Springhead: Temples III and IV

SPRINGHEAD : TEMPLES III AND IV. By W. S. PENN, B.So. PART I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION THIS report continues the account of the temple complex at Springhead. Temple I was described previously (1) and the present report considers Temples I I I and IV. Their relationship to Temple I is shown in Fig. 1. Temple I I will be described subsequently. No attempt wUl be made to consider the overall implications of the complex until details of aU temples have been reported. In this connection it is sufficient at this stage to record the discovery of Temple V. SUMMARY Temples III and IV are both extremely interesting though problematical buildings. Temple III is a simple rectangular building 29 ft. by 19 ft. 4 in. externaUy with waUs 36 in. thick. Some doubt exists regarding its former purpose but, for reasons discussed later, the best explanation so far is that it was a " sacred pool " into which pottery offerings were made. Temple IV was a small shrine measuring only 12 ft. 4 in. by 7 ft. 7 in. internaUy. It had a cult statue base and its most interesting feature was the four infant foundation burials discovered in the floors. GeneraUy, individual dating of strata is not given in the body of the report. Details of dating for them is given in Tables 1 and 2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The farmers Messrs. J. Bartholomew and Sons again aUowed us unrestricted use of One Tree Field for our work. We are most grateful for these faculties. Various authorities were again kind enough to give us the benefit of their advice. Mr. S. Frere, M.A., F.S.A., offered some useful comments on the significance of the Temple IV burials. Special thanks are also due to Mr. R. A. G. Carson, M.A. for deahng with the coins ; Miss D. Charlesworth, M.A., for the report on the glass and Miss Meikle for the drawing of the glass, Fig. 6.10 ; Mr. N. Cook, B.A., F.S.A., of the GuUdhaU Museum for cleaning the bronze necklace from Temple IV and Miss H. A. H. Maedonald for the petrographical report on the fragment of marble discovered in Temple IV. 113 i i SPRINGHEAD : TEMPLES III AND IV The author wishes to thank his colleagues for their help which has made this report and previous reports possible. Mr. E. Tilley is our " site secretary " and is responsible for cleaning, classifying and describing aU the smaU finds except the pottery. He also deals with the coins on site, and also acts as our Honorary Curator for the Chantry Museum where aU Springhead finds are kept. Mr. W. Gee is the " site artist " and is responsible for all the drawings in this and all reports. His work has been particularly tedious this year because of the considerable amount of pottery, but the standard of his work is always exceUent. Mr. P. ConnoUy is the " site photographer " and is responsible for aU the photographs in this report. There are, of course, many hundreds of other photographs of the site which he has taken. I am grateful to them all for their assistance. Of the excavators, the author wishes to offer special thanks to Messrs. E. TUley, W. Gee, G. Buries, F. Turner, P. Connolly and R. Ivell. Others who assisted include Messrs. S. Harker, R. Bartlett, P. Anderson, D. Ford and many other friends of Springhead who help from time to time. The work at Springhead is carried out by the Excavation Committee of the Gravesend Historical Society. The author is indebted to the President, Chairman and CouncU of the Society for their help and encouragement during the year. AU excavators are grateful for the support of the members of the Society. Funds from the Carnegie (U.K.) Trust were also used again for which we are grateful. Miss Taylor of the Journal of Soman Studies kindly loaned the block for Figure 4. PART II. TEMPLE III INTRODUCTION The plan of Temple I I I is given in Fig. 1 (Plate IA). The building was not strictly a temple since neither the priest nor the worshippers entered it. However, it was a sacred building within the temenos and is thus conveniently caUed Temple III, particularly since its exact purpose is unknown. The buUding is north of Temple I and only about three feet from it. I t was discovered by crop marks and appeared to be similar to the so-called " priest's dwelling " discovered by Sir Mortimer Wheeler (2) by the side of the temple on Maiden Castle. It was expected that the excavations would offer further evidence regarding the purpose of such buUdings. STRUCTURAL FEATURES AND DATING In antiquity the whole of the northern part of the temenos was excavated to make a shallow depression (Fig. 1). This was fiUed with 114 FIGURE I. POSITION OF TEMPLES .-p-pHor.M'ATr'i'MrrorTH-A-tK-R-ATr TfM ~~~——_ " " M A N WATLINO -"^:-4^* r«e« CH OPUS SIC. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 TEMPLE HI ! z I i © i i ~ i i *~ i <-» i i UJ i 1 t/1 1 -. "s • I M COU R T Y A R P * »! 0 0 I 2 I A 5 iO FIG. 1. Position of Temples, S E C T I O N , FIGURE 2 T E M P LE © T E M P L E l\\ 55$X£kSSK§S5 <&^<\\K<\K^ ^yayiiiaiyiiyiityijyiiiy, :&*[, j3^~~-"Ai aM (r.M^TLWll ^ ^ \ l ? ^ / 0 C 3 C C 2 C D / 8.2 8 5 8.11 fep -A *PS2-^I W x 822 . ^ ^ v a n ^ b V 8 25 PIG. 8. Samian Ware and Incense Cups. (All £) 127 SPRINGHEAD : TEMPLES III AND IV / f .V ,\V ,\V .AV .\V ,\'.V *\V,tf ,*' ,« .>•.•".•. wmash ra s«s FIG. 9. Castor Ware. (All £) 128 SPRINGHEAD : TEMPLES III AND IV jrffF* frrrr Variants S 19/32 Variants on S 10 ? > ? ? * 7 r * Variants on S 40 \ * \ \ T^V^ \ \ ^ \ r \ Varfanu on S 6 PIG. 10. Variants on Standard Forms. (AU J) 129 12 SPRINGHEAD : TEMPLES III AND IV ? r 11.13 \ r " 11.12 11.3 ' U , , 'US r II. ^ ^ TO 1 / I / r ^ Miscellaneous Coarse Ware PIG. 11. Miscellaneous Coarse Ware. (All J) 130 SPRINGHEAD : TEMPLES III AND IV REFERENCES (1) W. S. PENN, Arch. Cant., LXXIII, 1, 1959. (2) Sm MORTIMER WHEELER, Maiden Castle, p. 132. (3) Le Culte Des Sources Dans La Gaule .Antique. C. ViiLLAT, p. 85, 1932. (4) J. CLAYTON, Arch. Ael., VHP (1880). (5) R. E. M. WHEELER, The Antiquaries Journal, VIII, p. 300,1928. (6) D. ATKINSON, The Romano-British Site on Lowbury Hill in Berkshire. University College Reading, 1916. (7) SIR MORTIMER WHEELER, Verulamium, p. 190. (8) See Springhead Standard Forms, Springhead reports. Arch. Cant., Vols. LXXII and LXXIII. (9) L.R.B.C. (Parts I and II) Hill, Kent and Carson " Late Roman Bronze Coinage ". Stratum B. D. E. P. J. Floor J/K. N. TABLE 1 DATING OF STRATA, TEMPLE I I I \, Object Decorated Samian D.27 (2 examples) Date : Flavian Coin D.27 (Under opus sig.) D.18/31 D.31 (2 examples) D.31 (Under opus sig.) D.33 Curie 11 (2 examples) Date : Early Antonine Coin Potter's Mark Potter's Mark Potter's Mark Decorated Samian D.31 Date : c. A.D. 175 Pool—See Table 3. Decorated Samian D.27 D.18/31 D.31 (2 examples) S.13 (See Ref. 8) Date : Antonine D.18/31 D.3I (2 examples) S7 Coarse Ware Date A.D. 80 A.D. 50 A.D. 141 + A.D. 60 Antonine Antonine Antonine Antonine Flavian A.D. 140-144 Antonine Antonine 2nd half 2nd century Antonine Antonine Antonine A.D. 60 Antonine Antonine A.D. 60-80 Antonine C. A.D. 200 Late 4th century Claudian Date : 4th century, probably lo+o Coin Date : Later than A.D. 231 A.D. 228-231 Reference Table 6, 11 Table 4, 2 Table 4, 8 Table 6, 3 Table 6, 9 Table 6, 7 Table 5, 12 Table 5, 4 Table 13, 1 Table 4, 4 131 SPRINGHEAD : TEMPLES III AND IV Stratum 0. D. E. F. Floor H/I TABLE 2 DATING OF STRATA, TEMPLE IV Object S.13 S.19 Coarse Ware Coarse Ware Date : Late 1st, Early 2nd UWIJ.ULU.y Decorated Samian Coarse Ware Coarse Ware Coarse Ware S.6 (2 examples) S.19 (2 examples) S.20 (2 examples) S.23 Date : Early Antonine Decorated Samian D.31 Coarse Ware Coarse Ware Poppyhead beaker sherd S6 (2 examples) Date : Antonine ( 150-170) Coin Coarse Ware 0. A.D. Poppyhead beaker sherd S.6 S.10 (3 examples) S.ll S.23 S.34 Date : The temple i must have Date Reference A.D. 60-80 A.D. 100 Claudian Table 13, 2 A.D. 60-80 Table 13, 3 A.D. 90 Table 5, 10 Claudian Table 13, 4 Late 1st century Table 13, 5 c. A.D. 80 Table 13, 6 Antonine C. A.D. 100 Late 1st century Late 1st century Trajan/Antonine Table 5, 8 Antonine A.D. 70-90 Table 13, 7 Late 1st century Table 13, 8 e. A.D. 120 Antonine A.D. 268-270 Table 4, 12 A.D. 80-90 Table 13, 9 C. A.D. 120 Antonine Late 2nd century Antonine Late 1st century A.D. 60-75 been open in the late 3rd/ to early 4th century. S.6 Date : Antonine Object Coin Coin Potter' Potter' Potter' Potter' s Mark s Mark s Mark s Mark Decorated Samian Decorated Samian Decorated Samian Decorated Samian Decorated Samian Decorated Samian Decorated Samian or later. i Antonine TABLE 3 DATING OP THE POOL Date A.D. 141 + Vespasian Comments See Table 4, 3 See Table 4, 1 A.D. 80-120 See Table 6, 6 Antonine Antonine See Table 6, 1 See Table 6, 10 A.D. 150-180 See Table 6, 4 Antonine See Table 5, 1 Trajan/Antonine See Table 5, 2 o. 150-170 Late 2nd A.D. See Table 5, 3 centurv See Table 5, 5 Hadrian/AAatonine See Table 6, 6 0. 175 A.D Antonine See Table 5, 7 See Table 5, 9 See also Table 8 (Plain Samian) ; Table 9 (Coarse Ware) : Table 10 (Special Coarse Ware) and Table 12 (Glass). 132 SPRINGHEAD : TEMPLES III AND IV Coin No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 10. 11. 14. 15. T.A3LE 4 THE COINS (Reported on by R. A. G. Carson, Esq., M.A.) Position Description Temple III. Pool. Temple III. Stratum D. Temple III. Pool. Temple III. Stratum N. Top soil. 6. Top soil. Top soil. Temple III. Stratum E. Top soil. Top soil. Top soil. 12. Temple TV. Stratum F. 13. Temple TV. Stratum I. Top soil. Top soil. Vespasian. Denarius. RIC. II. No. 10. (A.D. 69-71.) Faustina Senior. 2 .AE. As. RIC. III. No. 1155. (A.D. 141 + .) Faustina Senior. 2 AE. As. RIC. III. No. 1163. (A.D. 141 + .) Severus Alexander 2 AE. As. RIC. IV. 2. No. 595. (A.D. 228-231.) Arcadius. 3 AE. small. Obv. Legend worn off. Bust diademed r. Rev. (VICTORIA) AVGGG Victory advancing left with wreath and palm. Mini;— Rome. Cf. LRBC II. 781. (A.D. 388-92.) Arcadius. 3 AE small. Obv. DN ARC(ADIVS PF AVG) Bust diademed r. Rev. Illegible. Victory advancing left with wreath and palm. Mint—Rome. Cf. LRBC II. 783. A.D. 388-92. Radiate imitation Tetricus I. Prototype " Salus " Obv. IMP* TETRICUS PF AVG. Bust, radiate and draped r. Rev. A G Salus feeding snake and holding anchor 3 AE. c. A.D. 275. Antoninus Pius. 1 AE Sestertius. RIC. I I I . No. 638. A.D. 140-144. Gallienus. 3 AE. RIC. VI. No. 511. A.D. 259-368. Valentinian I. 3 AE. LRBC II. 1400. A.D. 367-375. Arcadius. 3 AE small. Obv. DN ARC(ADIVS PF) AVG. Bust diademed r. Rev. (VICTOR)IA AVGGG. Victory advancing 1. with wreath and palm. Mint mark TRP ? Cf. LRBC II. 64. Imitation Claudius I I . Gothicus 3 AE. Obv. (DI)VO CLAVDIO. Head radiate, r. Rev. CONSECRATIO lighted altar with palmettes. Cf. RIC. V. i. p. 233, No. 259. A.D.270+. Marcus Aurelius I AE. Sestertius. Obv. Illegible Bust laureat, r. Rev. Illegible. Standing figure. Infield SC. Theodosius. 3 AE. LRBC II. 568. Crispus. 3 AE. Obv. IVL CRISPUS NOB CAES. Rev. BE ATA TRANQVILLITAS. On altar, inscribed VOTIS XX, a globe ; above three stars m.m. Trier. K.209. STR 133 SPRINGHEAD : TEMPLES III AND IV TAIBLB 5 DECORATED SAMIAN WARE Figure 7, 10. Drag 37. Found in pool. a. Ovolo separated from decoration by wavy hne. b. Continuous scroll fills side with medallions in concavities containing cherubs. (Oswald Figure Types II No. 440 Trajan/.Autonine.) c. Potter's mark Justus of Lezoux. (See Table 5, 12.) Date : Antonine. Figure 7, 5. Drag 37. Found in pool. a. Ovolo separated from single zone decoration by bead row. b. Decoration divided into metopes by astragalus motif. c. Alternate metopes contain cherubs O.II No. 440. Trajan/Antonine. d. Other metopes divided horizontally with festoon in top containing dolphins O. IV No. 2382. e. Potter's mark—Paternus. Trajan/Antonine. Date : Trajan/Antonine. Figure 8, 3. D.37. Found in pool. a. Metopes separated by astragalus motif. Probably 2nd half of 2nd century. b. Metopes (containing medallions) divided metopes (containing festoons in upper compartment) characteristic of Antonine. c. Leaves in medallions reminiscent of Cinnamus and figures subject in narrow metope. .Antonine. d. It is interesting to note the tree on its side in lower compartment of divided metope. Date : c. A.D. 150-170 Figure 8, 2. D.30. Temple III, Stratum J. a. Ovolo separated by bead row and asymmetrical tongue is characteristic of 2nd century. b. Metopes and divided metopes can be mid 2nd century. c. Upper compartment of divided metope contains standing goat (O. IV. 1836-Hadrian/Antonine). d. Lower compartment contains dolphin (O.IV. 2392 Trajan/Antonine). e. Large metope with medaUion containing Cinnamus type leaf. Date : .Antonine. Figure 8, 1. D.37. Pool. a. Ovolo separated from decoration by cable motif characteristic of East Gaul—Traj an/iVntonine. b. Decoration free in field—tending towards late 2nd century. No degeneration would presumably confine to 2nd not 3rd century. c. Female figure standing and leaning on post, separated by climbing plant motif. (0.1.322. Hadrian/late .Antonine). Date : Late 2nd century. Figure 1, 4. D.37. Pool, a. Cherub. (O.II. 440. Hadrian/Antonine.) Date : Hadrian/Antonine. Figure 7, 9. D. 37. Pool. a. Fowl in large medallion. O.IV. 2356. Antonine. b. The ovolo without tongue is perhaps typical of late 2nd century. Date : c. A.D. 176. Figure 7,1. D.37. Temple IV. Stratum E. a. General divided metope, separated by bead rows, some containing large medallions—typical of Antonine. b. Leaping deer O.IV. 1720/21. Trajan/Antonine. Date ; Trajan/Antonine. Figure 7, 7. D.37. Pool, a. Part of gladiator. Many similar Antonine types. Date : Antonine. 134 SPRINGHEAD : TEMPLES III AND IV 10. Figure 7, 6. D.37. Temple rV, Stratum D. a. Wavy line separates ovolo from decoration. Suggests 1st century. b. Asymmetric tongue would indicate late 1st century, o. Cruciform decoration, indicates Flavian. Date : c. A.D. 90. 11. Figure 7, 8. D.37. Temple III, Stratum B. a. Double trifid binding suggests late 1st century. b. Trifid terminal of ovolo suggests Flavian. Date : c. A.D. 80. 12. Figures 7, 2 and 7, 3. D.37. Temple III, Stratum E. a. Compound leaf scroll suggests Cinnamus. b. Absence of tendril binding suggests 2nd century. c. Trace of bead row. Date : Antonine. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Mark CALIIN M (Calenus) LVPERCI (Luperous) MALLIACI (Malliaeus) MATERN (Maternus) /ATERNI (Maternus or Paternus) RVPIN M TABLE 6 POTTER'S MARKS Form Ludowici Sa. D.33 Ludowici Sa. Ludowici Sa. D.33 D.33 (Probably Rufinus of Heiligenberg) SACRILI M. (Sacrillus of Lezoux) . /ILLIM (Sacrillus) SIIDATIM (Sedatus) TINTIRI OF (Tintirus) ?TICVM JVSTVM (Justus) PATRNI (Paternus) D.33 D.33 D.33 D.33 ? D.37 37 Position Pool. Top soil. Temple I I I, Stratum E. Pool Top soil. Pool. Temple I I I, Stratum E. Top soil. Temple I I I, Stratum E. Pool. Top soil. Pool. (See Table) Pool. (See Table) Figure 8, 8 8, 15 8, 11 8, 9 8, 13 8, 6 8, 16 8, 14 8, 5 8, 12 8, 10 8,7 8 ,4 Date Antonine. Antonine. Antonine. A.D. 150-180. Antonine. A.D. 80-120. 2nd half 2nd century. Antonine. Antonine. Antonine. ? Antonine. Trajan/ Antonine. 135 SPRINGHEAD : TEMPLES III AND IV TABLE 7 DATE ANALYSIS OF PLAIN SAMIAN Form Date 1—I CO CO 1—t fi lO IN <•N* fi i> i-H O i o O i Claudian Flavian Late 1st Early 2nd c. A.D. 160 Late 2nd 7 - 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 _ _ _ 1 _ _ _ _ 3 _ _ _ _ 4 7 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 _ _ _ _ _ 3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 - 1 - - 1 5 3 1 - 1 3 2 1 18 _ _ _ _ 1 s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 14 13 49 TABLE 8 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OP PLAIN SAMIAN WARE Form D.18 D.18/31 D.24/25 D.27 D.31 D.33 D.36 D.38 D.42 D.46 Ritt I Curie 11 Curie 15 Curie 21 Lud. Ob. Lud. Oc. Total Number from Site 18 35 2 5 64 40 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 3 2 1 181 Number from Pool 5 8 1 3 8 3 3 2 1 39 136 SPRINGHEAD : TEMPLES III AAND TV TAUJLE 9 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF POOL COARSE WARE Standard Springhead Form Number % Date 2 3 4 6 7 10 11 12 13 19 20 22 19/32 40 Poppyhead sherds 16 2 9 243 14 263 44 6 5 27 2 14 94 11 22 2-07 0-26 1-16 31-48 1-81 34-12 5-70 0-78 0-65 3-50 0-26 1-81 12-13 1-42 2-85 4th century 4th century 4th century Antonine Late 4th century Late 2nd century Antonine Antonine A.D. 60-80 c. A.D. 100 Late 1st century Antonine Late 1st century A.D. 75-90 c. A.D. 120 772 100-00 Sherd No. 1 Figure No. 11.4 11.2 11.5 11.7 11.9 11.8 11.1 11.3 11.6 TABLE 10 SPECIAL COARSE WARE FROM THE POOL Description Flagon. Four ringed mouth and two ringed handle. Pink fabric with pale cream slip. Cf. Richborough I. No. 36. Date : Mid-late 1st century. Two ribbed handle ; orange fabric, white slip. Date : Usually 1st century. Ola with outbent rim. Hard grey ware. cf. Richborough I I I , No. 269. Date : A.D. 80-120. Mortarium. cf. Richborough III, No. 356. Date : 1st century Light grey ware, similar S28. Date : c. A.D. 50. Olla with outbent rim. Hard grey ware. cf. Richborough III, No. 264. Date: A.D. 80-120. This pot has vertical striations on shoulder. Grey/brown ware. cf. Wroxeter i n , No. 70. Ollae with recurved rims. Similar Wroxeter I, 31, 32 and 33. Date : A.D. 90-120. Slight incurved rim. Collingwood 38/39. Hadrian/A^ntonine. 137 SPRINGHEAD : TEMPLES III AND IV TABLE 11 THE BRONZE OBJECTS (Reported on by E. Tilley, Esq., except bracelet which was reported on by M. R. Hull, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.) Object No. 1 Pool. Pool. Pool. Pool. Position Figure No. 6.3 6.1 5 Temple TV, Stratum L. — 6 Temple III, Stratum F. — 7 Pool. — 8 Temple IV, Stratum P. 9 Temple IV, Stratum P. 6.2 Description Stud, Bronze flat-head stud. The pin in the centre of the reverse side is -7 in. long. Stud. Large brass hollow-domed stud. Diam. 1 • 2 in. The pin in the centre of the reverse side is square in section and •8 in. long. Disc. Thin bronze disc with central hole. Diam. 2 • 1 in. Pin. Fragment of bronze pin with plain spherical knob. Pendant. Bronze heart-shaped pendant or phalera with terminal knob and a loop for suspension. There is a small hook on the reverse side. Bracelet. Fragment of twisted bronze wire bracelet. Bracelet. Bracelet formed of a band of brass. The terminals decorated with incised horizontal lines, the rest with groups of three and four dashes. Ring. Brass finger-ring with eight facets. Each facet decorated with incised diagonals. Long brass chain. The chain which is square in section is made of overlapping compressed links, and is therefore rather rigid. It is 28 in. long and has a cylindrical mount and hook at one end, and a plain " C " hook at the other. A break in antiquity is repaired with a twist of thin brass wire. Attached to the plain hook is a shorter, 10 in., heavier, but similarly made bronze chain, at the end of which is a large " S" hook. It is of interest to note that the thin brass chain is in almost perfect condition whilst the heavier bronze one is very badly corroded and past restoration. cf. Richborough Report H, pi. XV., fig. 1, No. 10. Verulamium Report, p. 213. 138 SPRINGHEAD : TEMPLES III AND IV Fragment No. 1 TABLE 12 THE GLASS FROM THE POOL (Reported on by Miss D. Charlesworth, M.A.) Fragment from the base of a bowl in rich green glass with light iridescent weathering. It is decorated with a series of raised concentric circles, centred on the base of the bowl, formed by grinding away the surface in between, and polished. Rich coloured metals are most common in the 1st century and rare the 2nd and early 3rd. It is therefore probable that this piece was old when it was discarded. Fragment of the shoulder of a conical bodied flagon in amber glass, a type made in the Seine/Rhine area in the late 1st and 2nd century. Fragment of a handle in blue green glass, probably from a flagon of late 1st or 2nd century date. (Figure 6.5.) Fragment, probably from the rim of a jug, in blue green glass. The rim is rounded and below is a series of matching trails. Fragments of a flask in colourless glass, irregular rim, which the maker has tried to fold inwards, with a hole at one place where his tool has poked right through the metal, funnel shaped mouth with a trail twisted five times round the neck. There are not enough fragments to make a reconstruction of the body possible. 3rd century Rhenish. (Figure 6.10.) This type of neck is very common on late 2nd and 3rd century vessels, e.g. a flagon from Ospringe (W. Whiting, etc. Report on the excavation of the Roman cemetery at Ospringe (1931), No. 503. Fragments of three square bottles. (See Figure 6.8 for example.) These vessels are in use throughout the 1st and 2nd centuries A.D. TABLE 13 GENERAL COARSE WARE Sherd No. No. Position 1 11.15 Temple III. Floor J/K. 2 11.11 Temple rv. Stratum C. 11.18 Temple IV. Stratum C. 11.17 Temple IV. Stratum D. 11.14 Temple IV. Stratum D. 11.12 Temple IV. Stratum D. 11.10 Temple IV. Stratum E. 11.16 Temple IV. Stratum E. 11.13 Temple TV Stratum F. Description Hard light grey bowl. Date : Claudian. Green glazed bowl with yellow striations. Brown fabric but glazed inside and outside. Cf. Wroxeter I, p. 20. Date : Claudian. Incurving bead rim. Cf. Lullingstone Arch. Cant., LXVI. Nos. 121-126. Date : c. A.D. 60-80. Curved rim with prominent bulge at shoulder. Hard light brown colour. Cf. Rich. I. Nos. 6, 16 and 62. Date : Claudian. Bowl with incurving rim. Cf. S20. Date : Late 1st century. Olla. Cf. Joyden's Wood, Arch. Cant., LXVIII, p. 177 ; Rich. IV. No. 383. Date : c. A.D. 80. Two ribbed handle, hard ware. cf. Rich. TV. No. 371, 372 and 4. Date : A.D. 70-90. Bowl with incurving rim. Date : Late 1st century. Olla. Flat cordon below neck. cf. Rich. TV. No. 406. Date : c. A.D. 80-90. 139 SPRINGHEAD : TEMPLES III AND TV TABLE 14 MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS (Reported on by E. Tilley, Esq.) Object No. 1 Position Temple III, Stratum D. Figure No. Pool. 6.7 3 4 5 6 7 Pool. Pool. In or just outside Temple i n . Temple XV stratum Temple TV stratum 6.6 6.9 e.g. 6.4 — — Description Latch-lifter. Much corroded iron hook-key or latch-lifter. Similar to the one from the Bakery, Site A. Arch. Cant., Vol. LXXI, 1957, Fig. 16.1. cf. Richborough D7. Fig. 346. Verulamium Report, p. 219, pi. LXV. 21. Counter. Pottery gaming counter. Diam. • 8 in. Thickness • 2 in. Ring. Plain silver finger ring. Hone. Small hone. Bone pins. Fragments of four bone pins. Hone. Part of hone. Marble. White marble speckled with red of foreign origin. (Kindly examined by Miss H. A. H. Maedonald of Geological Survey and Museum.) 140