Archaeological Work along the A2: 1966-1974

ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK ALONG THE A2: 1966 - 1974* INTRODUCTION PART 1: THE LATE BRONZE AND EARLY IRON AGE SITES NIGEL MACPHERSON-GRANT The Bridge by-pass survey overlaps and complements, both in terms of area and content, findings made in advance of widening the A2 between 1966 and 1973. In particular, the material from Site 8 only comes into perspective when compared with other Iron Age pottery from the Barham and Kingston Downs ridgeway. Therefore, this earlier, mostly unpublished, material has been included here. As a result the emphasis is on pottery. Publication of detailed site information has been withheld, since the nature of the pre-1974 excavations and the paucity of available site records would make the present report unwieldy. Most site evidence is therefore confined to a brief description accompanying the excavation plans. The pottery itself is described and illustrated in a continuous number sequence throughout. The individual pot descriptions are taken as far as possible using the eye alone. This detail is considered necessary due to the lack of a comprehensive study of east Kent Iron Age pottery. A preferred synthesis into simplified form/fabric descriptions can only be employed after study of a wider range of material than is presented here. Fig. 1 shows the by-pass route and the relevant section of the A2, together with the sites excavated during the period concerned. Since research is still in progress on finds from the later Roman and • This report is published with the aid of a grant from the Department of the Environment. 133 NIGEL MACPHERSON-GRANT Anglo-Saxon cemeteries (Sites 6 and 7, respectively) the full report has been divided. Part 2, forthcoming, will cover the later archaeological periods and include a section on settlement and land-use synthesizing the evidence pi:esented in Parts 1 and 2. This report does not include the results of fieldwork by the Dover Archaeological Group or the evidence of chance finds made adjacent to the route. Detailed context-related catalogues have been placed with the various site archives in the Royal Museum, Canterbury, where the finds are held. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The excavation of sites 1, 5-7, and those on the Bridge by-pass were funded by grants from the Department of the Environment, which also provided a proton-magnetometer survey of the by-pass route. Throughout, the work was carried out on behalf of the Canterbury Archaeological Society by members from the Ashford, Canterbury and Chatham House (Thanet) Archaeological Societies, and directed by Mr. A.C. Hogarth or myself. Much fieldwork was undertaken by members of the Ashford Archaeological Society, particularly by Messrs. Jim Bradshaw and Alan Bruce during the initial stages of the by-pass section. We are grateful to the owner of Highland Court Farm, Mr. C. Wigham, and to the various farm managers; to the personnel of Messrs. Mears Construction Ltd., and their agent Mr. P. Barrett; to the staff of their sub-contractors, Messrs. Blackwells, whose co-operation and assistance was invaluable. Finally, I particularly wish to thank the contributors whose reports are published below, and Mr. Tim Tatton-Brown for reading and discussing the report in general. I. THE SITES Site 1: Barham Downs 1971. (A.C. Hogarth - BD 71). (Figs. 2-3). The site (Fig. 2 and N.G.R. TR 21804970 epicentre) lies just south of the junction of the B2046 with the A2 and was excavated in. adva􀂦ce of roadworks for the second A2 carriageway. The excavatlIIIIJ. OIR.•IRfflJlfV: llt. 􀀘1>'1'f O􀀙l♦t.v,.,,L R:;,. RO􀀚l) -I I H ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK ALONG THE A2: 1966-1974 3. BO (A 3 I). 4. BO (A 3 I). 5. BO (A 3 I). 6. BD (B 1 I). 7. BD (B 3 I). 8. BO (B 3 I). clay finely micaceous. The temper is fairly coarse and uneven (4 mm.). Roughly finished product, both surfaces wiped. Shouldered jar in fairly hard dark brown-grey flint-tempered ware with patchy dirty dark brown/dark grey surfaces. Pale brown lining below exterior surface. The flint content is moderate and fairly open-spaced (av. 2 mm. with little background material). Fabric contains a fair admixture of chaff. A poorly finished product with lumpy surfaces only roughly wiped smooth. Jar in soft, black, partially flint-tempered ware. As no. 3, the fabric contains some chaff addition and sparse flint grits. Again the finish is very rough and the interior wiped only slightly smoother than the striated exterior surface. Large bowl in fairly hard, black, flint-tempered ware. Dirty grey-brown interior surface; exterior a patchy red-brown/ dirty brown-grey. The temper is fairly coarse and ill-sorted (grits 4-6 mm. against sparse background of < 1 mm. - 1 mm. av.). Surfaces roughly wiped, horizontally inside. Shouldered jar/bowl, in fairly soft dark brown-black flinttempered ware. The interior surface is a dirty dark greybrown; the exterior a patchy orange-red/brown-red - the oxidization process extending 1-2 mm. into the core. The temper is fairly well-sorted and generally fine (sparse 2 mm. and rare 5 mm. grits against a fine background of < 0.01 to 0.02 mm. av.). Some occasional haematite/grog grains. Nicely moulded and finished product: interior horizontally wiped below neat bevelled rim. Neck smoothed vertically down to shoulder, body left rough below. Bowl in fairly soft buff, finely flint-tempered ware. The core is partially oxidized pale orange below a brown exterior surface. Interior dirty grey. The temper is wellmixed and open-spaced (av. 0.02 mm. with rare 2 mm. in the core). Fabric contains some maroon-red haematite grains. Exterior smooth and probably originally burnished. Worn. Two shoulder sherds from a jar. A base sherd with a foot· ring is probably from the same vessel. Shoulder: Dirty dark grey flint-tempered ware with thin brown-red sandwich to core. Interior surface dark grey, exterior patchily dirty brown/dark leather-brown. Fabric contains moderate flint (av. 1 mm.), tending to be burnished over on the exterior. On the round shoulder a design has been painted onto the burnished surface. As reconstructed the design consists of spaced and bordered squares - each square being filled with a diagonal cross comer-tocorner. There is no extant evidence to suggest that the units were linked. The paint remains as partially decayed raised lines, and appears originally to have had a fairly thick consistency, possibly made with a clay base. Base: Ware as shoulder sherds, but with no lining to core. Interior surface colouring is the same, but the exterior is a brown-red. The foot-ring is neat, thin-walled, deep, and burnished inside and out. 137 NIGEL MACPHERSON-GRANT r f.. __ _ ;_ -· -·-· . . 􀀄 . - • -..>- ..... 􀀃 . .-.. . ;.. r: f􀀄.:- 4 ( 􀀐2{g)\􀀕􀀑 􀀖: \•;_􀀒{?\'􀀓{􀀔 ) ' ' 8 ! !-􀀇 9 ,- 7 Fig. 4. Site 1 - Pottery. No. 1- possible Neolithic Bowl; Nos. 2-8- Iron Age Pottery(¼) 138 ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK ALONG THE A2: 1966-1974 9. BD (B 3 I). 10. BD (B 3 I). 11. BD (B 3 I). 12. BD (C 3 IV). 13. BD (C 3 IV). 14. BD (C 3 IV). 15. BD (C 3 IV). 16. BD (C 3 VII). 17. BD (C 3 VII). 18. BD (C 3 VII). Bowl ? in hard crisp dark grey flint-tempered ware with patchy grey-buff interior surface and buff-brown/grey exterior. The fabric has a fairly high mica content; the flint temper is profuse (from 0.02 mm. to fairly dominant 3 mm.). Large shouldered jar in fairly hard black flint-tempered ware with drab dirty grey-brown surfaces. The temper is evenly mixed and fairly fine (1.02 mm. against a background of 0.03 mm. or less). However, the core contains occasional large grits (1.4 cm.). Sparse grains of haematite. Interior wiped; flat-topped rim and body above shoulder smoothed and lightly burnished. Extant body below shoulder deliberately roughened. Large ? bowl in fairly hard black flint-tempered ware, with thin brown lining to core. Drab dark brown-black internal surface; exterior patchy dark brown-black/brown-red. The flint is fairly well sorted and moderate, av. 0.02 mm. or less. One large grit in the core - 1.5 mm. The interior surface is roughly wiped; the exterior immediately below the burnished rim is smoothed horizontally into 'channels', with the remainder of the body deliberately roughened, particularly towards the base. Large jar in fairly hard flint-tempered ware. Surface colouring and temper similar to no. 9. Fabric speckled with brown-red grog and/or haematite grains (av. I mm.). Interior wiped, rim-top and exterior lightly burnished. Foot-ringed base sherd (from ? bowl) in fairly hard grey flint-tempered ware. The temper is profuse (max. l mm., mostly 0.0l mm.). Some fine mica. Interior smoothed and originally lightly burnished - as exterior and base. Foot quite well formed, but not deep. Base sherd in soft brown finely flint-tempered ware; black surfaces. Exterior carries traces of worn burnish. The temper averages 0.05 mm. Jar in fairly soft grey flint-tempered ware with dirty dark grey interior; exterior surface patchy dirty buff-brown/ pink-buff/grey. Tempering is fairly coarse and ill-sorted (av. 4-5 mm.). The clay has a high fine mica content, together with sparse ironstone grits (5 mm.). All surfaces wiped - marked grit-drag on exterior; interior and rim lightly burnished. Jar in fairly soft dirty dark brown-black flint-tempered ware. Temper is moderate and well sorted (av. 1 mm. against finer 0.01 mm. background). Wiped exterior surface; rim and interior smoothed and lightly burnished. Jar in hard black flint-tempered ware with dark grey/leatherbrown surfaces. Thin red-brown lining below exterior skin. The flint is moderate and open-spaced (av. 0.05 - I mm.). All surfaces highly burnished. Shoulder sherd from bowl/jar in fairly hard grey flinttempered ware, with dirty grey-buff surfaces. The temper is open-spaced (1 mm. against sparse smaller background), showing more on the exterior. Clay is finely micaceous. Both surfaces burnished. Curvilinear decoration tooled and burnished into shoulder. 139 ,, NIGEL MACPHERSON-GRANT -􀀌· 􀀈--- \ 10 15 s.,' #'"· --􀀂 ., 0 0 -· - I ,. ,• - '. ·.· ,·• ··'\ 16 - • c:. '.·'\ Fig. 5. Site 1. Iron Age Pottery (¼) 140 17 /6 18 ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK ALONG THE A2: 1966-1974 19. BD (E 3 II). 20. BD (F 2 II). 21. BD (F 3 Il). 22. BD (G 32). 23. BD (G 3 II). 24. BD (G 3 II). 25. BD (G 3 II). 26. BD (G 3 11). Base in fairly hard black flint-tempered ware with dirty brown/dark grey-black surfaces. Brown sandwich to core, thicker below exterior surface. The flint is moderate and ill-sorted, tending to group (2-3 mm. av. with a finer background). Interior roughly smoothed, exterior shows vertical grit-drag. Foot moderately prominent and smoothed. Flat base scraped, the grits scoring the surface. Bowl in fairly hard black flint-tempered ware. Moderate and fairly even temper (0.01 - 1 mm. background with occasional larger 2-3 mm. grits). All surfaces wiped, rim and interior lightly burnished. Base with foot-ring in soft dark brown fairly finely flint• tempered ware. Interior dirty brown-red, exterior dark grey-brown; base patchy grey-buff. The fabric contains moderate and fairly open-spaced flint mixed with finely chopped chaff, which has burnt out on the surfaces. The flint ranges from 0.01 mm. - 2 mm. with occasional larger grits up to 8 mm. (including one of chalk marl). Red-brown grog and/or haematite grains (up to 2 mm.) are also present and the fabric contains a little sand, probably natural to the clay. The inside has been smoothed, the exterior and base patchily but fairly highly burnished. The foot-ring is quite neatly moulded but not deep. Bowl in fairly hard black flint-tempered ware. Interior dirty grey; exterior brown-red, the oxidization process extending c. 1-2 mm. into core. The temper is moderate and fairly open-spaced (av. 2 mm. against sparse background of 0.02 mm. or less). Clay fairly finely micaceous. Interior lightly wiped, exterior more strongly. Only the crude rim is roughly burnished. Cooking-pot in fairly soft, friable black flint-tempered ware. Interior dirty grey below, and dirty brown-red above neck angle. Exterior: rim dark leather-brown, body below incipient shoulder dirty dark-brown, neck red-brown, the oxidization extending 2 mm. into the core. The fabric contains an even mixture of moderate open-spaced flint and finely chopped chaff, giving a compact, slightly laminated structure. The flint ranges from 0.01 mm. - 3 mm. max. The rim is roughly squared off, the flat top being decorated with unevenly spaced finger-tip impressions. The shoulder is similarly decorated. Lower exterior slightly sooted. Shouldered bowl in fairly hard grey flint-tempered ware with dirty grey-brown surfaces. The temper is moderate - 0.01 mm. to 1 mm. av., with sparser 2 mm. scatter. Jar in fairly soft grey flint-tempered ware with grey-brown surfaces. The temper is moderate (0.01 mm. to 1 mm. av. background with occasional larger 2 mm.). Clay is slightly micaceous. Lightly burnished surfaces. Bowl or jar in fairly soft buff-brown finely flint-tempered ware, with internally, a rich brown-orange surface and, externally; brown-grey. The temper is fine and fairly sparse (mostly 0.03 mm. with occasional larger 2 mm. grits). All surfaces, particularly internal, highly burnished. 141 r- .' - 20 NIGEL MACPHERSON-GRANT 19 . •i- .- ) ./1, ;. . 􀀎'-· ./ I • ; .,-7 : - . -. 􀀊- 21 25 ,- . 􀁥-- ,.. - . 􀁦- 􀁧 ;-, .. ·: . . . '. . . ' ' r-􀀆- ·, w· - __ ,-·-1 . J•, . -􀀈- ' . ' 22 ,. ·: · ·,Y ,, . 􀁟--􀁠 . " 􀀋-- . - ... . . -􀁡 \ '.􀀋i􀀌􀀍􀀎_; 􀀆::c:;·(}􀀇􀀈 23 ,-__ ;_::: 􀀏􀀐>􀀑.-􀀒\/t I ·', 1 ·-·-.. 2\ I .: . . , --: . ,,.. " . . . ,.􀁢 . . ::·. 27 􀁣.-_-;_.:.:.􀁤: }-, . • . · . : 7- , ,. I :-- . - I ' . . 30 Fig. 6. Site 1. Iron Age Pottery (¼) 142 ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK ALONG THE A2: 1966-1974 27. BD (G 3 nI). 28. BD (G 3 VIII). 29. BD (G 3 VIII). 30. BD (9). 31. BD (9). 32. BD (MP I). 33. BD (11). 34. BD (11). 35. BD (I I). 36. BD (P 1) 37. BD (P 1). 38. BD (P I). 39. BD (P 2). 40. BD (?P 3). Jar in fairly hard black flint-tempered ware with drab dirty grey-brown surfaces. Thin dirty buff-brown sandwich to core immediately below surfaces. The flint is moderate and fairly coarse ( < 0.01 mm. - 2 mm. av. background with illsorted clusters of larger 3-4 mm. grits). Some ironstone grits. Clay fairly micaceous. The surfaces are roughly smoothed with only the rim, originally, lightly burnished. Worn. Thin-walled jar with ware, temper size, and finish as nos. 9 and 12. Grog or haematite speckle as no. 12, but finer. Large jar in hard grey flint-tempered ware with buffpink/ dirty buff-grey surfaces. The temper is moderate and fairly well sorted (0.01 mm. to 2 mm. av. and scattered 3-4 mm. foreground). Clay slightly micaceous. The exterior has been roughly wiped horizontally; the rim and interior bears a fairly high faceted horizontal burnish. Jar with ware as nos. 9, 12, and 28. Rim and interior roughly smoothed; exterior from rim wiped downwards, grit-drag scoring the surface. Shoulder wall markedly thin. Jar as no. 30 - but with paler fabric and harder. Jar in fairly soft, dirty dark grey flint-tempered ware. Dark grey-black surfaces. The temper is moderate (av. 2 mm.) against an uneven background of fine grains (0.01 mm.). The natural clay has a little fine mica. Both surfaces smoothed and lightly burnished - particularly the interior. Jar in fairly soft dark grey flint-tempered ware. Interior fired dirty grey-buff; exterior and rim dirty dark grey/ black. The temper is moderate (av. 2 mm.). Clay slightly micaceous with a little sand. Bowl in fairly soft dark grey flint-tempered ware with thin buff lining to core immediately below the exterior surface. The flint content is fairly sparse and open-spaced (0.03 mm. - rare 4 mm.). Base sherd in fairly soft grey flint-tempered ware, with darker grey surfaces. Moderate temper (av. 2 mm. against a finer 0.02 mm. background). The exterior including base has been smoothed and lightly burnished. The base is clearly defined with a deep groove at junction of lower body and foot. Jar in fairly hard black flint-tempered ware, with chocolatebrown interior surface and dark brown/black exterior. The flint is moderate and fairly fine (up to 1.06 mm.). Exterior wiped; rim and interior smoothed and lightly burnished. Bowl - ? same vessel as no. 2. Jar in soft dirty-brown flint-tempered ware with red-brown external surface. The temper is fairly dense (from 0.01 mm. to av. I mm.). Flat-topped rim neatly moulded. All surfaces lightly burnished. Large bowl in fairly hard, crisp, dirty dark grey sandy ware. Light brown interior surface; patchy dirty brown/grey exterior. The fabric is profusely sandy with additional uneven flint tempering (grits up to 5 mm.). Bowl in fairly soft, crisp, dark grey flint and chaff-tempered 143 \ I f.,;,:-40 􀀎'- .. 45 NIGEL MACPHERSON-GRANT ,_ . . . .·'.{ 35 1-I --=. .-== __ "􀀄-J I-----::-::- - ' 34 r _._o / . 1· - _- - -:" .- _ ;:J· - . ,,. . ... : .. . ,. . .. - "': ·. . ·,• 37 · : ·:. -,== · 46 F ...,, 􀀇 - - - -4-8- ----􀀏-.. -: · _.:;: -􀀏-·- •· '-.... .- 42 ttr= I 41 Fig. 7. Site 1. Nos. 32-44: SIirtoen 3 A Irgoen P Aotgtee rPyo; tntoersy. .4 (5¼-7): medieval Pottery; nos. 48-9: 144 ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK ALONG IBE A2: 1966-1974 41. BD (P/H T). 42. BO (P/H T). 43. BO (? source). 44. BD (? source). Medieval ware. Grey internal surface; rim and exterior dirty buffgrey. The chaff and Hint is well mixed; the chaff is fairly profuse - giving a partially laminated structure. The flint grits are moderate (c. 2 mm. av.) Bowl in fairly soft black flint-tempered ware with dark brown surfaces. The flint content is moderate (from < 0.01 mm. background to av. 2 mm.). Exterior wiped; interior and rim top lightly burnished. Bowl in fairly soft dark brown flint-tempered ware. Interior dark grey-brown; exterior dark brown/buff. The temper is fairly fine and well sorted (with 0.02 mm. average and occasional larger I.OS mm.). Worn interior burnish, lip and exterior quite high. Jar, probably shouldered, in fairly soft grey flint-tempered ware with dirty dark grey-brown exterior surface; interior pale buff-orange. Moderate, well-mixed temper (2 mm. av. against 0.02 mm. or less). Clay is finely micaceous and contains occasional maroon-red haematite grains (up to 1 mm.). Interior smoothed, rim and exterior lightly burnished. Slightly sooted outside. Shouldered bowl in fairly hard black flint-tempered ware. Patchy dark grey-brown interior; exterior dark grey-black above dirty brown-buff on shoulder. Temper as no. 20. Rare 2 mm. ironstone grains. Some fine mica. Interior smoothed and lightly burnished. Exterior burnish higher. 45, BD (MEO X PIT). Cooking-pot in fairly brittle buff-pink sandy ware, with pale chocolate-brown surfaces. Stabbed rim. Exterior sooted. 46. BO (MEO X PIT). Cooking-pot in soft dirty grey sandy ware; pink-buff interior and dirty brown/buff-pink exterior. 47. BO (MEO X PIT). Cooking-pot in orange-red sandy ware, with thin grey core and orange-buff surfaces. Stabbed rim. Soot traces on exterior. Discussion In section II below (pp. 174-9) Professor Cunliffe has discussed the pottery from this site, and sites 3, 5 and 8, set the material against the wider English and Continental background and summarised the evidence. At this stage a further point should be made. Virtually nothing is known about ceramic traditions in east Kent between c. 350-100 B.C. However, amongst the Site 1 assemblage nos. 12, 28-9, 30-31 appear to form a distinctive group. They share two traits: a tendency for thin-walled shoulders surmounted by thick heavy rims and coarse heavily flint-tempered fabrics. Vessels with similar form and fabric, but generally smaller diameters have been found at Canterbury, Bridge Hill (Watson 1965), and in Thanet. In each case they preceded, or overlapped with, Belgic grog-tempered wares. 145 NlGEL MACPHERSON-GRANT (The 'conjunction' of flint-tempered and grogged wares will receive detailed examination in a future article). Such a late date is not claimed for these Site 1 vessels, but it is very tentatively suggested that they are related to a traditioq, that appears to have been current in the immediately pre-Belgic Iron Age of east Kent. The dating suggested for no. 18 ( p. 178 ) goes some way towards supporting this possibility. Site 3: Barham Downs 1968. (L. Millard - Area IV). (Fig. 1). Iron Age The material from this site (Royal Museum, Canterbury Accession no. 9728, for 1968) was recovered by rescue collection during roadworks. The exact location is uncertain, but it is on a chalk spur, near to the turning to Barham village at N.G.R. TR 214507. 48. BD (Area IV). 49. BD (Area IV). Discussion THE POTTERY (Fig. 7). Bowl in black-brown fairly finely flint-tempered ware, with black internal surface and dark brown/black exterior. High external burnish; interior burnished and wiped - leaving deep grit-drag scorings. Carinated bowl with foot-ring in black, very finely flinttempered ware with brown exterior surface. ? Originally coated with haematite. The reconstruction is approximate only. Both pots are unfortunately unstratified, and can only be placed into a wide date bracket of c. 1000 - 200 B. C. No. 48 is typologically the earlier the two. (See section II, p. 179). Site 5: Kingston Downs 1973. (A.C. Hogarth - Area IV and Site VIII). (Figs. 1, 8-9). Iron Age During the early Spring of 1973 the whole area, likely to be affected by the second A2 carriageway and the flow-in to the by-pass proper, was mechanically stripped between Poorstart Lane and Coldharbour Lane. This excavation revealed Sites 5-7. (Site 5 N.G.R. TR epicentre 19905228). 146 120 hou..,.,,,,-4 - • /tc,NA..,t( ,p,,-.s 0 175 /(JNt;sroN 1>0IJN 111a 􀀗Nii 􀀘 "' l!Jt1'i?􀀙Nk , .. Rlt􀀆R VI .57 0112 􀀬 181 ,,. .,. - - .􀀃 􀀃 -- -- - - .,. . --""4'-􀀒Q-f" •-,.-􀀓􀀔O􀀕lt.S- 117 Sir• VIII 110 0 􀀑•6 IS. G 52 S, 53 0 3 0 0 116 ... o 106 108 0010, l;l 10• ., so 102 0 SI (b .. t"fe,... .. a:;tfj 9 3 95 0100 166 0 􀀃.. ,􀀏 c:{J 0 92 12 Fig. 9, Site 5, Iron Age Site: Excavation Plan. 70 0 067 • 68 98 0 00 69 99 71 66 0 - 0 • Pnr.s 1,nr,.., ltD"t/lfN 0/ltl .to1tY•A Pt>NCAY ''"''"., .,,a,.,.,.,.,.􀀒 ·-􀀌---- _,-- --·--·-o- -c,-·- 􀀆 • 89 90 0 84 07 0 88 96 O ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK ALONG 1HE A2: 1966-1974 Fig. 8. Overview 2. Site 5. Inset. No. I: Site 6 -Anglo-Saxon Cemetery The site lies on gently sloping ground at about 275 ft. above sea level, with the land falling away fairly rapidly to the north-west and steeply south-west into the Nailbourne valley. Mechanical stripping exposed 4 small ditches (none exceeding c. 2-3 ft. (c. 61 cm. - 91.5 cm.) in depth), lying approximately parallel to each other north-east to south-west (Fig. 8). Extending beyond and overlying the northernmost ditch was a concentration of pits and post-holes (Fig. 9, Area VI). Unfortunately, too narrow an area was opened to determine anything significant from the pattern of features. There were, however, two phases of occupation. Ditch 8 (Area VI) is certainly cut by a later pit, and the dual line of post-holes, on the same alignment as the ditch, appears to overlie and supersede it. Their relationship with Pit 64 is not clear. Some form of token perimeter function is implied by Ditch 8 and the post-holes. The settlement appears to be more of the 'open' type, only making use of position and perhaps limited perimeter features for security needs. This possibility is reinforced by the lack of any definite major enclosure ditches, either to the north-west or south-east beyond Poorstart Laae. The pottery assemblage places the occupation relatively early in the Iron Age, and so favours the idea of a settlement established during a quiet time-setting (see below, p. 176). The presence of a few scraps of Romano-British and medieval pottery is not surprising since the area was almost certainly open farmland during these periods (Part 2: forthcoming). 50. KD (VI. 10). 5 l. KD (VI. 17). THE POTTERY (Figs. 10-12). Sherd from shouldered jar in red-brown flint-tempered ware, with black exterior surface. The temper is coarse. Fingernail decoration on shoulder. Jar in buff-brown flint-tempered ware. Black/brown/red 147 NIGEL MACPHERSON-GRANT IC 50 {J(,(,(•(.(.( r r r r r ',. ( .,, 􀃲 ,,:-- 53 1􀃱---\ 51 􀀂􀀃􀀄􀀅-= - ' 52 􀀇--􀀈JI.􀀉tl · ... : 􀀁 1 ----- ·. 􀃳􀃴--:􀃵 ,.., . 􀃶 - -·- - - ,- ·'": . . 􀃷 􀃸 . 􀃹 .. ;,.:--;.:.;.."': 􀀆.-􀀇--·. ·- .. ,. . . . ,,.' 􀃺 ',,.. . ;,􀀇 . , . . p􀀅􀀆 --􀀇:-1 ', . . 57 ·. -':';'\ ... · ... . . 52. KO (VI. 57). 53 KD (VI 57). 54. KO (VI 57). 55. KD (VI. 57). 56. KO (VI. 58). 57. KD (VI. 101). Fig. 10. Site 5. Iron Age Pottery (¼) surfaces. All surfaces wiped - very marked on exterior. ? Jar in dark brown/grey coarsely flint-tempered ware with black-brown surfaces. Wiped. Single row of ? combimpressed decoration in neck 'hollow'. Small jar/bowl in buff-grey flint-tempered ware. The temper is fine with occasional large grits. Brown lining to core beneath dull black surfaces. Exterior and rim lightly burnished. Jar in buff-brown Hint-tempered ware with brown-red/ dark grey surfaces. The temper is moderate and fairly coarse. Large jar in buff-brown flint-tempered ware with orangebrown surfaces. The temper is moderate. Applied cordon at base of neck. Both cordon and rim, cable-decorated. Jar in orange-buff flint-tempered ware. Coarse flint temper. Diam. c. 25.4 cm. Bowl in dirty buff/grey flint-tempered ware. Moderate temper. Brown-red surfaces burnished. Traces of h;iematite coating. 148 ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK ALONG TIIE A2: 1966-1974 1F<. .... - -􀀆- 58 .·.l. . - l::::._ D:.,_ , - --· .. ' ' ' ' . . 60 .•· . -r􀀆5􀀇􀀈1􀀉􀀊J l·.,, .... . ' . 61 •• • 􀀝 ••• • --:-..::•􀀞 - - •.- • • • A • .-... ...:...:.... ·.. _ .. 4:􀀈::-􀀉􀀊-- 65 63 r--:􀀐 - ... _._ -·-􀀑· r.'... . I 􀀒􀀓-:.-􀀆· - . , . .. . . - .. - 64 .... j 􀀆 "'·' ·, ..._ - ... . ' ' ("', . . . . •. . . '. .. •w • ,6 •:• ..:.,.,.... •• • • • •: . . ' . '· <-68 .. .f: • • •••• . f'I-- . . ,- ".'' : . : .. -·􀃇: .􀀄.􀀅 . F";-􀀇.-#f 􀀔-􀀕 􀀖 .. •--·-- .. 70 58. KD (VI. 111). 59. KD (VI. 111). 60. KD (VI. 111). 61. KD (VI. 111). 62. KD (VI. 111). 63. KD (VI. 111). 64. KD (VI. 111). Fig. 11. Site 5. Iron Age Pottery(¼) Jar/bowl in brown/black flint-tempered ware. Temper fairly sparse and coarse. Black-brown surfaces. Fingersmoothed. Small bowl/cup in black partially flint-tempered ware. The temper is fine and sparse. Brown-red lining to core. Black burnished surfaces. Neat, internally bevelled rim. Jar in buff-grey flint-tempered ware with grey/brown-red surfaces. Worn. 'Cup' in grey-black finely flint-tempered ware, with orangebrown lining below exterior surface. The temper is a fine flint 'dust'. Worn exterior burnish. Finely incised hatched decoration on upper shoulder. Bowl? in grey/black flint-tempered ware. Lip and interior highly burnished including the grooves; exterior only roughly smoothed. The deeply tooled and burnished grooves are not accidental. Large shouldered jar in dark grey/brown flint-tempered ware. Temper is coarse. Both surfaces wiped. Large bowl in dark grey/brown flint-tempered ware. Red- 149 NIGEL MACPHERSON-GRANT I Y-􀀆-\ . . . . .. . .. . " . . - 􀂻 71 \7"" Q 70 • r (- --- . . . \ :. , \. .. . '. \ -: ·. . 72 65. KO (VI 111). 66. KO (VI. 111). 67. KD (VI. 120). 68. KD (VI. 120). 69. KD (VI. 120). 70. KD (VI. 168A). 71. KD (VI. 168B). 72. KD (VI. 168B). , . .=i 76 75 . .,- . . 􀂼···:. 74 Fig. 12. Site 5. Iron Age Pottery (¼) 1-:· 􀀄;r'•. , . . . \°: 77 brown exterior surface. Interior wiped. Large jar in grey flint-tempered ware with buff-brown surfaces. Coarse temper. Bowl in brown-red finely flint-tempered ware. Light overall burnish. Haematite coated. Jar in brown flint-tempered ware. Grey-brown surfaces. Wiped. Base in black flint-tempered ware. Coarse burnt flint (blue) filler. Vertical grit-drag. Side added to thick base roundel. Large bowl in buff-brown flint-tempered ware. Red lining below black exterior surface. Temper is fine. Light burnish. Jar in red-brown Hint-tempered ware. The temper is coarse. Spaced finger-tip decoration on rim. Shouldered jar in buff/red flint-tempered ware with red/ black surfaces. Light exterior burnish. Deep bowl in dark grey/buff flint-tempered ware with black surfaces. Medium temper. Slab built. Grit-drag on wiped exterior surface. 150 ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK ALONG TiiE A2: 1966-1974 73. KD (VI. 168B). 74. KD (VI. 168B). 75. KO (VI. 169). 76. KD (VIII. 115). 77. KD (X. 184). Discussion Bowl in buff-grey finely flint-tempered ware. Very thin red-brown lining to core. Black-brown burnished surfaces, high internally. Neat flat-topped rim. Bowl/jar with flaring rim; buff finely flint-tempered ware. Black/dark brown burnished surfaces - interior strongly. Rim pinched outward. Jar in fairly coarse flint-tempered ware. The firing has produced a bipartite core: brown-black inside; red-brown outside. Dirty buff-brown exterior surface. Both surfaces wiped. Thin rim internally decorated with finger-tipping. Bowl in dark grey/black flint-tempered ware. Light overall burnish. Jar ? in dirty chocolate-brown flint-tempered ware. Orangered lining to core below outer surface. Coarse temper. The upward pulled finger-drags outside are prominent enough to suggest intentional decoration. The archaeological evidence for Site 5 suggests two phases of occupation. However, the pottery does not confirm this, indicating only a short period of activity between c. 1000 - 800 B.C. (Section II, p. 174 and pp. 175-6). It is possible that Ditch 8 might belong to an earlier phase of occupation, but for the time being both the pottery and features must be viewed as contemporary. Sites 8 and 9: Bridge By-pass 1974. (N. Macpherson-Grant - BBP 74). (Figs. 1, 13). Topsoil stripping for the by-pass covered two main sections: the by-pass proper, in a broad curve to the north and east of Bridge (Fig. 1), and a length on the northern side of the A2 CanterburyDover road, between the Bishopsbourne and Kingston turnings. The latter section, complementing the findings of Mr. Hogarth in 1973 will be discussed in Part 2, as will Sites 10 - 12. Fig. 13 shows the main group of sites exposed in 1974 a series of minor features (nos. 4-6), an enclosed Iron Age settlement and adjacent compound (Site 8 and no. 2) and Site 9, two Bronze Age ring-ditches. Briefly: no. 4 is a large probably Iron Age/Belgic enclosure ditch; no. 5 is an Iron Age/Romano-British fieldboundary ditch and possibly part of a system that included the ditch cutting Barrow 1 - Site 9; and no. 6 is a medieval/post-medieval cart track, still retaining part of its original flint metalling. Ruts and horse-shoe imprints were clearly visible. These features will be reappraised · fo Part 2. The function of Ditch 4 is to be discussed in an article re-examining the Iron Age and Belgic pottery from Bridge Hill (Watson, 1965). 151 NIGEL MACPHERSON-GRANT S1t1:aqc 1974- : 􀀄W"@􀀅 􀀆 􀀇, ·1=:============- ·•/Ul(ll'lff"'" Fig. 13. Overview 3. Site 8 - Inset (Fig. 14); Site 9 - Insets (Figs. 22 and 24). Nos. 1 - Possible Late Bronze Age Barrow. 2 - Iron Age Enclosure - adjunct to Site 8. 3 - Iron Age Pottery found 1964. 4 - Iron Age/Belgic Enclosure Ditch. 5 - Iron Age/Romano-British Field-boundary 6 - Medieval Cart-track. Iron Age. Site 8: BBP 1974 (Grant - Site 1). (Figs. 13, 14). The main enclosure (N.G.R. TR 19555325) was exposed during stripping for Messrs. Mears' office and caravan compounds, and though much of the interior beneath the office area was lost before being adequately recorded, clearance for the adjacent caravan compound made available the north-western perimeter (Fig. 14 and inset). Further stripping downslope for a maintenance and machine assembly area revealed the ditches of a second enclosure (Fig. 13, no. 2). Sited on chalk downland at 250 ft., the settlement overlooked the north-west to south-east ridgeway, and the Nailboume valley to the south-west. In siting the enclosure the builders appear to have avoided an area of Head Brickearth which backs onto the occupation area (Fig. 13). This is a stiff soil which has resisted erosion, 􀁵nd formerly may have carried a thick belt of trees. This possibility 1s enhanced by the northern arm of the second enclosure which was traced as far as the Brickearth, but no further. Certainly no surviving re-commencement or return was observed within the Head area, most of which was exposed. The ditches forming this 'secondary' enclosure varied between 3-4 ft. (91.5 cm. - 1.22 m.) 152 ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK ALONG TIIE A2: 1966-1974 wide, with a remnant depth below ploughsoil of c. 5 in. (12.5 cm.) or less. Though an entrance/gap, c. 8 ft. (c. 2.44 m.) wide, existed in the southern corner, the terminals were badly eroded. No postbases or other entrance settings were observed. The whole area within was examined, but only two small pits (Fig. 14, inset) were found near to the main enclosure. In the latter, Ditch 8-9 is unlikely to be related to the lower enclosure. Unfortunately, the junction area was destroyed before observation, so it is impossible to determine whether the two enclosures supersede each other or are contemporary. Excavation of the available area showed a two-phase sequence for the main enclosure: Phase 1 - a semi-continuous series of irregular hollows, averaging 1-2 ft. (30.5 - 61 cm.) in depth, subsequently cut in Phase 2 by a continuous steep-sided ditch. The Phase 1 hollows are a puzzle; too little was exposed to check whether they continued or whether they even had a specific function. They could represent an initial pre-ditch tree-clearance phase, or quarries. Whatever the cause, the hollows were intentionally backfilled with hard compact, 'rammed', layers of chalky loam and clean chalk (Section 3, Figs. 14, 15). A few small scraps of flint-tempered pottery were found in this backfill. If Features 11, 12, 16, 18, 19 and possibly 13 (Fig. 14, inset) are also placed into Phase 1, by virtue of their irregular shapes, it is interesting to note that their lower fills, though similar, are looser, and that the compaction noted above may have been a pre-requisite/side-effect of the Phase 2 ditch construction. As Fig. 15 shows, the Phase 2 ditch was steep-sided. The width varied between 3 ft. (91.5 cm.) at its narrowest to c. 6 ft. (1.83 m.) (Section 3), an effect probably caused by the Phase 1 presence. Depth: 3-4 ft. (91.5 cm. - 1.22 m.). This ditch (10-15) continued northwards where it was observed in a GPO service trench and a trial trench (Fig. 14, inset: Section 4) in a nearby orchard. Before excavation of Section 4 the area was dowsed with copper dowsing rods. The positive excavated result is used as 'confirmation' of reactions traced eastwards through the orchard (Fig. 13). More positively, the ditch could be seen in ploughed ground on the other side of Coldharbour Lane. Ditch 8-9 'is probably of Phase 2 also, and apparently cut in two separate sections, then joined. Width: c. 2 ft. 6 in. (76 cm.) and depth averaging 20 in. (50.8 cm.).? A fence bedding-trench. Other probable Phase 2 features are Pits 6, 14 and 20. Pit 6 cut 5, which contained parts of a child's skeleton (see Appendix I, p. 180). Pit 14 was square, c. 4 ft. (1.22 m.) deep and entirely filled with orange/yellow burnt clay. The adjacent circular Pit 20, of similar depth, contained three successive layers of burnt clay, ash and burnt flints, interspersed with deposits of domestic 153 NIGEL MACPHERSON-GRANT $,re •: PJo? .ao O I I i.1wc::a:::1MIIC:=:=11---' l'a&T )( .... ., =􀀅•--!: m - 􀀁 .. - m 􀀂 1)11- S,tt01J# ,o,,,, ,.,,.,.,,. F,-,-,,-:1 eNl'llfco,.,, -,.AlfUt,e.1> sr,,:-,r 􀀓,i.Ol'IH .sr1,F #/11/t.),( IJ,ifOIJN' $0,J. 8UtONrGtRV' ('.'Y:z>Jllu•) - C'N,t"-At r,t,.,CAc􀀪b Joos-e, 􀀑lt-Nr •􀀃o􀀄 t:'/1,.J..>t. 􀀛C,,A,tltb S'o,,1... RS RISOIJ'E' 􀀫 1,J1rN C>IRJA:. ,(,.(1/><(I/#$ 􀀬IM􀀭AY CNRLk. SIJ.T' .-,..,.Jii Rua11,􀀒 Fig. 16. Site 8. Iron Age Enclosure: Pit 20 - section (see Fig. 14 inset). rubbish, accretions of loam and weathered chalk (Fig. 16). The obvious periodicity of 20 may have applied to Pit 14. (Pit 20 small finds, p. 165 and Fig. 21). In all the Phase 2 ditch sections the main finds of pottery come associated with tips of burnt flint, ash and iron 'dross'. This 'late' phase of activity is reflected identically in Ditch 8-9 and Features 12, 16 and 18. In summary, at least three phases of activity appear: Phase 1: The pre-ditch excavation and ? infill of irregular hollows. Phase 2: The Phase 2 Ditch (10-15), ? Ditch 8-9 and Pits 6, 15 and 20. External Pits 1 and 2 probably belong here, as may the second enclosure. Phase 3: A 'late' and ? semi-industrial phase, possibly associated with iron-working, the residue and contemporary occupation debris being dumped into convenient hollows such as the partially infilled Phase 2 Ditch. Finally, though not examined, the find of Iron Age pottery in 1964 at N.G.R. TR 19455313, is almost certainly related. 154 -􀀂 ..__ ' ' ' ' ', :,, ' ' 􀀂· ., .. 􀀄 □ hAIC.2 o, -- -- a ' ' ' ' ' ' ' (\\ Fig. 14. Site 8. Iron Age Enclosure: Excavation Plan. Inset: Overall Plan and Phase 2 Features. I I I 􀀂· I I I I I , , ··;(_-,-. I I 0 -=-c-i::==---====--- 0 Fig. 15. Site 8. Iron Age Enclosure: Ditch - Section 3 (see Fig. 14). 1'4r.cc • s ,cc.r ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK ALONG TIIE A2: 1966- 1974 THE POTTERY (Figs. 17-20). 78. BBP (5). 79. BBP (5). 80. BBP (6). 81. BBP (6). 82. BBP (6). 83. BBP (8/9). 84. BBP (8/9). 85. BBP (8/9). 86. BBP (8/9). 87. BBP (8/9). 88. BBP (8/9). Jar with flat-topped rim in soft black flint-tempered ware, with red-brown lining below exterior surface. Surfaces dirty dark brown/brown, the oxidization process extending 1-2 mm. into core. Moderate temper with c. 2 mm. grits against finer background. Jar/bowl in fairly soft black-brown flint-tempered ware with dark leather-brown surfaces. The temper is fairly sparse (grits quite large - av. l mm. - 2.05 mm.). Fabric also contains some ironstone grits. All surfaces wiped, rim and exterior lightly burnished. Jar in fairly hard black flint-tempered ware; rim and exterior fired to a dirty brown-red. Blue burnt flint-temper is fairly coarse (1-2 mm. against moderate finer background). Structure angular and brittle. Shouldered bowl in fairly soft black flint-tempered ware, with dirty brown-grey interior and orange-red exterior. The oxidization process is consistent - extending 1 mm. into core. The temper is well sorted and fairly fine (0.02 mm. av. with sparse 1-2 mm. grits in foreground). Fabric contains occasional rounded ironstone grits c. 2-3 mm. Exterior with worn dirty maroon-red haematite coat. Worn. Base in fairly soft dark brown flint-tempered ware. Surfaces dark grey-brown. The temper is moderate and fairly fine (0.02 mm. av. with sparse 1-2 mm. grits in the core). Fabric also contains stone grits and moderate rounded ironstone grains - latter 2--4 mm. All surfaces, including base with incipient foot-ring, roughly burnished. (Not illustrated). Bowl - rim top decorated with spaced finger-tip impressions. Ware and temper close to 78. Body sherd in fairly soft dark grey flint-tempered ware with light-brown lining below exterior surface. The temper is well-sorted and fine (av. < 0.01 - 0.02 mm. with moderate 1-2 mm. foreground grits). Exterior decorated with horizontal rows of neat finger-nail impressions. Body sherd from same vessel in BBP (17). Thin-walled ? bowl in fairly soft black flint-tempered ware. The grits are profuse (from 0.01 - 2 mm. av.). Light burnish on all surfaces. Worn. Bowl in fairly soft dirty dark brown flint-tempered ware with dark grey/black surfaces. Thin ochre-brown lining below exterior surface. Temper is moderate with dominant 2 mm. grits against sparse finer background. Some ironstone grains present. Surfaces wiped, with grit-drag on exterior. Foot-ringed base in fairly hard black flint-tempered ware with dark grey interior and dirty grey/light brown exterior surface. Temper moderate with sparse < 0.01 mm. to open-spaced l mm. foreground. All surfaces burnished. Foot-ring is neatly formed L ·1t not deep. Base in soft black flint-tempered ware with dirty buff interior and lining to core in body wall. Pink-red ox.idization below pale orange-brown exterior surface. Grits are 155 NIGEL MACPHERSON-GRANT ,--r9 , ·: 0 78 79 #f.:􀀅: ' ' sol D---"'- t ., a 􀀆::· 2:LI I @ 84 88 .􀀂 􀀌 • '-:.2;/ 85 f;;;.c 􀀆-·· : . ' 􀀑--· 89 .. • 87 ,-, - 􀀓-"'- . : --- 90 􀀔---- t·: 􀀉--.-- 1---.' ':"·"'"-'j -􀀒- .· r.,.,,·:· . 91 · · · . .- 􀀐-----J - . _·_.·.·􀀑1 􀀍􀀎 .. . .. . ·. ---􀀉-- ·c;'- -,;-- . ...... - O""'-.•􀀉 .--.. _ ·-:. .. . 92 Fig. 17. Site 8. Iron Age Pottery (¼) 156 ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK ALONG TIIE A2: 1966-1974 89. BBP (8/9). 90. BBP (8/9). 91. BBP (8/9). 92. BBP (8/9). 93. BBP (8/9). 94. BBP (8/9). 95. BBP (8/9). 96. BBP (10/15). 97. BBP (10/15). 98. BBP (10/15). 99. BBP (10/15). fairly well sorted (0.02 mm. - 1.03 mm. mix). Structure friable and slightly laminated. Bowl in fairly soft black flint-tempered ware with patchy dirty dark grey/brown surfaces. Temper generally openspaced (0.01 mm. - 1 mm. av. with rare 5 mm.). All surfaces wiped. Jar/bowl with upright rim in fairly soft black flint-tempered ware with dark grey-brown burnished surfaces. The temper is sparse(< 0.01 mm. - 1 mm.). Bowl in crisp fairly hard black flint-tempered ware, with dirty dark grey-brown exterior. Temper is moderate ( < 0.01 mm. - 1 mm. av. with larger 2--4 mm. foreground). Rim and interior wiped - rim with light burnish. Base - slab built, in fairly soft dirty grey flint-tempered ware with lighter grey/dirty buff-grey surfaces. Thin ochrebrown lining below exterior surface. Temper fairly fine (< 0.01 mm. - 1 mm. av.). Fabric contains occasional chalk and haematite grains. Both surfaces originally burnished. Large thin-walled jar with heavy rim in fairly hard dirty buff-grey flint-tempered ware. Grey surfaces. The temper is coarse (1-3 mm. av.) and profuse with a tendency to cluster. Fabric also contains occasional chalk grains. Rim-top lightly burnished. Jar in same tradition as 93, though rim not as heavy. Fairly hard dirty grey flint-tempered ware; dark grey internal surface, dirty chocolate-brown exterior. The temper is fairly profuse and ill-sorted (0.01 mm. - 1 mm. av. with larger 2-3 mm. tending to cluster). Fabric contains occasional ironstone grains. All surfaces roughly wiped with marked grit-drag on exterior. Rim very lightly burnished. Slight exterior sooting. Shouldered jar in fairly hard dark brown-black flinttempered ware. Part surface and original fracture refired (after breakage) to deep red-pink. Temper is open-spaced with 1-2 mm. av. and sparse finer background. Light ripple burnish internally below rim/neck angle, fairly strong burnish above and on exterior. Body below carination wiped only. Base in soft chocolate-brown flint-tempered ware with dark grey/chocolate-brown surfaces. The white and red temper is fairly profuse (< 0.01 mm. - 1 mm., with illsorted but dominant 1.03 mm. - 2 mm. foreground). Deep well-formed foot-ring. Lightly burnished. Base in fairly hard ochre-buff flint-tempered ware with grey surfaces. Moderate temper (1-2 mm. with sparse finer background). Neatly moulded foot-ring. Worn burnish on all surfaces. Bowl with ware and temper as 91. Dirty grey surfaces. Bowl/jar in soft dirty dark brown flint-tempered ware with dirty dark grey-brown surfaces. Temper moderate with 0.01 mm. - 1 mm. av. and sparse 1-2 mm. foreground grits. Fabric also contains brown-red ironstone grains (varying 1-2 mrn.). Interior and rim lightly burnished, exterior wiped. 157 ,. . . l􀀂 NIGEL MACPHERSON-GRANT 0 0 ' ... J . 􀀃 '' ' -. ·.•. . ... '\ '' LI) 0 ' ' r.. : ; O') J. 􀀁􀀂 ' ·/-;'· T: g / ,J ; I ,- / I ,, j 􀀂 I (,, ;· fui\ ·Jz.L 􀀅 V' -- 158 0'. - © . (") ... I, .... -􀀙-. 00 .... I. 􀀃 it - 􀀚􀀛 0...... ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK ALONG THE A2: 1966-1974 100. BBP (10/15). 101. BBP (10/15). 102. BBP ( 10/ IS). 103. BBP (10/15). 104. BBP (10/15). 105. BBP (12). 106. BBP (14). 107. BBP (14). 108. BBP (14). Shoulder sherd from bowl in fairly hard black finely flinttempered ware with dark grey surfaces. The temper is fairly sparse and fine ( < 0.01 mm. - rare 2 mm. max.). Interior wiped, exterior with traces of light burnish. Small jar in fairly soft dirty grey flint-tempered ware with dark grey surfaces. Thin brown lining below both surfaces. Temper is fairly profuse (0.01 mm. - 1 mm. av. with sparse 2 mm. foreground), showing strongly on rim-top. Both surfaces lightly burnished. Bowl in fairly soft dark brown-black flint-tempered ware with dark grey interior; exterior dark dirty grey-brown. Fairly coarse temper (ill-sorted 2 mm. av. against finer background). Fabric also contains moderate quantities of ironstone grains (up to 3 mm.). Roughly wiped. Rim lightly burnished. Foot-ringed base in fairly hard black flint-tempered ware with black/dark grey surfaces. Thin ochre-brown lining below exterior surface of foot-ring only. Temper is fine and fairly sparse (av. 0.01 mm. - l mm., with occasional 2 mm. grit). Good, but worn burnish on all surfaces (vertical on exterior towards foot). Fairly neat foot-ring. ? Bowl in fairly soft dark grey finely flint-tempered ware with dirty grey surfaces. Thin dirty brown-grey lining below exterior surface. The temper is profuse (av. 0.02 mm.), but well-sorted, giving a fine even speckle to the core and worn surfaces. Interior is very worn. Traces of a good, but not high burnish on exterior. The bowl is decorated with two broad horizontal grooves below the rim; appended to the lowest groove is an incomplete design of fine incised lines. The reconstruction is very tentative. If the design were repeated, the diameter of the bowl would suggest that originally there were two, just possibly four groups. Bowl? round-based. Deep bowl/plain-rimmed jar in fairly hard black-dark brown flint tempered ware. Temper is fairly open-spaced (coarse 2-4 mm., with 0.01 mm. - l mm. background). Fabric contains occasional ironstone grits (up to 4 mm.). Rim and interior wiped and lightly burnished, lumpy exterior wiped only. Base in fairly hard grey flint-tempered ware with greydirty buff surfaces. The fabric contains an ill-sorted mixture of fine and coarse flint (< 0.01 - I mm. and 3 mm. with rare 9 mm.) and rounded ironstone grits (0.05 m. - 3/6 mm.). Both surfaces with fairly high burnish. The untreated base has been added separately. Shouldered jar in fairly hard crisp black flint and chafftempered ware. The surfaces are a uniform dirty buff-pink, the oxidization process extending 1-2 mm. into the core. The flint temper is moderate (varying 0.02 - I mm. av. with occasional 4 mm.). The chaff admixture is fairly high, giving a slight laminar tendency and elongated voids on the surfaces. Rim burnished. Exterior wiped only. (Not illustrated). Small sherds from jar with neat, shallow foot-ring and ? chevron decoration tooled into a burnished 159 ,-- - ,. .. - / NIGEL MACPHERSON-GRANT 1171- 127 128 f:.:, __ 129 If􀀃/ 130 131 I •;,. r· 1321 Fig. 19. Site 8. Pit 20 - Iron Age Pottery (¼) 160 ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK ALONG TI1E A2: 1966-1974 109. BBP (17). 110. BBP (18). 111. BBP (18). 112. BBP (18). 113. BBP (18). 114. BBP (18). 115. BBP (18). 116. (BBP (18). 117. BBP (20). 118. BBP (20). 119. BBP (20). surface. All sherds worn. Soft dirty buff flint-tempered ware with dark grey surfaces. Temper is sparse (0.02 mm. - 1 mm. max.). Toe clay appears to contain some fine sand and a little sparse mica. Shouldered jar in fairly hard red-brown partially flinttempered ware with brighter coloured linings below dirty brown-red surfaces. The temper is very sparse (varying from 0.01 mm. - 5 mm.). Body above shoulder, rim and interior wiped smooth. ? Traces of worn dark red-brown haematite coat. Jar in fairly hard black flint-tempered ware with dirty buff-pink surfaces. The temper is moderate and fairly open-spaced (0.01 mm. - l mm. av.) with a tendency for larger grits (up to 5 mm.) to be concentrated on the rim. Though worn, the surviving rim surface shows the subsequent finishing treatment gave intentional 'bevelled' facets. Form shows general similarities to 93, 94 amd 101. Jar rim in fairly hard dirty dark grey flint-tempered ware with buff-brown/dark grey surfaces. Though temper is finer than 110, it is probable that the vessel is in the same tradition. Jar in ware and temper as 101. Rirn-sherd from jar in fairly soft dirty dark grey flinttempered ware. The temper is moderate and ill-sorted (grits 0.01 mm.- 2/4 mm.). Slight internal burnish. Rim probably decorated with spaced finger-tipping. Worn. Drawn as a shouldered bowl, but the unusual thickness of body and the short rim-to-shoulder distance could suggest a lid. Fairly soft dirty buff-grey flint-tempered ware, with dirty grey-brown surfaces. Pink-buff lining below exterior surface, the thickness increasing downward. The temper is fine ( < 0.01 mm. - I mm. av. with rare 2 mm.) and open-spaced with an exterior tendency to 'gather' at the rim and shoulder. Both surfaces burnished. Bowl in fairly soft black ware with dark grey surfaces. The temper is a mixture of very sparse flint (1 mm. av.) and fine chaff. The fabric also contains some ironstone grains. Both surfaces wiped; rim lightly burnished. (Not illustrated). Worn jar rim in soft dark brown flinttempered ware. Bowl in hard dark grey finely flint-tempered ware, with darker grey burnished surfaces. The temper is fine(< 0.01 mm. up to sparser 1 mm.) and fairly well sorted. High ripple burnish on rim and exterior, moderate streak burnish inside. Base in fairly hard dirty brown-grey flint-tempered ware with dark grey/dirty brown-grey surfaces. The fabric contains very little flint (a sparse scatter 0.01 mm. -4 mm.) but much angular ? grog. The harsh fracture and core colouration is very reminiscent of some Belgic coarse wares. Clay has much fine mica. Interior and base lightly burnished. Bowl in hard black flint-tempered ware. The temper is fairly fine(< 0.01 - 1 mm. av. background and occasional 161 1,....-- . : .· . . ' 137 NIGEL MACPHERSON-GRANT r. ltf?:-:-􀀈·. .'· . ;. ..... J :-_ . ., . 􀀅:􀀆;. t.􀀇 . - . 136 f r ,J􀀉;;,􀀊 1421-􀀌 _··:·· 138 120. BBP (20). 121. BBP (20). 122. BBP (20). 123. BBP (20). 124. BBP (20). 125. BBP (20). Fig. 20. Site 8. Pit 20 - Iron Age Pottery (¼) larger 2 mm. grits). A little fine mica in clay. Irregular overall burnish. Bowl in fairly hard dark brown flint-tempered ware; dark grey surfaces. Temper is moderate (0.01 mm. - 0.05 mm. av. with sparser 1-2 mm. foreground grits). Rim and interior only, lightly burnished. Shoulder sherd from carinated bowl (large diam.) in fairly hard black finely flint-tempered ware. Exterior surface dirty grey-brown; interior, dirty brown-grey. The temper is fine (< 0.01 mm. - l mm. rare max.). Both surfaces with medium burnish. Jar with large diam. in hard crisp, light grey flint-tempered ware with darker grey-brown surfaces. Temper is fairly coarse (1 mm. av. background with larger 2-5 mm. max.). Medium burnish on rim and exterior. Bowl/jar in crisp black hard flint-tempered ware with light brown-grey surfaces. Temper moderate but ill-sorted ( < 0.01 mm. - 1 mm. av. with larger􀃝 mm. foreground grits). All surfaces wiped; rim-top lightly burnished. Body sherd from shouldered bowl in fairly hard dark grey flint-tempered ware. Dirty grey interior surface; exterior dark brown-grey above carination, dirty brown below. Moderate and ill-sorted temper(< 0.01 mm. - 1 mm. av. with clusters of 2-3 m.). Exterior above carination lightly burnished. Base in fairly hard dirty grey-brown flint-tempered ware with grey interior surface and exterior dirty brown-grey (dirty pink where surface has worn). The temper is mod· erate and fairly well sorted (0.01 mm. - 1 mm. av.). Fabric noticeably micaceous. Light interior burnish; exterior wiped, with vertical grit-drag. 162 ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK ALONG THE A2: 1966- 1974 126. BBP (20). 127. BBP (20). 128. BBP (20). 129. BBP (20). 130. BBP (20). 131. BBP (20). 132. BBP (20). 133. BBP (20). 134. BBP {20). Jar in fairly hard dirty grey flint-tempered ware. Thin brown lining below exterior surface. Temper is moderate (with av. as 125, and rare 2-3 mm. grits). Wiped. Little or no burnish. Thin-walled bowl in fairly hard brown flint-tempered ware with dark grey/leather-brown surfaces. 2 mm. orange• brown lining below exterior. Temper is moderate, but surprisingly coarse for thickness of vessel (up to I mm.). Surfaces only roughly smoothed and then hard burnished. Jar/bowl in crisp black chaff and flint-tempered ware with near black surfaces. The chaff content is moderate and mixed with coarse flint grits (l-3 mm.), giving the fractures a confused angular and partially laminated structure. Some rounded stone grits. Both surfaces wiped. Bowl in fairly soft dirty grey-brown flint-tempered ware, with lighter dirty-grey surfaces. Temper is ill-sorted with 0.01 mm. - l mm. av. background, with sparser 2-3 mm. flint. Flat rim, smoothed. Bowl with large diameter in fairly soft, brittle, black flint• tempered ware. Dark grey surfaces. Slight chaff content gives a partially laminated structure. Some rounded stone grits. Both surfaces wiped, marked grit-drag outside. The temper is fairly profuse ( < 0.01 mm. - 0.03 mm. av. with 1-4 mm. foreground). Decorated body sherd from bowl in fairly hard dirty grey flint-tempered ware with darker grey surfaces. The temper is fairly profuse with strong 0.01-0.03 mm. background and less well sorted 1-2 mm. scatter. The fine temper 'sparkle' shows clearly in the zone of horizontal decoration where the grooves have cut the smoothed surface. Fabric contains several plates of mica (up to 0.01 mm.). Bowl in fairly soft dirty grey-brown sandy ware with drab dirty grey surfaces. Thin dirty buff-pink lining below surfaces. The fabric contains fine black sand (0.02 mm. max.) mixed with fine mica, and occasional grains of buff ? grog, red-brown haematite and sparse stone and chalk grits. Surfaces wiped with light burnish on rim and neck 'hollow'. Jar in fairly hard, crisp, black chaff and flint-tempered ware with dirty buff-grey surfaces. The chaff temper is fairly profuse giving a tightly laminated structure; the additional flint grits are an ill-sorted scatter ( varying widely from 0.01 mm. - 3-4 mm. av., with large obtrusive grits up to 1.5 cm.). The clay is micaceous with plates up to 0.02 mm. Surfaces pitted with linear voids where the chaff has burnt out. Lumpy exterior body virtually untreated; light internal wiping. Exterior heavily sooted. Shouldered jar in fairly hard dirty dark brown flint-tempered ware. Exterior: dirty grey-brown above and dirty buff below shoulder. Interior dirty brown-red where burnished, dirty orange-brown on untreated surface. The temper is fairly coarse, the 0.01 - 4 mm. being open-spaced. Exterior only roughly wiped. Rim and interior down to shoulderangle rough burnished. 163 135. BBP (20). 136. BBP (20). 137. BBP (20). 138. BBP (20). 139. BBP (20). 140. BBP (20). 141. BBP (20). 142. BBP (Ext. 1). 143. BBP (Ext. 1). NIGEL MACPHERSON-GRANT Shouldered jar in fairly hard, crisp, dark grey flint-tempered ware with dirty grey, orange-and chocolate-brown surfaces. The temper is fairly sparse with a thin < 0.01 mm. - 1 mm. background and an irregular scatter of larger grits (up to 5 mm.). Both surfaces are only roughly smoothed. The sherd is virtually unworn, and has a peculiar 'dry' appearance. External body above shoulder slightly sooted. Possibly re-burnt after breakage. Jar in fairly soft dirty grey-buff flint-tempered ware; dirty buff/grey surfaces. Temper is moderate and open-spaced (0.01 mm. - 3 mm. max. range) with clustering at shoulder. The fabric also contains moderate, ill-sorted brick-red and buff grog grains. Surfaces wiped. Worn. One fracture ? refired. Shouldered jar. Same fresh state and 'dry' appearance as 135. Fairly soft dark brown flint-tempered ware, with variable thickness brown lining to core. Dirty dark grey surfaces. The temper is moderate and ill-sorted with thin 0.01 mm. - 1 mm. background and scatter of 2-3 mm. grits. Fabric also contains some haematite (grains up to 3 mm.). Jar in hard dark brown flint-tempered ware; richer brown lining below dirty dark grey surfaces. Moderate temper (grit sizes and habit as 137). Surfaces roughly wiped. (Not illustrated). Sherd from bowl with maroon-red haematite coat. Hard dark grey finely flint-tempered ware, with orange-red exterior, and interior burnished black. The temper is fine, a < 0.01 mm. dust with sparse larger grits up to l mm. max. Haematite coat originally burnished. Jar in fairly soft dark brown flint-tempered ware with dark brown-grey/black surfaces. Chocolate-brown lining of varying thickness below exterior surface. Moderate but ill-sorted temper (normal grit size range, with occasional larger 2-3 mm.). Fabric includes an irregular scatter of maroon-red haematite grains. Rim and both surfaces with light ripple burnish. BowVsmall jar in fairly soft dark brown partially flinttempered ware; dark grey interior, patchy dark grey/light brown exterior. The temper is sparse and ill-sorted, 0.01 mm. - 1 mm. and occasional 2 mm. Mixed with the flint is a little chaff (burning out both on the surfaces and in the core), and buff/red-brown grog. Fabric also contains some maroon-red haematite grains, and is noticeably micaceous (up to 0.02 mm.). The shoulder is neatly decorated with finger-tipping. All surfaces with fairly high partial bumish. Bowl in soft dirty brown flint-tempered ware with dark grey interior and dark dirty brown exterior. 2-3 mm. orange-.brown lining below outer surface. Temper is fairly light and ill-sorted (0.01 mm. - 2 mm. range). Surfaces smooth, but worn. No apparent trace of burnishing. (Not illustrated). Several body-sherds from small bowl with dirty brown-red haematite coat. Fairly soft black flinttempered ware, with brown exterior surface. Temper is 164 ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK ALONG TIIE A2: 1966-1974 moderate, i\l•sorted and occasionally very coarse, with large obtruding 1 cm. grits. A little chaff also present in the fabric. Both surfaces burnished. NOTE: The clay used for the above pots consistently contains very fine mica, in varying quantities; only where it is visually obvious has its presence been mentioned. ®' ... , 2 E3 3 I I 􀀃-- Fig. 21. Site 8. Pit 20. No. 1- Pottery Spind le-whorl. No. 2 - Bone Tool (stipple = polished surfaces). No. 3 - Bronze Object(½) THE SMALL FINDS. PIT 20. (Fig. 21). 1. 'Star'-shaped pottery spindle-whorl, the points being roughly pinched into shape. Worn, with traces of original light burnish. 2. Bone tool, from animal limb bone; one end shaped to a point and polished through use - ? weaving. 3. Bronze object, of two rectangular plates of sheet bronze pierced at either end by a pin with square-sectioned shank and flattened ends. Traces of an iron object, possibly a knife, were also found in the lower pit fill, but disintegrated on exposure. Discussion The pottery from this site is fully discussed in Section II (pp. 175, 179), but some comments should be made here. Bowl no. 104 from Ditch 10/15 and small find no. 1 (the spindle-whorl) from Pit 20, with their Continental Umfield parallels are the earliest dateable items, broadly to between c. 1000 - 800 B.C. As argued below, this is uncomfortably early, particularly since the bulk of the pottery 165 NIGEL MACPHERSON-GRANT should be placed into the bracket c. 500 - 300 B.C. Even if the spindle-whorl was not residual at deposition, it is associated with pottery that is only marginally different from the remaining Site 8 material. So the Pit 20 group is tentatively placed near the end of the period c. 1000 - 800 B.C., if not slightly later. The pottery evidence does, therefore, suggest a significant gap in occupation. How does this affect the stratigraphic sequence outlined above? (p. 154). Pit 20 could now equally well belong to either Phase 1 or 2. Unfortunately, the Phase 1 hollows and the primary fills of the Phase 2 Ditch 10/15 contained little useful pottery that can be linked to the group from Pit 20. If indeed the dating for Pit 20 is correct, then the apparent disparity in the ceramic sequence is emphasized by the noticeable lack of pottery ( or finds of any type) in the primary fills of the Phase 2 features. Most of the pottery dated to c. 500 - 350 B.C. comes from the postulated 'late' Phase 3 infills only. lf so, no. 104 is, in this context, probably residual. Late Bronze Age. Site 9: BBP 1974 (Grant - Site 3). (Fig. 13, insets). Fortunately this site was found early, before Messrs. Mears had assembled the bulk of their machinery. Stripping revealed two barrow ring-ditches, one certainly of the Late Bronze Age. Both lie on a flat shoulder of chalk, between the 200 and 225 ft. contours, near the eastern slope of the Nailbourne valley. A third probable barrow, marked on Ordnance Survey maps, remains unexcavated, lying just off the by-pass route. (fig. 13, no. 1). Barrow 1 and Iron Age features: N.G.R. TR 19295324. (Fig. 22). The ditch diameter (outer edge to outer edge) was 45 ft. (13.72 m.), the surface width of the ditch, and its depth, averaging 4 ft. 6 in. (1.48 m.) and 2 ft. 3 in. (67.6 cm.), respectively. The ditch was flat-bottomed. The ditch sections (Fig. 23) are self-explanatory, the points to emphasize being the presence of carbon flecks in the primary silt, the bevelled profile of the outer ditch-edges, and in the late fill of Section 1 the ? Iron Age pottery (see p. 173 and Fig. 25.144). The interior of the barrow was thoroughly examined for features, but none were found. A narrow flat-bottomed ditch (10), c. 1 ft. (30.5 cm.) deep, cut the barrow. It was traced west towards the A2, and east to a terminal a short distance beyond the barrow. Near the terminal was a group of large post-holes, four being paired, two of which were internally stepped (Fig. 22, 5 and 6, 3 and 4 respectively, and inset). 166 ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK ALONG TIIE A2: 1966-1974 8 0 Q A 1 • 6) 3 • () ,_(D_. a o􀁞' 5 2 0 9 lltON .OW kllfYUlfO tlllll>#H l'/74 t iN􀁟 If) = lM'il"CfJNJ.. ,/\ \ / ' ' Fig. 22. Site 9. Late Bronze Age Barrow 1 and Iron Age Features. (see Fig. 13 and Sections - Fig. 23). s The ditch and post-holes are probably related, with the ditch being part of a field-system (see p. 151 ). When Ditch 10 was cut the barrow mound (if there were one) was probably much eroded, a residual tump perhaps serving as a boundary marker. Small scraps of Iron Age pottery were found in the ditch, post-holes and the upper fill of the barrow ditch. 167 NIGEL MACPHERSON-GRANT IIIIlilllll m D 􀀄 m:J - M .. N 4.,u􀀪􀀫 ,,.,.If - CN1to, A#'-"t􀀬:I> 􀀭t4r:P,c.,,.,.,t.,.n., 811' ...... 0U ,,rc.,t 6 (',..,,,,.r..-: ,,.,􀀑c-• .,.,􀀒 4