Notes from a Fourteenth Century Act-Book of the Consistory Court of Canterbury

( 53 ) NOTES EROM A FOURTEENTH CENTURY ACT-BOOK OF THE CONSISTORY COURT OF CANTERBURY. BY REV. C. EVELEIGH WOODRUFE, M.A. THE Volume from which the following notes are taken contains a record of the proceedings in the Consistory Court of Canterbury during the primacy of Archbishop John Stratford, 1334 to 1348. When I first handled it, now some years ago, it was in an exceedingly frail condition, its paper leaves having been badly damaged by damp. It has since been rebound, the paper treated with size, and every leaf guarded. With the exception of an incomplete record book, detailing the proceedings of the bishop's spiritual court, when Walter Reynolds was archbishop, this volume is the earliest consistory court book now extant at Canterbury, and is of special importance, since it covers a period during which the Registers of the See are missing. The volume consists of 115 folios, of which the Acts of Court (from 1334 to 1348) occupy the first 110 folios, and a copy of Cardinal Pole's commission to the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury the last five. The latter document is printed in Wilkins' Concilia, Vol. IV, pp. 136-139, and it is with the former only that I am here concerned. The records of the Court were, apparently, made somewhat hurriedly by a scribe who wrote a crabbed hand, made many erasures, and was much addicted to abbreviations. This, together with the fact that the ink has faded and in many places, owing to the porous nature of the paper, has run, makes the MS. very difficult to read in parts. I have therefore had to be content to make extracts from the more legible portions, paying special attention to entries relating to rectors and vicars, in the hope that my notes may be of service to those engaged in compiling lists of the parochial clergy of the diocese by 54 NOTES FROM A FOURTEENTH CENTURY ACT-BOOK enabling them to recover names which may be unrecorded elsewhere. To facilitate research I append an alphabetically arranged list of the parishes mentioned in the extracts, by the aid of which the information indicated above will readily be found. Adisham, fo. 58a. Aldington, 56a. Appledore, 58b. * Bearsted, fo. 56a. Benenden, 71a. Biddenden, 56a. Bilsington, 56a. Blackmanstone, 58b., 102a, 103a. Borden, 54b. Boughton Aluph, 4a. Boughton Malherbe, 59b. Brabourne, 58b, 74a, 80a. Canterbury: St. Andrew, 56a. St. Martin, 56a. St. Mary Magdalene, 56a. St. Mary Northgate, 22a. St. Paul, 56a. Charing, 4b. Chart, Great, 78a. Chartham, 78b. Cliffe, 111b. Cranbrook, 56a. Croydon, 49b, 50b. Denton, fo. 6a. Eastbridge (Romney Marsh), fo. 56a. Eastry, lib. Eynsford, 100a. Famingham, fo. 76a. Ham, fo. 94a. Hawkings, 102b. Herst, 66a. Hoath, 66a. Hougham, 102a. Ivychurch, fo. 56a. Kenardington, fo. 42b. 56a. Lydd, fo. 56a. Lynsted, 91a. Minster, fo. 56a. Newchurch, fo. 56a. Newenden, 18a. Newington (next Sittingbourne) 11a, 62a. Northboume, 56a. Northfleet, 21b, 53a. Norton, 69a. Orlestone,fo. 56a. Orgarswick, 56a. Orpington, 5a. Ospringe, 102a. Patrixbourne, fo. 91a. Preston (by Faversham), 13a. Rainham, fo. 78a. St. Mary in the Marsh, fo. 66b. Sandwich, St. Mary, 89b. Sevenoaks, 6b, 19b, 21b. Shaddoxhurst, 56a. Sittingbourne, 105a. Smarden, 12a. Snargate, 56a, 63b. Tonge, fo. 19a. Waltham, fo. 12b. Westhithe, 56a. Wittersham, 56a. Wodensborough, 9a. Woodchuroh, 42b, 52a. OP THE CONSISTOR5T COURT OF CANTERBURY. 55 [Library of the Dean and Chapter Press Mark Fa A.36.] Fo. 4a. 7 Kl. May, 1340. Before Master Richard de Vacham, auditor of causes, sitting in Lambeth Church absolves Sir Thomas de Werkenethby, priest, from the sentence of excommunication under which he lay for having assaulted Sir John de Rodene, priest, of Newport Paynel, at Chevening in the deanery of Shoreham. 7 Kl. July, 1340. Mandate from Abp John (Stratford) to Master Symon de Islep, vicar general of Henry, bishop of Lincoln, who is abroad, requiring him to certify what has been done in the matter of a proposed exchange of benefices, between Sir Nicholas de Frilloc, rector of Alesby, in the diocese of Lincoln, and Robert Herbert rector of Bocton (Boughton) Aluph in the diocese of Cant. Fo.4b. 6 Kl. Apr., 1340. MandatefromAbp John (Stratford) to Master Robert Brok, professor of civil law, & rector of Cheryngg (Charing), bidding him inquire into the alleged right of the Prioress of Davynton to certain tithes in the parish of Norton. Before John de Leche, and Laurence Fastolf, in Maidstone Church. Fo. 5a. Oct. —, 1340. Sir John1; vicar of Orpynton, v. the exors of Geoffrey de Hakemersh1; late vicar of Orpington, concerning the detention of a pair of organs, which,—as was alleged,—the said rector had purchased and presented to the church, but subsequently removed to his own house, where the instrument was used for the delectation (solacione) of his parishioners and other visitors ; and, that the organ remained at the rectory up to the time of the rector's death. Fo. 6a. Id. Oct., 1340. Mandate from the Abp to the Dean of Elham bidding him cite William de Boulge, rector of Denynton (Denton) to answer to the charge that he had let his benefice to farm. (Pen through the whole entry.) Fo. 6b. Otford. Id. Oct., 1340. The same to the dean of Shoreham, bidding him summon James of Boulogne (de Bononia), rector of Sevenoaks to answer concerning the alleged insufficiency of the stipend of the Vicar of the same. 1 Not in Scott Robertson's list of rectors and vicars printed in Arch. Oant., Vol. XIII. 5 6 NOTES FROM A FOURTEENTH-CENTURY ACT-BOOK Fo. 7a. Otford. 4 Id. Oct., 1340. The same to the dean of Lymene bidding him to certify that two parishioners of Newchurch have compounded for 6 floggings through the market place of Romney, and as many round their parish church, by a payment of 26s. 8d. to the poor. Fo. 9a. 6 Novr., 1340. Before Master Laurence Fastolf, in the Abp's Chapel at Charing. Sir Adam, vicar of Wodensburg1 is cited to answer to the charge of detaining & converting to his own use the goods of Charles of Horton. Fo. 11a. John, Abbot of Lesnes, has let on lease the church of Newenton (Newington next Sittingbourne) and the buildings of the rectory are in bad repair. (1340.) Fo. 11a. Henry Messager who for fourteen years had been a monk of St. Austin's, Canterbury, has left his monastery and for some time past has been living with his brother John Messager, chaplain of Newenton, where the said Henry celebrates mass,—John confesses that this is so, & is condemned to pay 40d. to the fabric of the Cathedral church of Canterbury. Fo. l i b . John de Lech, canon of Chichester, and auditor of the Court of Causes, sitting in the cathedral church, 9 Kl. Feb., 1340, condemns Master Byndun de Bandinell1, rector of Hauont (Havant) in the diocese of Winchester to pay to Master Robert de Thresk2 10 marcs sterling for the dilapidations in the chancel of the church of Eastry and in the chapel of Worth. Fo. 12a. Novr., 1340. John de Lech, auditor of the Court of Causes, condemns Thomas Waryn to pay to Laurence Fastolf, canon of St. Paul's London, and Thomas de Woghope, rector of Smerden in the diocese of Cant, the exors of the will of Abp Simon (Mepham), the sum of 51s. 8d. Fo. 12b. 15 Nov*., 1340. Sir Eustace, Vicar of Waltham, v. Henry de Haute. The parties are cited to appear before John de Lech, the next law day. Fo. 13a. 3 Nov1., 1340. Before Lech and Fastolf sitting in Charing church. The Abbot and Convent of Faversham v. 1 Adam de Elmestede was instituted to the vioarage 16 Kl. June, 1326. Reynold's Regr., f. 260a. 2 Not in Shaw's History of Eastry. OF THE CONSISTORY COURT OF CANTERBURY. 57 the vicar of Preston concerning the ordination of the vicarage. Fo. 17b. Kl. Dec, 1340. Mandate of Abp John (Stratford) to his commissary, Master Thomas of Canterbury, bidding him to hear witnesses concerning the claim of the Prior and brethren of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in England to the churches of Swynefeld, Rodmersham and Ewell with the chapel of Braddone1, the moiety of the church of Tilmanston, and of the personal tithes within the parish of Egthorne. Fo. 18a. Public instrument testifying that in on 30 Nov1., 1341 Sir Henry of Suthcherche, rector of Newenden in the diocese of Cant, resigned his benefice in the Archbishop's chapel at Mayfield in the presence of Master Hugh de Seton of the diocese of Exeter, and John Smerden, rector of St. Mary in the marsh in the diocese of Cant., and others. Fo. 19a. (1341). In the Church of Christ Cant, before John Lech, Sir Robert, vicar of Tonge, confesses that he lent a vestment to his brother (fratri carnali) for celebrating a marriage. Fo. 19b. Mandate from Abp John (Stratford) to the dean of Shoreham, bidding him summon (for the second time) Master James of Boulogne, rector of Sevenoaks to appear and answer in the suit of William of Ho, vicar of Sewenoaks, Dated at Cherryng 7 Td. Nov. (1341). Fo. 21b. The same to Robert de Valoignes,rector of Northfleet, and the Abps commissary there, bidding him inquire, by trustworthy men and women, into the conduct of John of Cobhambury, priest, who is charged with maliciously cutting off the finger of a boy, named Adam of Cobhambury. Canterbury, 13 Kl. Jan., (1341). Fo. 21b. The same to the dean of Shoreham, bidding him sequestrate the fruits of the rectory of Sevenoaks, since James of Boulogne, the rector, still neglects of appear in the suit of William of Ho, vicar of the same. (1341.) Fo. 22a. The same to the dean of Canterbury bidding him cite to the commissary's court Henry Bynethtoune, who is in possession of the church of St. Mary Northgate in Canterbury to answer to prove his title to the said benefice to which 1 On the Western heights near Dover. 58 NOTES FROM A FOURTEENTH CENTURY ACT-BOOK Thomas Cheme (or Shemes), priest, has been appointed by the prior and convent of St. Gregory, Cant, dated at Cherryng, 3 Kl. Dec*., 1340. The case dragged on for a long time, since the said Henry persistly neglected to appear, but at length he was pronounced contumacious and deprived of his benefice. Fo. 42b. Before' Lech & Falstoff sitting in Lambeth church 22 May, 1341. Roger Digg, rector of Wodecherch, v. John de Pipherst, Rector of Kenardynton. [Witnesses to be produced, nature of case not stated.] Fo. 49b. Croydon. Before Master John de Lech auditor of causes sitting in Mayfield Church. John de Tunford, rector of Croyndon (Croydon) v. the exors of the will of Nigel de Waure late rector of the same, for dilapidations & for £15 which the said Nigel had received from Master Thomas Lichynton his predecessor in the rectory. 4 days after feast of St, Matt., 1341. Fo. 52a. Roger Digg, rector of Woodchurch, v. John de Pipherst, rector of Kenardington, application to postpone the hearing of the case. 1st law-day after Feast of St. Matt., 1341. Fo. 53a. Adam, rector of Ifeld, v. Robert Valoyns, rector of Northflete. 3rd law-day after St. Matt., 1341. (Nature of case not stated.) Fo. 54b. William, Vicar of Borden is accused of incontinence, and with absenting himself from his vicarage for more than 6 weeks contrary to the oath taken on his induction. 14 Kal. Ap*., 1341. Fo. 50b. Croydon. Before J. Lech sitting in Mayfield Church 3rd law-day after feast of St. James the Apostle, 1341. Sir John of Tunford, rector of Croyndon, v. the Exors of Nigel Waure late rector of the same. The said John sues for dilapidations alleging that the said Nigel received from Thomas of Lichyndon, his predecessor in the benefice, 151i for dilapidations (1341). Fo. 55a. 14 Kl., Apr., 1341. John de Lech, auditor of Causes, orders the Exors of Sir John Sprot, sometime rector of Adisham to pay to Richard of Twyuerton, the present rector of the parish 66s. 4d. for dilapidations in the chancel OF THE CONSISTORY COURT OF CANTERBURY. 59> and for defects in the books and ornaments of the church, and in the chapel of Stapele dependent to the same, and Master Roger of Snacton (?) late (nuper) of Adisham is. ordered to pay over the sum of 6Ii 13s. 4d. which he had received from the exors of the said John Sprot. [The above names are not in the list of Adisham rectors, drawn up by Scott Robertson and printed in Arch. Cant. Vol. XIV, p. 162.] Fo. 56a. 18 Kl. July, 1342. in the Church of Saltwood beforethe reverend father and lord John (Stratford) ABp of Cant. &c. William of Bordenn, rector of Wytrichesame (Wittersham),, appears to answer to the charge of incontinency and of' beating and kicking one John Kynet, his parishioner in the parish church during the time of mass. The said Rector purges himself from both charges by calling thefollowing witnesses to his good character ; Sir John, rector of Shaddockesherst; Sir John, rector of Kenardynton; Sir Robert, rector of Orleston; Master- James, rector of Snergate; Sir William, rector of Ivecherch ; Sir Gregory, rector of Eastbridge ; Sir John, rector of Orgarswyk; Sir John, rector of Bilsynton; Sir Reinald, rector of Aldynton ; Sir Roger, rector of Herst; Sir Adam, rector of Bidynden: Sir William, rector of St. Martin's Cant. ; Sir John, rector of St. Andrew's Cant. ; Sir John, rector of St. Mary Magdalene's; Sir John, rector of Hothe; Sir Henry, vicar St. Paul's Cant.; Sir John, vicar Lyde ; Sir John, vicar Newcherch; Sir Laping, vicar Westheth; Sir- Jordan, vicar Mentrse; Sir John, vicar Northboum;. Sir Walter, vicar Cranbrok. Fo. 56b. Wed., 11t h Kl. July, 1342 in Saltwood church before Master John Lech. Richard de Tilthe of Cranbrook appears to answer to the charge of refusing to pay tithe on underwood in the parish of Cranbrook. He takes oath that he will do so in the future, and refrain from hindering the servants of Sir Walter, the vicar of the parish, from entering his woods, for the purpose of collecting the tithe. [Ten similar cases follow, in all of which the right of the vicar to the tithe: seems to have been upheld.] 60 NOTES FROM A FOURTEENTH CENTURY ACT-BOOK Fo. 58a. 13 Kl. March, 1341 before John Lech sitting in Mayfield church. Nicholas Malemeyns of Waldwareshare, is found guilty of failing to account for certain monies received from tenants of Christ church Cant, and is ordered to walk barefoot from the cemetery gate to the Shrine of St. Thomas carrying a candle of 41bs. weight & to offer the same at the said shrine, and another of the same weight in the church of Waldershare. Fo. 58b. Blackmanstone. William Fotour, rector of Blackmanstone, of illegitimate birth, has removed from the vicarage of Apuldre to the rectory of B. without a dispensation, he neglects to appear & is excommunicated, but later he appears before the court & is released from the sentence & has another day given him on which to answer. (1342.) Fo. 58b. Brabourne. Sir Thomas, vicar of Brabourne, is cited for having absolved and buried the body of a man who died under sentence of excommunication, but the case is dismissed because the Vicar had been given power to act as he did by the Commissary general. (1342.) Fo. 59b. Sir John de Chelesworth, rector of Boughton Malherbe, who is under sentence of excommunication, appeals to the Archbishop. (1342.) Fo. 62a. Mandate from Abp John (Stratford) to Hamo, bishop of Rochester, bidding him summon John, Abbot of Lesnes to answer for having let the profits of the church of Newenton (next Sittingbourne) without a licence from the Abp. Maidstone 10, Kl. Nov., 1340. Fo. 63a. The same to the Dean of Lymene bidding him compel Henry Simon, vicar of Snergate, to pay to Master James, rector of the same, certain tithe which was due to him. Cherrying, 7. Kl. Nov., 1340. Fo. 66b. John Sandal, rector of St. Mary in the Marsh v. Henry, rector of Hope. [Nature of the case doubtful owing to illegibility of the writing.] (1340.) Fo. 69a. 2 Kl. Apr., 1343, in Battle Church before Master . • . . (?) William Kyng, priest of the diooese of Chichester is suspended for officiating, beoause contrary to the canons, he had entered the diocese of Cant, armed OF THE CONSISTORY COURT OF CANTERBURY. 61 and compelled Master John de Wymbourne, rector of Norton, to submit to a vetitum examen in a tithe case in which the latter was engaged with the prioress of Davington. Fo. 71a. Benenden. The Prior and convent of Combwell v. the vicar of Bynynden (Benenden). The Court assign to the Vicar a stipend of 12 marcs a year, if he maintain a competent chaplain to assist him in serving the Church. (1343.) Fo. 74a. Brabourne. Sir Thomas, vicar of Brabourne has a day given him for purging himself by eight witnesses of the charge of having obtained his vicarage by simony. 4 June, 1347. Fo. 76a. Famingham. Prior & convent of Ch. Ch. Cant. v. Thomas, vicar of Freningham [inadequacy of stipend]. Fo. 76b. 2 July, 1347 before John Lech and Laurence Fastolf, sitting in Saltwood church. Robert Perot alias Northo who is accused of abducting Joan de Grofherst, a nun of Sheppey is to be examined as to whether (1) he was present when Joan first took the habit of the order, (2) on what day he saw her wearing the said habit, (3) on what day she disclosed to him her intention to abandon her vows and quit the monastery. (See also fo. 84a.) Fo. 77b. Master Hugh de Stanton, rector of Great Chart v. John Soleman, of Ashford, concerning tithe of underwood. [A day given for hearing the case, (1347).] Fo. 78 a. Rainham. William Sare, vicar of Renham is charged with frequenting taverns, bearing arms, and wearing lay dress. It is further alleged that he neglects to find a chaplain to assist him in his parochial duties, though this was always done by his predecessors, and is necessary on account of the size of the parish. Moreover the said vicar has violently assaulted John Derby, sexton, & parish clerk, both in the church and churchyard; indeed he would have slain the said John by stabbing him with a knife had he not been hindered from doing so by the clerk's brother. Therefore an inquiry is to be held concerning the matter. (1347.) Fo. 78b. Chartham. Master Roger Dorkyng, rector of Chartham v. John the Smith. [A tithe case.] (1347.) 62 NOTES FROM A FOURTEENTH CENTURY ACT-BOOK Fo. 80a. Brabourne. The Prior and convent of Horton have a day given on which to answer the charge of retaining the church of Brabourne ad proprios usus. 1347. Fo. 84a. 26 July, 1347 before Lech & Fastolf sitting in the Chapel of the ville of Mortelak. In the case against Robert Perot, alias Northo for abducting Joan, daughter of Richard Grofherst, a nun of Sheppey [See above, fo. 76a.] To certain questions the accused replied that he did not know the day on which Joan took the habit, but that he had seen her wearing i t ; that he caused a secular dress to be brought to her by a certain boy on the day in which she left the monastery, & that he took her away on his horse without leave of the Prioress or anyone else ; also that for three years past or more the said Joan had told him that she was desirous of leaving the monastery, and that certain other persons had heard her express this wish ; that the said Joan did not ask leave of the Prioress but of Olivia Pawythom, a nun of the same monastery. [Case adj ourned to the next court day at Lambeth.] Fo. 87b. Bearsted. Sir Thomas, Vicar of Berghstede together with Sir William, chaplain of Aldynton next Ledes and others are charged with infringing on the liberties of the church of Canterbury, by seizing the person of one Sir John Blaklok, priest, and shutting him up in the castle of Canterbury thereby incurring the sentence of the greater excommunication. (1347.) Fo. 88b. Bearsted. The Vicar, Sir Thomas Plomer, is accused of incontinency. A day fixed for an inquiry. (1347.) Fo. 89b. 7 Oct., 1347, in Lambeth Church before John de Lech. Sandwich. Thomas, vicar of St. Mary's and the parishioners of the same complain that there are certain defects in their parish Church for which the Archdeacon of Canterbury, as rector of the same, is responsible. The proctor of the Archdeacon did not appear, and the case is adjourned. Fo. 90a. Llandaff. A commission granted to the Prior of Llanthony to audit the accounts of the Exors of the will of brother John of Eglesclyve, late bishop of Llandaff. (1347.) Fo. 91a. Patrixbourne. In the cause between the Vicar of Patrikesbourne and the convent of Merton in the diocese of Winchester concerning their respective rights in the house OF THE CONSISTORY COURT OF CANTERBURY. 63 which was assigned to the Vicarage by Archbishop Walter. The parties agree to stand by the verdict of an inquest held by the official of the Archdeacon of Cant, whereby it was decided that the Vicar, and his successors, should have for their abode the northern part of the rectory house, beginning four feet from to the north of the brewery door, and thence within a straight line extending six feet from the corner of the drain (cloaca) of the said rectory, and thence for a distance of four feet towards the north, from the door of the northern granary, and all the dwellings (domos) contained within the abovesaid boundaries, together with a chapel, or oratory situated therein, and a certain grange next the churchyard. Dated 8 Oct., 1347, in Lambeth Church. Be. 91. Sir Gerard, vicar of Lyndested is accused of adultery, and also of simony, in that he offered 100s. to Sir Symon, his immediate predecessor in the vicarage for the exchange of the Vicarage of Linstead for that of Guston. (1347.) Fo. 94a. Ham. Master Benedict of Shepeye, rector of Hamme, v. John Gibon of Sandwich, who is charged with unlawfully keeping back the " autumnal fruits " pertaining to the church of Hamme. Fo. 96a. Depositions of witnesses called on behalf of the prior and convent of St. John de Berden (Essex) in the diocese of London 19 Decr., 1348. John de Hoveden, a canon of the house, deposed that from its foundation the said Priory was accustomed to choose its own prior—that the founder was Sir John de Rochef ord, Knt, and that he had seen evidence that this was so in certain letters apostolic of Pope Gregory IX, and also that he knew it by common report. Further, he said that the delay in choosing a successor to the last prior was on account of the action of the Abbot of Walden, who wished the canons to accept the Benedictine rule, and become subject to his house. Similar evidence of other Canons follows on fos. 97, 98, 99. Fo. 100a. Before Master (Richard) Vagham and Laurence Fastolf, auditors of causes sitting in Mayfield Church, 16 June, 1348. Master William Bradele, rector of Eynsford, v. John Godman, concerning the tithe of underwood. 64 NOTES FROM A FOURTEENTH CENTURY ACT-BOOK. Fo. 102a. Blackmanstone. William, rector of Blackmanstone has a day fixed for hearing certain charges (unspecified) which have been made against him. Fo. 102a. Hougham. Henry, vicar of Hugham who is charged with incontinency, has a day given etc. Fo. 102a. Ospringe. Adam, vicar of Osprenge, v. the minister and brethren of the house of Trinitarian friars of Modynden (nature of the case not stated). Fo. 102b. Hawkinge. Richard de Ivyngho, rector of Hauking is cited to answer for having caused a dovecot to be built in the churchyard on the site of the church porch (vestibuhm). Fo. 103a. Blackmanstone. Mandate from Archbishop John to his commissary general to certify to Sir William, rector of Blackmanstone that the Archbishop proposes to sequestrate the fruits of the benefice unless the said William complies with his mandate to reside thereon. Dated at Croydon 13 Kl. Apr., 1345. Fo. 105a. Sittingbourne. John Dongesell a layman, is cited on the charge of retaining in his own hands the offerings &c belonging to Roger Dongeselle, Vicar of Sittingbourne. A further day is given him on which to answer to the said charge. Mayfield 16 July (1348). aFo. 111b. Memorandum, that Master Laurence Fastolf, rector of Clyve (Cliffe at Hoo), has a licence for an oratory within his rectory house for one year, dated 2 Non. Dec, 1348. Idonea Mottymer of the parish of Clyve has a licence to hear divine service in an oratory within her house in the parish of Clyve for one year. London 8 Id. Dec, 1348. John de Eccieshalle, canon of Wyngham has a similar licence for an oratory in his house at Wingham, 4 Id. Dec, 1348. Thomas Nicholas, of Mepham has a similar licence for an oratory in his manor house of Dane ? 17 Kl. Jan., 134|. Lora de Petesfeld has a similar licence for an oratory in her house at Clyve. 1 These licences were granted after the death of Archbishop Stratford who died 23 Aug. 134 8. He was opposed to the practice as appears from the sixth chapter of his Constitutions—issued in 1341, in which he warns his suffragans against granting licences for oratories in private houses, except under special circumstances, and then only to persons of distinction. Wilkins' Concilia, Vol. ii. p . 677.