Hackington or St Stephen's Canterbury Collar of SS

BY EDWARD FOSS, F.S.A.

Among the numerous spots in the eastern division of the county that will supply interesting topics to the archaeologist, there are few that revive so many historical reminiscences as the parish of Hackington, or St. Stephen's, closely contiguous to the city of Canterbury. It is in the archdeaconry of that province, which has been presided over by so many eminent ecclesiastics; one of the most celebrated of whom, Thomas Becket, was loath to part with it, even when he became archbishop, and another, Petrus Rogerius, only vacated it when he was elected Pope, under the name of Gregory XI. The rectory belongs to the archdeacon, who has also the patronage of the vicarage; and in the village his residence was established for the three centuries that preceded the Reformation. One of the last residents there was Archdeacon William Warham, and there his kinsman, Archbishop Warham, an early thorn in Wolsey's path, breathed his last.

The families also that have been settled in this village,-the Bellamonts, the Ropers (memorable for their connection with Sir Thomas More), the Manwoods, the Colepepers, and the Haleses, all names renowned in the annals of the kingdom,-the ancient church in which they worshiped, and the monuments under which they sleep that adorn it,-will yield an ample harvest for local investigation, and afford materials for many a future paper in our Transactions.

But the subject that happened to interest me on a late visit to its church was not the antiquity of its structure, nor the lineage of those who were interred in it, but the collar of SS, encircling the bust of Sir Roger Manwood, Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer, that ornaments the monument erected by himself in the south cross.

[Insert Image of Sir Roger Manwood]

It recalled to my mind several other examples which our county exhibits, viz. the monuments of Joan of Navarre, Queen of Henry IV., in Canterbury Cathedral; of Nicholas Manston (1441), in the church of St. Lawrence, in the Isle of Thanet; of an unnamed person, supposed to be one of the Septvans family, in the Molland chancel of Ash Church; and of another in the church of Teynham; on all which the effigies are decorated with the collar of SS. Being thus naturally induced to inquire into its origin and its use, the result of my investigation may not be unacceptable to the Society, and at all events may lead to some more satisfactory elucidation.

The collar of SS has been a common puzzle with antiquaries. While all have agreed that it is a mark of distinction given to privileged persons, they have differed on almost every other question connected with it. First, whether its form is the representation of a letter or of something else;-next, as to its signification, if a letter;-thirdly, as to the family which first introduced it, and the persons originally entitled to wear it;-and lastly, as to the cause of its being ultimately confined to a few individuals, and who they were. On each of these I propose to offer a few remarks, though on some of them perhaps I shall not be able to arrive at any certain conclusion.

First, as to the form of the emblem that constitutes the collar. The name by which it has been commonly distinguished, sufficiently proves that it is generally understood to represent a series of the letter S. But there are some who think it merely a chain, and that it received the name from the links being formed in the shape of the letter, placed sometimes obliquely, and sometimes laid flat on their sides; while others consider it "the ensign of equestrian nobility;" the true source of its nomenclature being "from the S-shaped lever upon the bit of the bridle of the war steed."

The form of the oldest examples, however, is inconsistent with either of these suppositions. Every observer must be satisfied that in them no chain or mechanical contrivance was intended; but that, whatever might be its signification, it is nothing else than a series of the letter. These SS are never united in any of the early collars of which representations remain, but are placed separate and apart from each other, at larger or smaller intervals, upon a band of some stiff substance of a dark colour.

The second inquiry, grounded on the admission that the figure is intended for the letter S, has been what that letter was meant to signify. This has given rise to various speculations, in the following account of which, as well as in many of the subsequent observations, I have availed myself of the information given by that learned antiquary, Mr. John Gough Nichols, who, in several able papers in the 'Gentleman's Magazine,' and also in the interesting pages of 'Notes and Queries,' has treated the subject in a manner which causes great regret at his non-performance of a promise he long ago made, of an extended work on the whole question.

The letters SS are stated by Nicholas Harpsfield, in his 'Ecclesiastical History' (1622), to be the initials of St. Simplicius, a just and pious Roman senator, who suffered martyrdom under Diocletian late in the third century. But this far-fetched theory, being founded on the presumption that the use of the collar was confined to sacred or judicial personages, is deprived of all its weight by the fact that the distinction was principally worn in the earliest times by persons totally unconnected with either religion or law.

Another theorist makes the letter the initial of the Countess of Salisbury, thus connecting it with the Order of the Garter; a third says that it means "Soissons," and was given by Henry V. in honour of St. Crespin and St. Crespinian, the martyrs of that place, on whose anniversary the battle of Agincourt was fought. But the former event occurred some years before, and the latter some years after, the use of the collar was introduced.

"Signum," in its simple meaning of a badge of honour, is another interpretation: and Mr. Willement, in his 'Royal Heraldry' (1812), refers it to "Soverayne," the motto of Henry IV. Mr. John Gough Nichols's answer to this is quite conclusive,-that it is not likely that Richard II. would have worn it (as he is stated to have done) had the letter borne that signification.

We have been told also that the letters mean the "Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus," of the Salisbury Liturgy and Ritual: but we have no other instance of the devices of livery collars in England partaking of religious allusion.

None of these interpretations seem to me to be clothed with sufficient probability to satisfy the inquirer: but there are two others, which cannot so easily be rejected.

One of them is that of Mr. Beltz, who makes the letter the initial of "Souvenez," part of the motto "Souvenez-vous de Moy."

The other is the suggestion of Mr. J. G. Nichols, who thinks that it means "Senechallus," or steward; an office which John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, inherited in right of his wife, the daughter of Henry of Lancaster.

To clear the way for the consideration of either of these, it will be better, in the first instance, to show that the letter S was the device of the Duke of Lancaster, and that it was used during the reign of Richard II. Both these facts are made apparent by an inventory "of the jewels, etc.; belonging to King Edward III., King Richard II., Queen Anne, the Duchess of York, the Duke of Gloucester, and Sir John Golafre," which were delivered up by the Treasurer and Chamberlains of the Exchequer to John Eluet, Clerk, the receiver of the King's chamber, by virtue of a Privy Seal, dated on October 6th, 1399, within a week after the usurpation of Henry IV. Among these are the following:-

"Item, viii letters of S for a collar, each of xv pearls."

"Item, a pair of gilt silver basins, one standing on a foot, with letters of S of the livery of Mons. de Lancaster, and the cover with a coronet above graven with letter of S around, and the arms of Mons. de Lancaster within."

There is no evidence that collars were introduced in England anterior to the reign of Richard II., nor that they were used by the family of Lancaster before the time of John of Gaunt. "The arms of Mons. de Lancaster," in the last of the above items, must refer to him, and not to his son Henry, then king, because the latter had been in exile ever since his father's death.

Allowing then, as these extracts seem to prove, that the letter S was of the livery of the Duke of Lancaster, and looking at the practice of the time, it seems at first sight more probable that an emblem or badge of honour, adopted by any individual, would be expressive of some sentiment or connected with some armorial bearing, rather than the mere designation of an office.

Thus, in the same Inventory, we find the collar of the King of France, with the emblem of the broom-cod (cosses de geneste); the collar of Richard's first queen, Anne, with branches of rosemary; the livery of the Duke of York, bearing links, or fetterlocks, and falcons; and two collars, unnamed of whom, embroidered with the word "plesance." On several other articles in this Inventory we find initials inscribed. There are twenty-six "quiller d'argent," marked with the letter P; also two little silver cruets, gilt and enamelled at the top, with the letters A and U; also two letters of C, each with three "troches," each "troche" with four pearls, and in each letter one little sapphire: but all these are probably the initials of names. Two instances also occur in the same document of the use of the letter S, without any apparent connection with the House of Lancaster. These are-

"Item, un salet d'argent ennorer en manere d'un faucon coronez et entour le cole lettres de S steant sur un terage plein de lyons, cerfs, et autres diverses bestes."

"Item, 1 autre seynture d'or, le tissu noir garnis ove roses blankes et ove R et S, et petitz sonatz."

That King Richard on some occasions wore the collar of SS, there is no doubt. The Earl of Arundel charges him with it, and the king thus explains the reason:- "That soon after the coming of his uncle, when he came from Spain last into England, he took the collar from his uncle's neck and put it on his own, vowing to wear it and use it in sign of good love of his whole heart between them also, as he did of his other uncles." This affectionate assumption of the collar seems to me to be altogether inconsistent with the idea that the letter S was the initial of Senechallus; because the king would be thus assuming the livery, not so much of a kinsman as of an officer of his own household; this would have much the appearance of a degradation, an objection which would not apply if the letters had any emblematic or sentimental meaning. I am not aware, either, that any other example can be produced, of a collar or other badge of honour bearing the mere initial of the name of an office.

We now come to Mr. Beltz's conjecture, that the letter S means "Souvenez," as part of the motto "Souvenez-vous de moi." Mr. Nichols rejects this interpretation, because he says that the motto is only heard of on one occasion. This seems to me to be scarcely a sufficient ground for rejection; and I am inclined to believe Mr. Beltz to be right with respect to the word intended to be signified, whether he be correct or not in considering it the abbreviation of the motto. The simple word is sufficiently expressive, and one very likely, in those times of romance and sentiment, to be adopted as a motto by itself; and if so, the letter designating it would not be an unfit substitute for it. There is positive proof that King Henry used both the word and the initial on a collar. In the Issue-Roll of the eighth year of his reign, a goldsmith was paid the large sum of £385. 6s. 8d. "for a collar of gold, worked with this motto, 'Soveignez,' and the letter S, garnished with a great variety of valuable jewels."

If Henry IV. bore such a decoration while he was Earl of Derby, he must have done so as the cognizance of his father; because in the list of King Richard's treasures it is distinctly stated to be of the livery of Mons. de Lancaster, a title which the Earl had not attained till after he was in exile; unless we imagine that the composers of that Inventory substituted the word Lancaster for Derby, a supposition in which we cannot indulge, inasmuch as if they made any complimentary alteration in the catalogue, it may be presumed that they would have described it as the livery of the "now King."

Admitting, then, that the collar of SS was of the livery of the Lancastrian family both before and after Henry IV. became king, the next inquiry is, what persons were entitled to wear it. The hypothesis supported by several writers of eminence, that it belonged to the dignity and degree of a knight, seems to be contradicted by two facts. The first of these is, that of the numerous brasses which remain of those who held that degree, the great majority are undistinguished by the collar. The second is, that in the 'Acte for Reformacyon of Excesse in Appayrale,' 24 Henry VIII. c. 13, it is enacted, "that no man oneless he be a Knyght ... weare any color of Gold named a color of S." From this, though it may indicate that knights wore the collar at that time, it may be clearly inferred that it had been previously assumed by other persons; and as this is the first hint of any limitation of its use, nearly a century and a half after its introduction, it leaves us uninstructed as to those who were privileged to wear it in the intervening period.

It appears by one of the charges against the Archbishop of York, the Duke of Ireland, the Earl of Suffolk, and Chief Justice Tresilian, in 1387, that Richard II. was the first of our kings who gave badges to those who were connected with him. These badges, whether a collar or in any other form, thus became a party symbol; and the violent accession of the Lancastrian family to the throne would naturally lead to the assumption of their livery by all those who were, or who wished to be reputed, friends to their cause. That these formed so numerous a class as to become a nuisance, it is evident from an Ordinance in Parliament, made so early as the second year of Henry's reign, altogether abolishing all liveries and signs, except that peers and bannerets were allowed to use the livery of the King, "de la Coler," at all times; while all other Knights and Esquires were prohibited from doing so, except in the King's presence: thus showing that the use of the collar was not at the earliest period confined to knights; but besides dukes and other noblemen, their use was recognized by esquires also. And we may presume that those who were thus allowed to wear the king's livery were only those, whatever their rank, who were of the retinue or household of the king.

Thus, in the few monumental effigies that remain of this period which are distinguished by this ornament, there are scarcely any in which we are not able to trace the connection of the wearer with the family or the court of the House of Lancaster.

1. The first is in the reign of Richard II. The collar appears upon the brass of Sir Thomas Burton, in Little Casterton church, in Rutlandshire, dated in 1382, seventeen years before the usurpation of Henry IV. This knight, we find, received letters of protection on accompanying the Duke of Lancaster to France in 1369, when Edward III. re-asserted his claim to that kingdom.

Thus forming one of the retinue of the duke, his assumption of the collar may be at once accounted for.

2. The next is on the monument of John Gower, in the church of St. Saviour's, Southwark. The poet died in 1402, 4 Henry IV. It is more than doubtful whether he was a knight; and the only ground that I can suggest for his being represented with the collar of SS is, that he was in some manner, perhaps as the court poet, attached to the household of the king. Of his transferred devotion to Henry IV. we have sufficient evidence in the revision of his 'Confessio Amantis;' from which he excluded all that he had previously said in praise of his patron, Richard II.

3. Of Sir Thomas Massingberde, who died in 1405, and on whose monument in Gunby church, in Lincolnshire, both he and his lady are represented with the collar, I have discovered too little to enable me to state the cause of their wearing it.

4. In Bagington Church, Warwickshire, there is a similar instance of a knight and his lady being so ornamented. The monument is that of Sir William and Lady Bagot, and the date 1407. Boutell says that the knight was the first who received this collar from the king. Be that as it may, the Patent Rolls contain sufficient to account for both assuming King Henry's livery from gratitude for the restoration of the lands which he had forfeited as an adherent to Richard II.

5. Sir John Drayton, whose monument, dated in 1411, is in Dorchester church, Oxfordshire, was not only Keeper of the Royal Swans under Richard II., but was also Serjeant of the King's Pavilions and Tents to Henry IV. Thomas Drayton, who was made Assayer of the Mint in the year of Sir John's death, was probably his son.

6. In 1412 the collar is represented on the brass of Sir Thomas Swynborne, in Little Horkeley church, Essex, who held the office of Mayor of Bordeaux, and of the King's Lieutenant in those parts.

7. We now come to the reign of Henry V., and we find one in memory of Sir Thomas Peryent and his lady, in Digswell church, Hertfordshire, dated in 1415. Both of them wear the collar; the knight being Esquire-at-Arms to Richard II., Henry IV., and Henry V., and Master of the Horse to Queen Joanna of Navarre; and the lady, no doubt, being also of the royal retinue.

8. In the reign of Henry VI. we have a monument in Trotton church, Sussex, of Thomas Lord Camoys, who died in 1424, and of his wife, both of whom are distinguished by the collar. She was the widow of Harry Hotspur, and his lordship was a Knight of the Garter, and commanded the left wing of the army at the battle of Agincourt.

9. On the brass of John Leventhorpe, Esquire, in the church of Sawbridgeworth in Hertfordshire, the collar is also to be found. He died in 1433, was a servant of the Crown, and had been one of the executors of the will of Henry IV.

10. Thomas, Lord Hungerford, whose monument is in Salisbury Cathedral, with the collar, died in 1459. His father was Lord Treasurer of England, and he himself served the king in the French wars.

11. The silver collars of the king's livery bequeathed by the will of John Baret, of Bury, may be presumed, although he did not die till after the accession of Edward IV., to be of the livery of Henry VI.; as he is not only represented on his tomb, which he had erected during Henry's reign, with the collar of SS, but the chantry, also built by him, is profusely ornamented with the same collar, enclosing his monogram, J. B. He probably received the privilege of wearing it during Henry's visit to St. Edmundsbury, in 1433.

In all the instances where I have found a trace of the position of the parties, they evidently held some office connected with the Crown, or were otherwise attached to the reigning family, and were not mere knights. The weight of evidence clearly preponderates in favour of the hypothesis, that those only were entitled to wear this collar who were in some way connected with the royal household or service.

On the accession of Edward IV., the Yorkist collar of roses and suns was of course adopted, and to its clasp the white lion of the House of Marche was commonly attached.

But the collar of SS was revived by Henry VII.; and the frequent insurrections in that king's reign would have the natural effect of inducing his partisans to distinguish themselves by his emblem. The consequence was, that by degrees it was assumed by unprivileged persons; so that when eventually the two houses ceased to be antagonists, or rather when no claimants remained in the York interest, it was found expedient to subject the wearers to some regulation; and consequently the statute of Henry VIII., limiting its use, was enacted.

The portrait of Sir Thomas More, painted by Holbein shortly before the passing of that statute, represents him with the collar of SS joined together at the ends by two portcullises with a rose pendent. It is the only known instance of a Lord Chancellor being distinguished by that ornament. Whatever therefore may have been the previous practice, of which we have no knowledge, either from monumental brass, or picture, or description, it may be presumed that from that time the very limitation in the statute would prevent persons holding so high a dignity from adopting a collar which even knights were permitted to wear. The practice even with knights soon went out of fashion, till at last the use of the collar of SS became gradually confined to certain persons in official positions, who alone were privileged to wear it, either in gold or silver, according to their grade in the royal household.

That the privilege did not extend to the puisne judges of the Courts at Westminster, though previously to the reign of Elizabeth they, almost without an exception, received the honour of knighthood, is very certain. Among all the monumental or pictorial representations of these worthies, either between the accession of Henry IV. and Edward IV., or, with a single doubtful exception, subsequently to the latter period, up to the present time, there is no instance in which the collar of SS is introduced. The exception referred to is the monument of Richard Harper in Swarkestone church, in Derbyshire. He was a judge of the Common Pleas in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, and is represented in full legal costume, with the addition of the collar of SS, which, without some other explanation, we must attribute to the fancy of the sculptor or the mistake of the family.

With regard to the chiefs of the three Courts, it is uncertain how soon they were distinguished by this collar.

Of all the chiefs during the reigns of Henry IV. and Henry V., the only monument that I know of is that of Chief Justice William Gascoigne, at Harewood in Yorkshire, on which he is represented in official robes, but without the collar.

In the reign of Henry VI., we have the monuments of Sir William Hankford, in the church of Monkleigh, in Devonshire (1422); Sir John Juyn, in Redcliffe church, Bristol (1440); Sir William Cheyne, in St. Benet's church in Paul's Wharf, London (1442); Sir John Fortescue, at Ebrington, in Gloucestershire (qu. 1471); Sir John Cottesmore, at Brightwell, in Oxfordshire (1439);-all Chief Justices, in none of which is the effigy ornamented with the collar. But in the Wyke chapel of Yatton church, Somersetshire, is an uninscribed monument of a judge, the figure exhibiting a collar of SS over the judicial dress. This is assigned to Chief Justice Sir Richard Newton, who died about 1449, and there are many facts in his history which support this conjecture, which some may think receives a sufficient answer by the exceptional introduction of the collar not yet assumed by those who held the same office.

In the five following reigns, from Edward IV. to Henry VIII., there is no trace of the collar on the judicial dress, although several monumental effigies of chief justices remain, as those of Chief Justices Sir Thomas Billing (1481), in Wappenham church, Northamptonshire; Sir Robert Brudenell (1531), in the church of Dean, in the same county; Sir John FitzJames (1542), in Bruton church, Somersetshire; etc.

In the reign of Edward VI., however, there is an undoubted effigy on the monument of Sir Richard Lyster, Lord Chief Justice, in the church of St. Michael's, Southampton, on the robes of which the collar of SS appears. He died in 1554, nearly a century after that attributed to Sir Richard Newton, and more than a century and a half after the introduction of the collar.

Though no record exists showing the reason of its being limited to the Chiefs of the Courts, and though several other monuments in this and the following reign do not appear to be adorned with it, there can be little doubt that the practice was then adopted, for from the commencement of the reign of Elizabeth, in which we have the first pictorial representations of the judges, that emblem invariably ornaments the bodies of the Chiefs. In Popham's Reports, p. 43, it is expressly stated, that, on the call of serjeants in Easter, 36 Elizabeth, 1594, "the Chief Justices and Chief Baron met in Middle Temple Hall in, etc., and with their collars of SS,"-seemingly a recent introduction, as it had never been mentioned before on a similar occasion. The identical collar that Sir Edward Coke wore is stated to have descended to the present time, and has been left as an office-loom to the Judge presiding in the Court of Common Pleas.

The form and appendages of the collar varied in the different periods.

In 1382, the first example (Sir Thomas Burton), it was a small collar fitting closely to the neck, with the letter S placed at equal distances on a stiff band of a dark colour, the ends of which bent outwardly, and were united by a chain.

[Insert Image of Sir Thomas Burton]

After the accession of Henry IV., the collar was united sometimes by a sort of buckle, and sometimes by an enriched trefoil-shaped clasp.

[Insert Image of Sir William Bagot]

[Insert Image of Sir John Drayton]

The pendent ornament varied in the succeeding reigns; an apparently jewelled ring being sometimes attached to the collar. Two of the examples in this county have this addition: that in the church of St. Lawrence, on the brass of Nicholas Manston, Esq., who died in 1444; and that in Teynham church, on a figure supposed to be of John Frogenhall, Esq., who died in the same year, of which the following is a sketch.

[Insert Image of John Frogenhall, Esq.]

In the reign of Henry VII., the collar was increased in size, hanging lower down the neck, with the letters placed more closely and bordered by a fillet of gold, not divided at the end, but having that king's Beaufort badge, a portcullis pendent, with a rose attached to it.

[Insert Image of Sir John Cheney, 1509, Salisbury Cathedral]

Up to this time, the letters were invariably placed on a band, but they next appear to be set, as the jewellers call it, transparently; each letter being fastened by little chains or studs to its neighbour. The size also was greatly increased, so as to hang over the shoulders, and the ends were united by two portcullises, not pendent, with a rose pendent to them; an example of this is seen in Holbein's portrait of Sir Thomas More.

But in the portrait of Sir James Dyer, Chief Justice in the beginning of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the rose, instead of being pendent, is placed between the portcullises.

The next and last change occurred in the same reign, and was made by introducing a Garter knot between each of the letters S, a form which has continued from that time to the present, with the exception of the eleven years during which the monarchy was in abeyance. The collar as now worn is very gorgeous and large in dimensions. That of Chief Justice Lord Denman consists of twenty-eight of the letters and twenty-seven of the knots, besides the two portcullises and the rose; the diameter of the latter being about an inch and three-quarters, and the rest of the chain in proportion.

Of the collars worn by the Chiefs of the three Courts at Westminster, only one has any interest on the score of antiquity; those of the Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench and of the Chief Baron of the Exchequer having, each of them, been renewed twice in the present century.

The King's Bench collar worn by Lord Ellenborough could be traced back through his predecessors to Sir Matthew Hale, the renowned Chief Justice under Charles II. in 1671; and had been transmitted to each of them on a payment settled by custom of £100. Lord Ellenborough, on his retirement, choosing to retain it, Sir Charles Abbot (afterwards Lord Tenterden) was obliged to provide himself with a new one. This descended to Lord Denman on the usual payment; but as, on that nobleman's resignation, his successor did not take it, his Lordship transferred it to the Corporation of Derby, whose mayors will thus in future be decorated with the livery collar of the earl who took his title from that town, and who, as Henry IV., first attached it as a mark of honour to the members of the royal household.

The descent of the old Exchequer collar could not be traced with any certainty, beyond a century and a half before Sir Richard Richards became Chief Baron in 1817. On his death, his widow preferred keeping it to transmitting it in the customary manner, and it is now in the possession of the family. The new collar which Chief Baron Alexander in 1824 was obliged to substitute for it, after passing through two of his successors in office, was in its turn retained by the son of Chief Baron Lord Abinger; and Sir Frederick Pollock, who now presides in the Court, was consequently put to the expense of providing a new one, the weight of which is no less than four pounds of gold.

The collar of the Chief Justice of the Common Pleas boasts a higher antiquity, being that said to have been worn by that eminent judge Sir Edward Coke. Chamberlain, it is true, in a letter to Sir Dudley Carleton, dated the 23rd of November, 1616, about a week after Coke's discharge from the Bench, relates that Sir Edward "gave a good answer to the new Chief Justice, who sending to him to buy his collar of SS, he said he would not part with it, but leave it unto his posterity, that they might one day know that they had a Chief Justice to their ancestor." But as there is no such collar among the treasures of Holkham, it may be presumed either that the on-dit related by the entertaining letter-writer was unfounded, or that if the Chief Justice, in his anger at his dismissal, actually made the speech as reported, he on reflection altered his mind, and consented to part with the collar. For the first hundred years afterwards, however, there is no other evidence than tradition; the earliest date that can be positively traced is 1714, when Lord Trevor received it from his predecessor. From that time to the present, there is clear proof of the succession. On Chief Justice Tindal's death in 1846, his representatives transferred it to his successor, Sir Thomas Wilde (afterwards Lord Truro), without requiring any money payment, on the understanding that it should remain for ever as an office-loom for the future Chief Justices of the Common Pleas.

Cromwell's Chief Justice, John Glynne, is represented with a collar of a similar description, formed of letters S, alternated with roses and having a large jewel pendent.

The only persons besides the Chiefs of the three Law Courts, who are entitled to wear the collar, are the Serjeant-Trumpeter, and all the officers of the Herald's College, except the Pursuivants. That worn by Garter King-at-Arms is gilt, and those worn by the other heralds and the Serjeant-Trumpeter are silver. They are not nearly so rich in form as those of the law chiefs, and the letters are not divided, as in the latter, by the Garter knot. For the badge of the rose and portcullis also are substituted the rose, thistle, and shamrock, united by foliage; and Garter's is distinguished from the others not only by its metal, but by a portcullis on each shoulder.

I may add, that at one time esquires were created by the investiture of a silver collar of SS.

With the fact that on the effigy of Sir Roger Manwood, we have the earliest example of a Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer being decorated with this collar, the history of my visit to the church of Hackington, or St. Stephen's, may be concluded.