finglesham cemetery which is close to the west bank of the Wantsum Channel, and thereafter much less frequently, with cemeteries only 10 miles away exhibiting no evidence of structures. 13 A serious consequence of plough attrition is that external structures and those cut into the lip of the grave, are extremely vulnerable. It is quite possible that some of the graves exposed during the 1990 evaluation had once possessed systems of post-holes or beam-slots, as these are fairly common structures in the Thanet cemeteries. 14 Similarly, the large disturbed graves 285 and 286, might from experience elsewhere15 have been expected to exhibit curb-slots or the like. Brent's excavation technique involved finding graves by probing and excavating them through topsoil. External structures would have escaped him, and lip of grave structures such as beam-slots or ledges, if seen, may have been dismissed as solution hollows. He does make occasional tantalising mention of internal structures, but this evidence like so much else is so tersely reported as to betray a lack of interest. 12 Ibid., 4. 13 As for example at Mill Hill, Deal; pers. comm. K. Parfitt. 14 Beam-slot graves (Class I, a, 3 and 4), form about 13 per cent of graves in the Ozengell cemetery. 15 Graves of these dimensions in the Ozengell cemetery nearly all had curb-slots, Structure Class II, d. 98 THE JUTISH CEMETERY AT SARRE, II The five grave structures found during the evaluation (Graves 276, 281, 286, 289 and 290) were all of types previously encountered, although that of Grave 276 is rather unusual. Graves 276 and 279 had slabs of sandstone in their upper fill, fragments of this material being observed in topsoil throughout the field. It derives from the Thanet Beds, and at Sarre is far from its geological context. In the Ozengell and St. Peter's cemeteries, such stone was employed for grave covers16 and curbs, and in the construction of cists. An account of the discovery of the Amherst brooch mentions that a stone coffin was found nearby at the same time, 17 being later used as a cattle trough. Such a grave structure would be unprecedented among Thanet's Jutish burial grounds, but unremarkable, if derived from the ruins or churchyard of medieval St. Giles. Disturbed graves Apart from Grave #1 which was probably opened by Brent, nine of the graves examined appeared to have been disturbed in antiquity. This is a 50 per cent incidence of disturbance, a figure quite in keeping with that of the per cent incidence of disturbance, a figure quite in keeping with that of the Ozengell cemetery which was 58 per cent. In an appendix to Part I, (Appendix III, Arch. Cant., cix (1991), 163-6.) the writer offered a system of classification for methods of grave disturbance, and speculated briefly as to the nature and motivation for this phenomenon. While no new light has been thrown on the latter, it is interesting that the pattern of disturbance observed at Ozengell is here repeated. In this, the largest (in width) graves, often with external structures, are wholly excavated. Narrower graves, often with internal structures, are partially excavated, and the narrowest graves and those with certain types of grave structure are seldom, if ever, interfered with.18 Thus, if the motive for disturbance was invariably robbery, social status in terms of rich grave goods would seem to be also expressed in the dimensions and structures of graves. Further study from a larger data base is needed, however, before conclusions can be drawn. One grave, #13, contained evidence of interference during the eighteenth century. Brent was aware of some local knowledge of the cemetery and its extent. 19 The writer deems it likely that the Sarre 16 C. Roach Smith, 'Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Ozengell near Ramsgate', Collecteanea Antiqua, iii (1854), 3. 17 J.Y. Akerman, Arch. Journ., iv (1847), 253-4. 18 Writer's unpublished B.Sc. dissertation, Polytechnic of East London, 1987. 19 Brent, op. cit., vii, 318. 99 D.R.J. PERKINS community knew far more about the graves and what was in them than they admit. An account of the finding of the Amherst brooch relates that it was discovered by workmen digging gravei.20 This story has served to becloud its already murky provenance since there is no gravel to be found near the Sarre cemetery. 21 Had either Roland Freeman, who purchased the brooch from its finder, or Lord Amherst, known certainly that it came from the cemetery field, they would have been honour bound to hand it to its rightful owner, the Marquis of Conyngham. Human nature perhaps influenced them to accept the gravel story, or at least not to enquire too deeply, although in later years Freeman seems to have had no doubt that the brooch came from the Sarre burial ground. 22 CONCLUSIONS The evaluation giving rise to this report has established that much of the Sarre cemetery survives, albeit under threat. The graves, whether robbed or not, contain most interesting sixth- and seventh-century material, and exhibit a variety of grave structures and burial customs seldom seem outside Thanet. Part I of this report in Arch. Cant., cix (1991) was originally published as an introduction to the archaeological implications and problems besetting the Sarre cemetery, it being expected that a phased rescue operation in the form of a training excavation would follow. The latter solution was, however, abandoned when it became known that the site was to be scheduled. Unfortunately, Ancient Monument status can do nothing to protect the site from plough attrition, a process it continues to suffer. The future of the cemetery being therefore uncertain, the writer felt it important to enlarge on some of the points raised in the previous report, to allow informed assessment of the problem and to promote urgent rescue work in whatever guise. Without this the plough will eventually ensure that, in the sense of direct presentation of evidence, these may be the last words on Sarre. 20 Akerman, op. cit. 21 The provenance of the Amherst brooch has been fully explored by Sonia Chadwick Hawkes in 'The Amherst Brooch', Arch. Cant., c (1984), 129-51. 22 R. Bubb, Historical and Descriptive Guide to the Isle of Thanet, (1883), 38. 100 THE JUTISH CEMETERY A T SARRE, II APPENDIX I: OSTEOLOGICAL REPORT Rosemary Barnacle, Jose Gibbs and Linda Hammond Skeletal material from 17 graves was examined. All consisted of single inhumations except for grave 279 which contained a minimum of four individuals, making a total of 20 people. All the bones were in a poor state of preservation ( except for one femur and pelvis from grave 279). Some had sustained plough damage and most had suffered erosion. Several had small red markings on the surface; this had also been observed by Brent during his excavations. We have been unable to discover the cause of these markings. Age has been calculated from tooth eruption and epiphyseal fusion for sub-adults and from dental attrition and, in one case, from the pubic symphysis, for adults. The remains have in most cases been sexed by their grave goods, and in the few cases where it has been possible height has been calculated using Trotter and Glesser's formulae. AGE Of the 20 individuals examined it was possible to give an approximate age in years to 15. Of the others it was only possible to state whether child, juvenile or adult. Infant and Juvenile age distribution There were the remains of eight sub-adults: one aged 3-5 one aged 4-6 one aged 9 one aged 11-12 two with no dental remains one aged 16 one juvenile with no dental remains Adult age distribution There were the remains of twelve adults: two aged 20 six aged 25-30 three aged 30-40 one with no dental remains SEX Of the eight children, two were female, three male, and the sex of the other three could not be determined. Of the 12 adults five were female, three were male and four were impossible to determine, either by grave goods or by skeletal remains. STATURE Height of sub-adults was not calculated, as this can be inaccurate. It was only possible to measure one femur, this gave the height of the female in the grave 279 as 156.8 cm. 101 D.R.J. PERKINS The femur of the female in grave 281 was measured in the grave and gave a height of 162 cm. Due to the fragmentary nature of the bones very few measurements were possible. DENTITION Very few of the graves had anything other than fragments of mandible or maxilla, and only two graves had a full complement of teeth. In most cases the roots were small and slender, even allowing for natural erosion in the soil. The female in grave 286 had a loose upper incisor with an exceptionally short root - ? an hereditary condition of dwarf root. She may also have had a peridontal condition as there was evidence of a receding jaw line. The female in grave 289 also showed some receding of the jaw line and may have had a peridontal condition. There was only one case of possible caries in the female in grave 281, who also had a 'pit deformation' in the upper right first molar. Generally, due to post-mortem deposits on the teeth, it was difficult to determine the degree of calculus. However, some must have been present for two women to have evidence of peridontal disease. Otherwise all the teeth appeared healthy, although worn depending on age. The woman in grave 286 had with her a milk tooth - was this her child's last 'loose tooth' that she was carrying around as an amulet? DISEASE Due to the fragmentary nature of the bones, it was difficult to identify many disease processes. The few bone ends available did not show any degenerative joint disease. The frontal bone from grave 286 was very thick and lumpy on its internal surface, indicating internal frontal hyperostosis, a condition found only in post-menopausal women. This burial was that of a woman of over 30 years. TRAUMA There was no apparent evidence of trauma to any of the bones. The youth in grave 290 had at sometime lost his two front lower incisors, probably due to a blow, as the roots only were present. SKELETON DETAILS All skeletons were sexed by their grave goods unless otherwise stated. Age was estimated by the degree of attrition and eruption of teeth. Grave 275 Sex: Male Age: 25-30 years approx. Height: unable to estimate Some bones showed red markings. Teeth-normal wear and tear. Fragmentary, no extremities on long bones. 102 THE JUTISH CEMETERY AT SARRE, II Grave 276 Sex:? Age:? Height:? Extremely fragmentary, one bone showed red markings. Grave 277 Sex: Female Age: 4-6 years approx. Height: ? Skeletal remains consisted of two tooth sockets and eight teeth. Grave 278 Sex: Female Age: 3--5 years approx. Height:? Skeletal remains consisted of four very thin small bone fragments and 13 teeth. Grave 279 This grave contained a minimum of four individuals, although all very incomplete and the bones were in various states of preservation. Individual A Sex: Possibly Female (from size of head of femur) Age: Adult Height: 156.8 cm. Represented by one virtually complete femur and ? a second shaft. Individual B Sex:? Age: Juvenile Height: ? Represented by femur with unfused epiphyses and shaft of tibia. Individual C Sex:? Age: Child Height:? Represented by shaft and neck of femur. Individual D Sex: ? Age: Adult Height:? Represented by two fragments of shafts of femur. Other bones included a virtually complete pelvis, possibly female, which appeared to be of similar build to the femur of individual A, a shaft of humerus, shaft and unfused upper extremity of ulna and a shaft and unfused upper extremity of radius, possibly belonging to individual B. There was also part of a mandible, possibly female, with three teeth in situ and one loose tooth, giving an estimated age of about 20 years. The socket of lower 6 showed evidence of a possible abscess. Three other adult teeth were present, with an estimated age of 25-30 years. Some of the bones showed red markings. Grave goods suggested a male burial. 103 Grave 280 Sex: Male Age: Child Height:? D.R.J. PERKINS Represented by one? shaft of femur and three badly eroded smaller long bone fragments. Some had red markings. Grave 281 Sex: Female Age: 25-30 years approx. Height: ?162 cm. (femur measured in grave) Represented by several long bone shafts, skull fragments, vertebra fragments and some foot bones. 24 teeth were present, including three in situ in fragment of mandible. Lower left first molar showed possible signs of caries and upper right first molar had a pit deformation. Teeth were well worn. Grave 282 Sex:? Age: 25-30 years approx. Height:? Represented by fragmentary bones, including part of pelvis - the sciatic notch suggesting a male burial, and one molar showing normal wear. Grave 283 Sex: Male Age: 30+ years Height: ? Represented by skull fragments, shafts of femurs, tibias, humerii and fragments of both acetabulum. There were three well worn teeth. Several bones had red markings. All the long bones were robust and well developed. The shaft of the femur when placed against that of a 185 cm. tall man suggested a height of 178 cm. Grave 284 Sex:? Age: 9 years approx. Height:? Represented by a few thin skull fragments and one unerupted molar. Grave 285 Sex: Female Age: 20 years approx. Height:? Represented by several long bone fragments, skull fragments, part of the mandible and six teeth. The front sockets were very close together, suggesting overcrowded teeth. Several animal bones (Bos) were found in the grave. 104 THE JUTISH CEMETERY AT SARRE, II Grave 286 Sex: Female Age: 30 years approx. Height: ? Represented by several skull fragments including part of the left frontal bone, a few long bone fragments, two pieces of jaw with six teeth in situ, eight loose teeth and one milk tooth. The frontal bone was very thick and lumpy - ? Internal frontal hyperostosis. The teeth generally had short roots, with one upper incisor having a 'dwarf root' ?hereditary. The jaw line had also receded, ? peridontal disease. Grave 287 Sex:? Age: 35-40 years approx. Height:? Represented by incomplete long bones, ? hand or foot bones and 13 very worn teeth. Grave 288 Sex: Male? (from size of femoral head and sub-pubic angle) Age: 30-35 years approx. (from pubic symphysis) Height:? Represented by a surprising number of bones, including vertebrae and small hand and foot bones. There were two worn teeth and some cow and chicken bones. Grave 289 Sex: Female Age: 25-30 years approx. Height:? Represented by fragmentary bones including part of the mandible with three teeth in situ and eight teeth, showing some wear and evidence of a receded jaw bone ?peridontal condition of maxilla. Several of the bones have red markings. Grave 290 Sex: Male Age: 16 years approx. Height: 151 cm. (from femur measured in grave) Represented by part of skull, some vertebrae, femurs with unfused epiphyses and other bone fragments. 22 teeth, three unerupted third molars and two lower incisor roots were present. Grave 291 Sex: Male? Age: 11-12 years approx. Height:? Represented by all bones of upper limbs (incomplete), femurs and tibias with some unfused epiphyses and other fragments. A fragment of mandible had two teeth in situ and there were four loose teeth, two well worn incisors. Some bones have red markings. 105 D.R.J. PERKINS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to express our thanks to Trevor Anderson, of the Canterbury Archaeological Trust, and to John Morris-Wilson, retired dentist of Broadstairs, for all their help in analysing the skeletal and dental remains. REFERENCES W.M. Bass, Human Osteology - A Laboratory and Field Manual, D. R. Brothwell, Digging Up Bones Gray's Anatomy - 34th Edition Resnick and Niwayaha (1981) Diagnosis of Bone and Joint Disorders Vol. 3 - Hyperostosis Frontalis Intern APPENDIX II: TABULATED DATA FROM ALL EXCAVATIONS For the 1860s, John Brent's Sarre excavation report was a model of lucid detail with illustrations that may be admired today. It is a nightmare, however, by modern standards. While it is possible to refer back from the plates of artifacts to the grave inventory, the student is otherwise forced to search for data in Brent's confusing text, often finding that the remembered reference is on the next to last page, and that the additional detail sought is not there anyway. Brent's account is often ambiguous, concentrating on the more impressive artifacts, and often omitting data considered essential today. In some cases, even the presence of skeletal remains is recorded by 'a spearhead by the left shoulder' or like remark. Sometimes, he omits all reference to a grave but for its number, or refers to several graves and their artifacts collectively. Much can be inferred from his text though, as for example orientation, where we can assume that graves were aligned east-west, other than when he describes them as 'oblique', or 'very oblique'. This appendix seeks to help by listing the data from all excavations, 1843-1990, in tabular form. Apart from convenience to the scholar, the table should prove useful in the preparation of a final report in the event of the Sarre cemetery being fully excavated. Some statistics gleaned from the tabulated data are given below Graves discovered to date = 294, of which sex can be inferred from grave goods as: Male 74 (25 per cent), and Female 82 (27 per cent). Disturbed graves 54 (18 per cent) although 60% of graves excavated in 1982 or after were disturbed. Grave structures observed = 10 (3 per cent) although 30% of graves excavated in or after 1982 had them. Grave Goods, these were distributed as: Disc brooches = 10 Graves (3 per cent): A, B, 4, 63, 94, 115, 158, 162, 210, 260. Other brooches and pendants: = 15 Graves (5 per cent): 4,2 3,2 7,8 5,9 0,9 7,1 15,1 23, 126, 140, 148, 158, 159, 274, 286. Beads = 46 Graves (15 per cent): B, 9, 13, 17, 19, 20, 22, 27, 32, 35, 53, 61, 63, 67, 75, 76, 84, 90, 94, 96, 101, 102, 105, 110, 115, 120, 124, 128, 141, 158, 162, 166, 173, 177, 188,210,225,229,236,260,262,268,278,285,286,289. Coins = 6 Graves (2 per cent): B, 4, 6, 54, 83, 226. Glassware = 7 Graves (2 per cent): 4,.6 0, 115,1 68,2 15,2 20, 274. Pottery = 26 Graves (8 per cent): 6, 8, 12, 20, 29, 30, 33, 65, 70, 103, 109, 120, 124, 129, 156, 157, 168, 170,181,202,207,230,231,240,250,277 106 THE JUTISH CEMETERY AT SARRE, II Swords= 28 Graves (9 per cent): 3, 6, 8, 11, 12, 15, 18, 39, 54, 57, 64, 68, 71, 86, 88, 91, 103, 113, 156, 160, 189, 190, 211, 230, 250, 256, 264, 275. Spears = 60 Graves (20 per cent): 3, 6, 8, 10, 11, 15, 18, 26, 30, 36, 38, 39, 40, 53, 56, 57, 60, 64, 65, 70, 71, 81, 87, 89, 111,113,132,135,138,142,143,153,156, 157,167, 180,185,189,190,198,200,207,209,211,213,230,231,233,237,238,240,244,250, 253, 256, 263, 264, 279, 283, 290. Shields = 34 Graves (11 per cent): 3, 6, 8, 14, 18, 24, 26, 36, 39, 54, 57, 64, 68, 70, 71, 72, 81, 88, 91, 92, 103, 111, 113,118,132, 156, 185, 189,190,211,237,244,250, 264. The format followed in the table below is: Grave numbers: in sequence from Brent's Grave I except when given an # prefix (modern excav ations), when they are considered to have been opened by Brent. Orientation: approximately in degrees (modern excavations) or as east-west or north-south as inferred from Brent. Grave measurements: length and width given in metres as maximums, depth, in metres from ground surface (Brent's graves), or from chalk surface (modern excav ations). Grave structures: marked t if present and Hogarth's Class given in comments. Disturbed graves: marked D, disturbance class given in comments. Sex: male (M) or female (F). Age group: child (C), adolescent/young adult (YA), adult (A). Grave goods and comments: given in condensed form, quotation marks indicate Brent's text is quoted. Table conventions: Column space empty = no data, negative, or ambiguous. x = no measurement supplied by Brent. ) = Graves dealt with collectively by Brent. ? = Brent's text indicates a possibility, i.e., that the grave referred to had a grave structure or had been disturbed. Grave No. Ornt. L. w. Dpth. GS. D. Sex A. Grave Goods Comments A X X X X F Disc brooch, Coptic Amhurst brooch bowl discovered in 1843. Stone coffin found nearby. B X X X X F Disc brooch, Coptic Discovered 1860 bowl, gold pendant during work on 18 beads, 4 coins Sarre Mill. C X X X X do. do. John Brent's Excavations, 1863: 1 E-W 2.43 X 0.91 A Double burial, head to foot. 2 E-W X X X D 'Bones of Oxen, no other relic' 3 E-W 2.59 0.97 1.21 D M Sword, spearhead, shield-studs 107 D.R.J. PERKINS Grave No. Ornt. L. w. Dpth. GS. D. Sex A. Grave Goods Comments 4 E-W 3.04 1.22 1.37 F A Gold braid, silver Coffin-shaped ring, bracteates, 2 grave. disc brooches, 2 square-headed brooches, bell beaker, weaving baton knife, keys, shears, crystal ball and spoon, comb, pins, 2 Roman coins 5 E-W X X X X X 'No relics' 6 E-W X X 0.69 M X Pot, 50 ivory gaming pieces, sword, umbo, I, spearhead, iron ring, Roman coin, knife, bronze buckle, rivets. 7 E-W X X X X X X 'Some clench bolts Coffin? found down left side' 8 E-W X X X M A Umbo, Spearhead, sword pot, knife. 9 N-S X X X F Bead, Bronze ring, Buckle, 'fragment of stamped bronze' 10 E-W (1.22) X X M C Knife, spearhead, ferrule. 11 E-W 2.74 X X M Sword, spearhead, 'two circular iron plates' 12 E-W X X X ? M Bottle-vase, sword, Sword was across 'four iron studs or the grave. broad-headed nails' 13 E-W X X X F A Bead, knife 'Grave of a very old woman Teeth sockets absorbed' 14 E-W X X X M A Knife, umbo Double burial A Side by side 15 N-S? X X X ? M A Spearhead, sword, 'An oblique grave' knife, Clench bolts Coffin? down right side. 16 E-W X X X Buckle 'Only a small bronze buckle'. 17 E-W 2.74 X X F A Beads (2) Double burial C Iron box fitting? bronze 'toy' axe 18 E-W X X X M Sword, spearhead, large knife, umbo, iron pin. 19 E-W X X X F A Beads (14) tweezers, keys Buckle, knife 20 E-W X X X F Pot, chatelaine ring, Beads 21 E-W X X X D None No relics. Disturbed 22 E-W X X X ? F Beads (35) knife, iron Buckle, two Key broken keys. 108 THE JUTISH CEMETERY AT SARRE, II GNroa.v e Ornt. L. w. Dpth,, GS. D 1Sex \ A. Grave Goods Comments 23 E-W X X X F C 'KNnaiufet,i lubse ashdas p(e5d) ' 24 pendant E-W X X X M 25 Knife, umbo (broken E-W X X X 26 D C Bronze buckle E-W 2.43 0.76 0.99 M A bUumckbloe,, sPpuerasreh meaodu, nt, birroonn zloec bka, lKanecyes ,w ith k1n9i wveesi gihnt sd,o tuwbole schirecautlha,r kirnoinfe ,p lsahteea rs, 27 E-W X X X F bBrrooonczhe Banenaudlsa. r 28 E-W X X X 'hAor rsien-gb iat'n d a small 29 E-W X X X bPuoct,k lken. ife, iron 30 E-W X X X M 31 Pot, spearhead. E-W X X X 32 No relics E-W X X X F bKenaidfe n, eircoknla fcrea.g ment, 33 } E-W X X X 34 D kPnoitf e(f riraognm beunctekdle), BBoretnht d disoteusr bneodt , bbrooltnsz. e tag, clench sgarya vfero tmhe wohbijcehc ts 35 came. E-W X X X F 36 Beads, Iron ring E-W X X X t M A Sumpebaor,h ebardo,n zfeer rbuulcek, le tAh er eccheaslsk ctuot into 37 and tag. receive the head E-W X X X None dNiosc oinvteerrambelen.t 38 E-W X X X M YA fKrangifme,e nfetr rule, iron 'A youth's grave' 39 E-W X X X M (a) A bBuucckkleet ,( btwroon zken)i ves, lbouwriearl so f two uhmeabdos,, tswwoo rsdp,e aaxr-e, (b) chisel M A S(bpreoakrehne)a d, knife, (Upper burial) 40 E-W X X X F A (a) Lsiedfet--bhya-nsdid eo f bau rial (b) E-W X X X looking west. M A Tfewrrou lsep.e arheads and Right hand burial 41 E-W X X X F fBraegamdse, nirtso.n 42 N-S? X X X Knife, iron fragments N'Aonr tohb-Slioquuteh grave' 43 orientation? E-W X X X Horses teeth 'no other relics· 44 E-W X X X 45 No data E-W X X X No data 109 D.R.J. PERKINS Gravt No. Ornt. L. W. Dpth. GS. D. Sex A. Grave Goods !Comments 46 E-W X X X D No data Double burial, a (a) skull at centre of (b) grave 47 E-W X X X No data 48 E-W X X X No data 49 E-W X X X silver finger-ring, buckle in link (chatelaine?) 50 E-W X X X No data 51 E-W X X X No data Double burial (a) (b) 52 E-W X X X No data 53 E-W X X X M Spearhead, iron buckle. 54 E-W X X X M A Sword, shield, knife, bronze stud set with garnet, Roman coin, iron buckle, cup mounts, shears. 55 E-W X X X F Beads 56 E-W X X X Spear ferrule, ( or spearhead?), knife 57 E-W X X X M Sword, spearhead, ferrule shield, (umbo + studs) 58 E-W X X X D F Keys, knife, (all 'A woman's broken) grave', 59 E-W X X X Knife, iron buckle, • An irregular and bronze nail head. crooked grave' 60 E-W 2.89 X 1.37 M Knife, small spearhead, small bronze buckle, claw-beaker 61 E-W X X X F Knife(broken), key, bead 62 E-W X X X Knife, iron buckle. 'Grave of a very old person' 63 E-W X X X F X Bead, disc brooch, 'Plaque from a Stoup' 64 E-W X X X D? M A Sword, shield studs 'umbo at the feet' and umbo, spearhead, knife (broken) 65 E-W X X X M Spearhead, knife, 'probably a youth's YA pot, (fragmentary) at grave'. feet 66 E-W X X X D X X X Disturbed, no relics. 67 E-W 2.4 X 1.37 D F Bronze buckle, strap- • A girls grave from tag, three beads the bones in spite of its size'. 68 E-W X X X Sword, shield A grave nearly as fragments, bucket deep as the last. mounts, knife tags and studs, comb, belt-buckle 69 E-W X X X D Pot sherd. 'Disturbed' 110 THE JUTISH CEMETERY AT SARRE, II Grave No. Ornt. L. w. Dpth. GS D Sex A. Grave Goods Comments 70 E-W X X X D M Battle-vase, spearhead. Shield-studs 71 E-W X X X M Sword, umbo, two spearheads 72 } E-W X X X Collectively: two 73 knives comb 74 fragment, iron buckle umbo (broken) 75 E-W X X X ? F Beads, two small bronze buckles, keys, a bronze pin knife (broken) 76 E-W X X X ? F Beads, knife, keys(broken) 77 } E-W X X X Bronze and iron 80 fragments 81 E-W 2.74 1.52 1.82 X D M Shield fragments, spearhead and ferrule (broken) bronze pin 'small piece of yellow clay' 82 E-W X X X D 'Disturbed, no relics'. 83 E-W X X X Bronze stud, two 'A double (a) Roman coins, knife interment' (b) 84 E-W X X X D F Small double bead, Disturbed (glass) 85 N-S X X X D F Ring brooch, knife 'An oblique grave' (broken) animal bones 86 E-W X X X M Sword, knife (broken) bronze buckle. Tweezers, 'some studs' 87 E-W X X X D Spearhead, bronze buckle, stud 88 E-W X X X M Sword, bronze dish 'A large, deep, and stand, umbo, grave' knife 89 E-W X X X M Two spearheads ('om an angon') 'large knife', iron buckle. 90 E-W X X X F A Bronze buckle, iron ring, bead, gold braids, bracteate. 91 E-W X X X D M Umbo (broken) bronze sword pommel 92 E-W X X X C? Umbo (broken) and 'A child's grave' single bead 93 E-W X X X 'No relics' 94 E-W X X X F A Bronze box-fittings, beads, disc brooch, gold braids, belemnite fossil (sharpened?) 111 D.R.J. PERKINS GNora. ve Ornt. L. w. Dpth. GS. D. Sex A. Grave Goods Comments 95 } E-W X X X D F A Fragment of knives 'Graves of women' 96 F A and keys, Beads in 96 97 E-W X X X D F A Cruciform brooch, Iron fragments 98 E-W X X X D F A Iron fragments 99 E-W X X X Knife, clench-bolts bfroaxg-mfitetnint g, leather 110001 EE--WW X X X F A 102 X X X F A Amber beads, 2. E-W X X X F A Beads, iron rings (2) 103 E-W X X X M A Pot, sword (broken) 104 E-W X X umbo, bronze pin. X D M C hKilnti'f e, 'top of sword 'A very small grave' !Ol X X X F A Beads, keys, knives 'All probably 106 F A (broken), a small women's graves' 110087 F A piece of glass, iron 109 FF AA buckle, two small bbroottnlzee-v bausec kles, 111110 EE--WW X X 0.45 F C Three beads 'a child's grave' X X X M A Spearhead, umbo (broken), knife, 'several clench 112 E-W X X X bolts' 113 X X 'no relics' E-W X X X M A Sword, spearhead, 'The rim of a small umbo, knife. cup- bronze vase' 114 N-S X X mounts? X F A Fragments of keys 'A woman's grave; oblique' 115 X X X X F A Two glass vessels, 'The bone of some one fragmented, the carnivorous other a squat jar, animal' ??? keys (bronze and isriolvne)r, pbeenaddasn, ttsw, od isc 116 brooch. } 117 X X X X X X 'No relics' 118 X X X X X X Grave E-W M A Umbo, three rings of silver wire, 'fragment okef yas ,w aonodd eonth beor xi,r on 119 X X X X implements beside it' 120 X X X No relics E-W Pot, beads, 'Probably the (a) F A 'triangular pieces of grave of a woman (b) C perforated bone iron and child' fragments, 'one the cross plate of a shield' 121 E-W X X X X X Bronze key, ring 122 E-W X X X X X knife 112 THE JUTISH CEMETERY AT SARRE, II Grave No. Ornt. L. W. Dpth. GS. D. Sex A. Grave Goods Comments 123 E-W X X X X C? (Kberyosk,e knn),if pe,e nridnagn t, 'A child's grave, as silver pin, beads 􀁹hown by the small piece of eeth' mother-of-pearl. 124 } E-W X X X X F A Pot, knife, two beads 'Probably the 125 (amethyst), 'circular graves of women' purple stone' 126 E-W X 0.45 X X F Diamond-shaped 127 brooch E-W X X X X bIrroonn zrein bgu, cskmlea ll 128 E-W D Knife, beads, (2 Triple burial 'three (a) amethysts) Samian skulls in (b) sherd juxtaposition near (c) lgorwaveer' end of 129 E-W Pot, knife 'A child's grave as shown by the milk molar teeth' 130 E-W X X X F A fIrraognm beunctks le'p, airrto no f a 'A woman's bronze plated grave'. This and ornament', Samian ontehaerrb yg raarvee s sherd 'dpeesrchraibpesd b aesin g dug oRno mthaen s ite of interments', A nearby feature seems to have been an Iron Age granary pit filled with midden material and containing a burial. 131 E-W X X X X X X knife 'only a knife' 132 E-W X X X M Umbo (broken), spearhead, knife, two iron studs 133 E-W X X X X X X X N'Ao crheillidc'ss. grave', 134 Double burial (a) E-W Small piece of glass (a) lower (b) Cinlcehnecsh -fbroomlts s 'uerifgahctee'e n(b) upper Coffin? 135 E-W X X X M 'A long pike, iron rivets, and small iron tool like a farrier's knife'. 136 E-W 3.35 0.76 X X D Red pot sherd 137 E-W X X X 'No relics. Femur and tibia measurements together 37 inches'. 113 D.R.J. PERKINS Grave No. Ornt. L. w. Dpth. GS. D. Sex A. Grave Goods Comments 138 E-W X X X M A Spearhead, knife (fragment) end-chape of sword sheath 139 E-W X X X Small pieces of brass and iron 140 E-W X X X Brooch-headed pin 141 E-W X X X F Amethyst bead, pot 'A girl's grave' sherd 142 E-W X X X D M Two spearheads, 'Most of the graves ferrule red pot sherd in this part of the field had been disturbed' 143 E-W X X X X X X X 'Two small knives, 144 spearhead, bead, and 145 an iron tool' 146 147 148 W-E X X X F A Brooch, bronze Buried with head buckle, strap-tag to the east 149 } E-W X X X D X X 'A knife and a piece Probably disturbed 150 of iron' 151 152 E-W X X X 'A double (a) interment' no (b} relics 153 E-W X X X M A Spearhead, knife 154 } E-W X X X D 'A broken pin, 'both disturbed' 155 amber bead bronze and iron fragments' 156 E-W X X X M A Sword, umbo, spearhead, bottlevase 157 N-S X X X M A Jug, bronze pin, 'An oblique grave' spearhead 158 X X X F A Quatrefoil brooch, disc brooch, 24 amber beads iron loop. 159 E-W X X X Great square-headed brooch. Tweezers, keys, two knives 'an iron .bolt' 160 } E-W X X X D Fragments of a 161 D sword and pieces of iron 162 E-W X X X F A Disc Brooch, six beads (3 amethyst), fragment of blue glass. 163 } E-W X X X Knife (broken) 164 165 166 E-W X X X F A 'A knife, a link of chain & a broken key' Fragments of ivory (purse ring?) Bone disc, beads 114 THE JUTISH CEMETERY AT SARRE, II Grave No. Ornt. L. w. Dpth. GS. D. Sex A. Grave Goods Comments 167 E-W X X X M Spearhead, knife, iron buckle 168 E-W X X X Buckle, iron fragments, jug, claw beaker 169 E-W X X X F Key, knife 'A woman's grave' 170 } E-W X X X Pot 'not preserved' 171 E-W X X X broken knife, iron 172 E-W X X X fragment. 173 E-W X X X F Beads, keys, piece of bronze 174 E-W X X X F Pin (ivory) 2 bone 'A woman's grave' combs 175 E-W X X X 'no relics' 176 } E-W X X X 'Small piece of 'Childrens' graves' bronze' 177 E-W X X X F small glass beads 178 E-W X X X D Disturbed, no relics 179 N-S X X X 'knife at foot' 'An oblique grave' 180 E-W X X X M Spearhead, knife 181 E-W X X X Remains of an urn, 'probably a Roman animal bones interment' 182 E-W X X X Bronze ring, 'small iron keys, much broken' 183 E-W X X X Keys (broken) 'A woman's grave' 184 E-W X X X No record in Brent's text 185 E-W X X X M Spearhead, umbo, knife, bronze buckle 186 N-S X X X D Iron buckle 'Small oblique grave, disturbed' 187 E-W X X X F Box fittings, keys, knife girdlehanger 188 E-W X X X F Beads, iron 'grave of a woman (a) fragments and child, teeth of (b) an adult and milk molar teeth' 189 E-W X X X M Sword, spearhead, knife umbo. 190 E-W X X X M Sword, spearhead, umbo, two knives, bronze buckle iron bolt-head 191 E-W X X X Graves 191-197 192 produced few 193 relics, some bronze 194 D plating and two 195 broken knives. 196) E-W X X X D Double burial or (a) second interment (b) E-W X X X 197 E-W X X X 115 D.R.J. PERKINS Grave No. Ornt. L. w. Dpth. GS. D. Sex A. Grave Goods Comments 198 E-W 2,13 1.21 X D M 40 gaming counters 'Near the turnpike of ivory, two dice, gate on the bronze buckle, iron Ramsgate Road.' buckle, two 'At the foot of the spearheads. grave was a small hole containing human bones.' 199 E-W X X X A broken knife and 'A woman's grave' a key 200 E-W X X X M Three spearheads, 'A deep wide (a) broad-headed nails grave' (b) iron staples bronze An earlier grave fragments had been cut 201 E-W X X X D 'The bones displaced' 202 E-W X X X Bottle-vase (broken) Teeth of a child or very young person 203 E-W X X X Portion of key, 'Grave of a fragment of bronze. woman' 204 E-W X X X F Two carved pieces of walrus tusk, beads iron lock fragments 205 E-W X X X Knife • A child's grave' 206 E-W X X X Two iron keys, large iron fragments 207 E-W X X X M Spearhead and ferrule, knife (seax?) bottle-vase, umbo (broken) 208 E-W X X X Clench-bolts, 'iron Oyster shells, a shield-braces', iron food offering? A buckle, small bronze coffin? buckle 209 E-W X X X M Spearhead, iron ring, knife, small iron buckle, bottle-vase 210 E-W X X X F C Disc brooch, beads 'A small grave, a (a) wire ring, keys, girl's, the teeth (b) bronze rivet, bronze being young. The pin teeth of another child were found in the grave' 211 E-W X X X M Sword, spearhead knife, umbo, pot, pyramid-stud 212 E-W X X X Shears with remains of a wooden sheath, part of a key 213 E-W X X X M Spearhead, knife, buckle (fragment) 214 E-W X X X Bronze buckle, knife Coffin trace down sides of grave 215 E-W X X X Two pouch bottles Coffin trace down both sides of grave. 'A very deep grave' 116 THE JUTISH CEMETERY AT SARRE, II Gravi No. Ornt. L. w. Dpth. GS. D. Sex A. Grave Goods Comments .,, 216 E-W X X X '216 to 219 yielded no relics except a bronze buckle and two knives' 217 E-W 2.74 1.21 1.67 t Knife Coffin trace down both sides of grave, wood remains 218 E-W X X X 'equally as long as 217' 219 E-W X X X 220 E-W X X X F Two squat jars, 30 beads, keys, a large bronze ring, knife, iron fragments silver and bronze studheads 221 E-W X X X 'only two broken knives' 222 E-W X X X 223 E-W X X X 224 E-W X X X 225 E-W X X X F Amethyst bead, 'The bottom of the knife, 'the sliding grave was lined bolt of a small lock' with decayed vegetable matter' 226 E-W X X X Knife (broken), two coins ( scea ts) 227 E-W X X X No record in Brent's text 228 E-W X X X D Roman? pot sherds, 'at one end a thick shells. layer of mortar or cement'. ls this grave cut by the fourteenth century post-mill foundation, possibly Grave #35? 229 E-W X X X F Knife, beads 230 E-W X X X M Bottle vase, umbo, and shield-studs, knife, two spearheads 231 E-W X X X M Bottle-vase, spear- Coffin? head, 16 clench-bolts 232 E-W X X X Bronze buckle ornamented with enamel and garnets 233 E-W X X X D M Two spearheads, Coffin trace umbo three beltstuds, iron chisel, knife, iron 'rivet or clamp' bronze stud, 'metal ornament with thin edging of gold' 234 E-W X X X 'A deep and irregular grave, no relics' 117 D.R.J. PERKINS Grave No. Omt. L. w. Dpth. GS. D. Sex A. Grave Goods Comments 235 E-W X X X 'Two large iron Traces of burnt clamps or rivets', wood. knife 236 E-W X X X F 3 knives, four beads 237 E-W X X X M Spearhead, umbo, 'spearhead shield studs, knife vertically placed in iron buckle upper soil' 238 E-W X X X D M Spearhead, beads, Presumbly a (a) small bronze buckle, double burial, (b) F keys iron object, iror male and female rivets, bronze and Spearhead vertical iron rings, cowrie Remains of chain shell mail? 239 E-W X X X A small bronze 'A very long buckle, iron buckle, grave, but very illfragments of wood shaped' stained with iron 240 E-W X X X M A Pot, large knife, Wood traces, spearhead and ferrule spearhead vertical 241 } E-W X X X 'only an iron ring 242 a small bronze 243 E-W X X X buckle & a knife' 244 E-W X X X t? D M Spearhead, shield- A grave structure? studs, studs, 'Hat 'A spearhead lay piece of iron with in the cist at the anchor knobs' head of the grave' 245 E-.W X X X Knife, clench-bolts 246 } E-W X X X 'Children's graves 247 no relics' 248 E-W X X X Knife, key, 'a ring o 'A woman's grave' copper wire round bones of left arm' 249 E-W X X X D Disturbed, no relics 250 E-W X X X t? M Bottle-vase? Sword, Grave structure? umbo and three • A red earthen shield studs, two vessel laying on its spearheads. side in a recess at the feet'. 251 E-W X X X D Disturbed, no relics 252 E-W X X X Knife Wood trace 253 E-W X X X M Spearhead, knife, • An irregular grave 'pieces of unbaked with the head 12" pottery' animal teeth, higher than the shells. feet' 254 N-S X X X Iron fragment 'An oblique grave' 255 E-W X X X 80 iron clench-bolts. The grave almost cut another and was on an incline. • A shoulder-blade and an arm bone lay above the skull'. 256 E-W X X X M Sword, spearhead 'A small and small bronze ring contracted grave' 118 THE JUTISH CEMETERY AT SARRE, II GNora. v1 Ornt. L. w. Dpth. GS. D. Sex A. Grave Goods Comments 257 } 258 E-W X X X p'Srmobaallb glyr aovfe sc,h ildren, no relics' 259 E-W X X X 'Bronze stud or sbmutatlol ni'r oirno ncr uncaiiblsl e oclre nbcehll ,b hooltn, ei,r on staple, three knives 260 E-W X X X F A 26 beads, bronze Double burial, (a) rgirnege,n f rgalagsms.e nt of wsidoem bany saindde child (b) F C bSrilovoecrh w airned rbinrog,o cDhi sc fragment 261 } E-W X X X F Fragments of knife 'womens' graves' 262 or key, two beads 226634 E-W X X X M Small spearhead E-W X X X M Suwmobrod,, bsrpoenazreh ecaudp,- mounts 265 E-W X X X lKanrgifee ,k e'hyo' obku'n 'cvhe royf smaller keys 266 E-W X X X r'Celhicilsd' 's grave, no 267 E-W X X X a'Gndra cvhei lodf, an ow oman relics' 268 E-W X X X F Four beads 'gAra vloen' g deep 269 } E-W X X X 'No relics' 227701 E-E X X X D Iron snaffle-bit iAn tseercmoenndt (a) Horse's jaw and Disturbed, Class teeth A,2 2(b7)2 E-W Knife X X X r'Ael icsms' all grave, no Two graves encountered during work to locate the site of St. Giles, 1982. 273 260 1.95 0.85 0.35 D - A Iron fragments, Disturbance Class sherds A3, 1. (a) dPirsitmuarbrye db,u rial (b) Spelocuognhd adraym b-urial aged. 274 260 1.80 0.62 0.22 F YA Silver ring, silver/ glass pendant, glass fragments bfreoamd s3. vessels, 119 D.R.J. PERKINS Grave No. Ornt. L. w. Dpth. GS. D. Sex A. Grave Goods Comments Graves excavated during rescue/evaluation excavations in 1990. Additional grave numbers with a # prefix are given. These were used in the interim report. #1 100 3.00 1.12 0.45 D Empty, one of John Brent's 275 287 2.62 1.10 0.20 graves? M A Sword, knife, bronze #2 buckle. Grave 276 295 2.40 0.88 0.57 + D A Two bronze strap- Grave structure #3 tags Class II,a,2. 277 120 1.60 0.85 0.59 F C Bottle-vase, #4 chatelaine, two keys, knife 278 290 1.65 0.86 #5 0.67 F C knife, 25 beads. Only teeth. 279 305 2.40 1.20 0.98 D Knife, spear ferrule. Remains of four #6 persons. Disturbance Class A,2,b. 280 290 1.80 0.60 0.35 M C Spearhead, knife, #7 buckle 281 115 2.70 1.00 0.55 + D F A Four iron keys or Grave structure #10 latch-lifters. Class l(b)5. Disturbance Class A,2,a. 282 110 2.35 1.25 0.89 D Disturbance Class #13 A. Peg-tile, pipe stem in fill. 283 295 2.05 0.75 0.24 D M Spearhead, knife. Plough damage. #14 284 115 1.47 0.60 0.10 C Child's grave, #15 ploughed out skull 285 120 2.90 1.53 1.23 fragments only D F A Gold braids, two Copper stain on knives beads, iron jaw, brooch? fragments. 286 115 2.88 1.10 0.88 + D F A Pendant (Tremissis), Grave structure #17 key, garent pendant, Class II(e) 36 beads bronze box fittings 287 115 2.24 0.78 0.79 D Iron nails (from #19 coffin?) 288 285 2.60 1.15 0.90 D Small bronze-buckle #20 pin, iron box fittings 289 273 1.95 0.67 0.25 + D F Knife, beads, Grave structure #21 amethyst bead. Class I(b)5 290 125 1.85 0.88 0.50 + M YA Spearhead, knife, Grave structure #22 I iron buckle. Class I(b)3 291 260 1.90 0.75 0.61 +? M Y I Knife, shield stud? #31 120