The finances and government of the city and county of Canterbury in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries

THE FINANCES AND GOVERNMENT OF THE CITY AND COUNTY OF CANTERBURY IN THE EIGHTEENTH AND EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURIES F.H. PANTON INTRODUCTION In his book, Parish Affairs, Professor Keith-Lucas has drawn a fascinating picture of the workings of local government in Kent in the reign of George III, concentrating on the period from 1760 to 1790. His work extends to a description of Municipal Corporations in the County, including details of the constitution, scope and operation of the Mayor and Commonalty of Canterbury. 1 This present paper examines the local government of Canterbury in the light of the financial circumstances of the Burghmote, drawing mainly on the accounts kept by successive Chamberlains in the years from 1700-1815.2 The paper describes the resources of income available to the Burghmote and the ways in which that income was disbursed. The limitations, which financial constraints may have placed on policy, are examined, and the further developments in the government of the affairs of the City to which those constraints may have led are described. Throughout the eighteenth century, the local government of Canterbury by the Burghmote derived its authority and structure from a charter of James I, given in the first year of this reign.3 As 1 B. Keith-Lucas, Parish Affairs, The Government of Kent under George III, Kent County Library 1986. See Chapter IV, The Municipal Corporations, of which pp. 59-60, 61-66 deal particularly with Canterbury. 2 Canterbury City Chamberlain's Account Books, Canterbury Cathedral Library FIA 31 (1700-1710) to FIA 40 (1790-1800). 3 Canterbury possesses some 23 royal charters, relating to the structure of the government of the City, given in the years from Henry II to James I. The majority served mainly to recite and confirm privileges and duties conferred by previous 191 F.H. PANTON constituted by the Charter, the Burghmote consisted of a Mayor, a Recorder, 12 Aldermen and 24 Common Councillors. Other officers mentioned in the Charter were a Sheriff, a Chamberlain, a Town Clerk, a Coroner, a Sword Bearer, four sergeants at Mace, a Gaol Keeper and a Tollinger. Appointments not mentioned in the Charter, but derived from the Burghmote were: a Clerk of Chamber, a Sergeant of Chamber, a Billet Master, a Crier, a Mace Bearer, a Water Bailiff, a Burghmote Horn Blower, a Pound Keeper, an Inspector of the (Water) Conduit, 4 Feyhrers (building craftsmen), 6 Constables, 6 Borsholders and one Sheriff's Bailiff. Some of these appointments were, from time to time, held in plurality. The whole structure constituted the 'Mayor and Commonalty of the City of Canterbury'. The Burghmote and its officers were, effectively, a self-perpetuating body. Common Councillors were elected by the Council from among resident Freemen, on the nomination of the Sheriff. Vacancies on the Alderman's bench were filled by election by the Aldermen on nomination by the Mayor from among the Councillors. Once elected, Aldermen held the office for life. The Sheriff was chosen by the Mayor on the day of his assumption of office, from among the Councillors, subject to approval by the Aldermen. The Recorder, usually a practising Barrister, was elected by the Mayor and Aldermen, and the Town Clerk (usually a lawyer) by the Burghmote from among the Councillors. The Chamberlain was elected by the Aldermen and Councillors from among the Aldermen, and generally held the job for life. He was required to pledge a bond for £2000 with two sureties. For the annual election of the Mayor, the Freemen, including Councillors and Aldermen, voted on September 4th for one of two Aldermen, nominated by the Aldermen. The Freemen of Canterbury numbered between one and two thousand, and voting for the Mayor usually brought some 500 of them to the poll. 4 The Burghmote met every month. Fines for persistent nonattendance by Aldermen or Councillors were levied at a rate of £10 charters, but some, like that of Henry VI, 26th year, - which caused the city to be governed by a Mayor rather than two Bailiffs - made radical changes. Charles II gave a charter in the year after the Restoration. This was probably in substitution for the enforced surrender of other charters, and was intended to re-establish Royal authority after the Interregnum. However, this charter appears to have been renounced and have become inoperative in the time of William III. Throughout the eighteenth century, therefore, the Charter of James I was extant and operative. 4 According to the Report of the Royal Commission of 1835 (House of Commons British Sessional paper 1835; Vo! XXIV 1-99, 685 onwards) money changed hands at these elections. Voters usually expected ls., rising to 2/6d. by 1835. One Alderman claimed that it cost him £70, and his friends much more. 192 THE FINANCES AND GOVERNMENT OF CANTERBURY and £5, respectively. The Burghmote had four standing committees reporting to it, whose purview probably covered the range of the Burghmote interest. These were: Surveys and Repairs ( of Corporation property), Byelaws and Charters, Regulation of Markets, and Conduit and Water Works. The financial affairs of the Burghmote were in the hands of the Chamberlain, who received whatever moneys were payable to the Corporation, and made all payments due. He had authority to pay up to £5 on any one order; other amounts required specific authority from the Burghmote. The Chamberlain was in effect Banker for the Burghmote; on any money he had to advance for the Burghmote's affairs, he charged 5% per annum interest. The Chamberlain produced a balance sheet each year at Christmas time, and this was audited by a Committee of the Burghmote headed by the Mayor, but no information was given to Freemen of the accounts or of the pecuniary circumstances of the Burghmote. FINANCES OF THE BURGHMOTE The form of the annual balance presented by the Chamberlain varies very little throughout the eighteenth century and is a simple statement of income and expenditure under a dozen or so different headings, with the items of each heading listed on separate pages in the accounts book. Description of items is mostly brief and not very informative; 'paid Mr ... his bill' is a typical description. Individual bills to support the items are not available. Nevertheless, the Chamberlain's Accounts Books present a fascinating record of the scope and interests of the Mayor and his Burghmote. In 1701-02, Income ('Charge') totalled £35 7-8-2d., while expenditure ('Discharge') came to £379-7-4½d., a debit balance on the year of £21-19-2½d. Throughout most of the first half of the century , the total income fluctuated around £5 00 a year. No large new sources of income appear, but in the later part of the century the balance sheet begins to top the £1000 mark. By 1799-1800, the balance sheet showed Charges totalling £1888-7-4½d., Discharge £1865-0-Sd., with a credit balance of £23-6-ll½d. This increase must be largely attributed to inflation of the currency, consequent upon various Colonial and European wars in which the country was involved.5 5 At Appendix A is given a summary of the City Chamberlain's Balance Sheets for 1701-02 and for 1790-91, and a summary of total income and expenditure year by year for the whole of the eighteenth century, together with credit or debit balances for each year. 193 F.H. PANTON A basic problem (as we shall see) was that the yield of some of the sources of income was unpredictable, and that some of the calls for expenditure must have been equally difficult to provide for in advance. The difficulty this caused Chamberlains may be seen from the fact that in 40 of the years from 1700-1815 negative balances were achieved, often for quite a number of years at a stretch. In these circumstances, unfortunate Chamberlains had no option but to carry the debit balances forward on their own resources, at interest. INCOME (CHARGE) There is no evidence in the Chamberlain's accounts of any income by direct levy or rate on the people of Canterbury. The main sources of income of the Burghmote may be listed as follows: Markets The ownership and control of the various daily markets in the City were vested in the Mayor and Commonalty, and tolls were levied for stalls at the markets. At the beginning of the century the markets included the Fish Market, the Whitstable Market (for Whitstable women to sell fish), Flesh Shambles, Corn Market and the 'Bullstake' Market (for vegetables and other farm produce). Charges for stalls were by the day or by the week. In 1740, for instance, Freemen were charged 8d. a week for a stall in the Flesh Market, non-Freemen 1/- a week and a typical attendance was 9 Freemen and 8 non-Freemen stalls. The Fish Shambles charged 2d. a day, with attendance varying from 2 to 12 a day. The Tollinger was allowed one third of the total collected. In 1700-01 the Markets brought in just over £50; the Flesh Shambles £36-6s., Fish Market £4-1-0d., Whitstable Market £2-6-ld., Corn Market £8-l-2d., and the Bullstake £4. By 1770, the total market income was nearly £90; Flesh Shambles £54-10-0d., Fish £5-12-lld., Whitstable 10/7d., Corn Market £3-16-?½d. and Bullstake £24-1- lO½d. The increase in the Bullstake tolls probably arose from the fact that in 1700 the Tollinger paid a flat rate of £4 for collection, but by 1770 he was handing over the tolls in return for one third of the takings. Early in the nineteenth century, when a new Cattle Market was constructed, collection of tolls for all the markets was put out to tender, and a considerably increased income of some £300 per annum was obtained from them. 194 THE FINANCES AND GOVERNMENT OF CANTERBURY Freemen The election of Freemen was a regular item of business of the Burghmote, and formed one of the main sources of income. There were four ways of qualifying for election; by birth, by marriage, by apprenticeship, or by straight purchase. A male born to a Freeman father was entitled to be elected free of charge; males marrying females born to Freeman fathers were entitled to be enrolled on payment of ll½d.; apprentices on completion of their 7 years' training could become freemen for 4/ld. Persons without those qualifications could be elected Freemen on payment of £20, quite often by paying £10 down and £5 in two following years. On rare occasions, the Burghmote would grant Freemanship without qualification or payment to persons sufficiently important to the City - for instance, by virtue of being an MP for the City. Then, too, Honorary Freedoms were granted from time to time to national figures such as Prime Minister Pitt, or the Prince of Wales.6 To practise any trade or craft within the City, or to vote in Parliament elections, it was, of course, necessary to become a Freeman. Most years, the number of new Freemen admitted was around 30 or 40, a handful of them by purchase. Freemen elections, therefore, normally brought less than about £100 income a year. However, in a parliamentary election year Freemen had votes to sell, and the prospect of gaining a tidy sum this way obviously caused many to apply for the Freedom who had previously neglected to do so. The numbers elected in each of the 18 parliamentary election years (or years immediately preceding the elections) in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries are generally well over 100, much to the benefit of the Burghmotes' income. For instance in 1761, 273 people were elected Freemen, giving the Burghmote £465-16s. for the privilege. Similarly, in 1807, 230 were elected and paid £610-?s. Pleasant though these windfalls must have been for the Burghmote, the size of them could hardly be relied on in advance. The control of the roll of Freemen and of the markets of the City was a primary concern of the Burghmote. Occasionally, on payment of £10 or £20 'Tolerance' money, a non-Freeman would be allowed to carry on business in the City. This happened particularly in the case 6 These fees to the City's coffers did not represent the full cost of Freedom. The Chamberlain, Town Clerk, Clerk of Chamber, Sergeant of Chamber, Sergeant at Mace, all required payment on the side for services and there was also Stamp Duty to be paid. As a result, becoming a Freeman by birth actually cost £1-12-0, by marriage £1-14, by Apprenticeship £1-17s. and by Purchase £23-13s. By gift the cost was £8-Ss., but presumably in these cases the Burghmote stood the cost. 195 F.H. PANTON of women, disbarred as they were from becoming Freemen. Offenders against this control, hawkers or others, selling goods or services in the City and not being Freemen, or selling products or food not in the markets, were apprehended and punished by a summary fine - 618d. for each offence. If the fine were not paid the offenders goods could be distrained to enforce the penalty. Despite the fact that rigid control had been seemingly well established for centuries, a legal case in 1747 showed that the Mayor and Commonalty were on somewhat shaky ground. In the Court of Common Pleas at Maidstone (Hilary Term, 21GII, 1747) Moses Levi, an itinerant hawker, accused Edward Jacob, Chamberlain of the City of Canterbury, assisted by Richard Fuller, Sergeant at Arms, and Charles Noble, of assault, imprisonment and unlawful seizure of stock in trade. Jacobs, assisted by Fuller and Noble, had appropriated by force a 'Great' and a 'Small' box full of Moses' goods, as forfeiture for two unpaid fines of 618d. for hawking. Levi complained that an assault on him on 27th May, 1747, when a hawking box was taken from him, was so severe that his life was greatly despaired of, and that on 28th May he was further assaulted and beaten by the accused and another hawking box and contents stolen. Levi gave lists of the contents of both boxes, claiming that each contained goods to the value of £200. It seems certain that distraint by force did take place, though no doubt Levi exaggerated the amount of force and the value of goods taken. Counsel's advice to the Corporation was that although Jacob had a right to distrain, this did not derive from Byelaw or Custom, but by an Act of 35 Henry VIII which in part read 'Act for Canterbury ... no persons or persons being Foreigners and not being Free Citizens of the said City of Canterbury should not (sic) from henceforth ... sell any manner of merchandize to or with any manner of person or persons foreigner and not being free citizens of the said city not keep any open shop nor use any Mysteries or Handycraft within the same City within licence of the Mayor and Aldermen ... for every such offence 6/Sd ... Provided that the Act not extend to Butcher, Fishmonger, Flesh, Fish or other Victual .. .' A difficulty immediately arose from this somewhat obscure wording. The witness, John Pilcher, chosen to give evidence that Levi had sold him merchandize, was a Freeman at the City and, in order to qualify him as a witness, it was found necessary for the Burghmote retrospectively to remove him from the Freeman's roll. As to the distraint of the boxes, Counsel's opinion was that 'as the case stands, it maybe quite hazardous to offer any evidence of the circumstances attending the Caption of the Boxes other than what drops from the plaintiffs own witnesses ...t he defence ...s hould be that Jacob acted as an officer 196 THE FINANCES AND GOVERNMENT OF CANTERBURY of the City and the Distress by him was the several sum of 6/Sd forfeited by offending the Act' Jacob should say about the assault that he 'gently hit Levi's hands in order to make him quit this hold but not in such a manner as to cause him the least harm' In the event, Levi won his action, and was awarded costs and damages of £124-16-Sd. In total the action cost the Mayor and Corporation nearly £200. Despite this debacle, Alderman Edward Jacob remained Chamberlain for a further four years. Moreover, there is no evidence in the Chamberlain's accounts for the rest of the eighteenth century that this case caused any radical change to the Burghmotes' approach to the matter of free trade within the City, though it does not seem that force was again used in this connection. 7 Rents of Properties The Mayor and Commonalty owned two portfolios of property, listed separately as the City Farm Rents and St. Augustine Rents. The City Fee Farm Rents derived from the grant by Henry III by Charter in his 18th year (1225), to the citizens of Canterbury of the Fee Farm of the City, in return for a payment of £60 a year. Edward III in the 29th year of his reign granted £30 a year of this annual payment to a William Candy, whereof the City in 1552 bought of John Hales £7-l0s., and in 1555 purchased the other £22-lOs. of Thomas Wootton. Edward IV in the first year of his reign, in pity - for the poverty of the City, released the City from payment of £16--13-4d., so that the tenancy liability of the City by 1700 was £13-6-Sd. a year. This was allocated by the sovereign to be paid to St. Nicholas Hospital, Harbledown, and this annual payment continued into the twentieth century. The City Fee Farm rents8 consisted of a portfolio of some 70 properties mostly on or adjoining or abutting the City wall. In effect, they utilized the spaces which in medieval times would have formed, with the wall, part of the defences of the City, but had become available for living space or gardens. This included use of the wall itself. At one time, no less than seven of the towers of the wall were 7 A fuller account of this case, drawn from the Chamberlain's account records for 1747, is given at Appendix B to this article. 8 A list of the City Fee Farm rents, taken from the City Chamberlain's accounts for 1740-41 are given at Appendix C. Fee Farm rents, a term used to describe a group of Crown rents derived from land and property let on lease. 197 F.H. PANTON let for living or commercial purposes, and properties were built against the wall. At the beginning of the eighteenth century the total income from the City Farm rentals was about £100. By 1740, this had risen to £120, by 1780 to £160 and by the end of the century to £300. The second portfolio of property and land, owned by the City Fathers without encumbrance, the St. Augustine Rents, was acquired by the City on the dissolution of St. Augustine's Monastery. The portfolio numbered over 80 properties, mostly houses or tenements inside the City, or outside the City wall in the area of Longport, close to St. Augustine's. Some of the larger properties had been let for long leases (600, 500 and 300 years) at a large initial premium but at low annual rent. Some fifty of the properties were let at very low rents indeed, totalling less than £20. In 1700, the total income from the St. Augustine's rents was £35, rising to nearly £60 in the mid-1740s and touching £90 in the 1790s.9 Perhaps the most valuable properties owned by the City were the two mills on the main branch of the Stour within the walls; King's Mill on the High Bridge, and Abbot's Mill, some 200 yards downstream from King's Mill. The Mills were listed separately from the two property portfolios, though King's Mill originally formed part of the City and Abbot's Mill was part of St. Augustine's properties. The two mills were always let together, at a substantial premium on long lease, initially at a rent of £20 and towards the end of the eighteenth century, at £40. In his rental of the mills, from 1791 onwards, Alderman James Simmons rebuilt Abbot's Mill in a splendid fashion, and pulled down King's Mill, replacing it with a house on the King's Bridge.10 Although the two portfolios remained essentially unchanged throughout the eighteenth century, by the turn of the century their total value was nearly £400 p.a. In 1797, the Burghmote, seeking to rationalize their property holdings and to further increase income from them, commissioned Alderman Cyprian Rondeau Bunce (Mayor 1789) to do a study of them and to make proposals for their future disposition. His study was in part preparation for the projected expense of the then proposed extension of the Cattle Market and the destruction of St. George's Gate. Bunce's 'Memorial' put the properties into five schedules. Schedule A contained properties he proposed to be sold absolutely; Schedule B, properties to be sold to respective tenants holding a right 9 A list of St. Augustine's Rents, taken from the Chamberlain's accounts for 1745-1746 is given in Appendix D. 10 See F.H. Panton, 'James Simmons: A Canterbury Tycoon', Arch. Cant., iv (1988) 229-31. 198 THE FINANCES AND GOVERNMENT OF CANTERBURY to renewal of leases; Schedule C, properties held on long lease to be sold to the respective tenants; Schedule D, several pieces of land under or without the City Walls at Westgate to be sold by Public Auction. Schedule E was a list of all other properties, to be retained by the Council. Bunce's purpose was to rid the Council of properties at low and uneconomic rents, and, or, those on very long leases on which a better return could not be expected. In his summary, Bunce noted that the total yearly rents in the Schedules (A to D) recommended for disposal was £40-14-3d. while the properties in Schedule E produced an annual rent of £302-12-S½d. He further noted that Schedule E properties were in a state of such progressive improvement as to give a fair prospect of a speedy increase in revenue.11 Bunce's recommendations were in the main accepted and he was granted an honorarium of £200 for his labours in this and in other matters for the Burghmote. In the early years of the nineteenth century, the Chamberlain's accounts record the sale of most of the properties recommended by Bunce for disposal. Incroachments Another regular source of income, though quite a small one, was derived from sums levied year by year for encroachments of properties on to the public streets. There are some 50 entries year by year under Incroachments, totalling about £2.12 Typical are entries such as Widow Duthant two lots of Poles before her house in St. Alphege late Mr Dediers 4d. Elizabeth Matras a window of her house in High Street called the Chequers 2d. The highest amount levied for one encroachment was Thomas Atwell House late built in Hawkes Lane 2s. Od. This was perhaps more a way of regulating nuisances rather than a source of income. In any event, it ceased after 1787 when the implementation of the Act for Paving, Lighting and Watching Canterbury swept such nuisances away. Casual A fifth regular source of income appears under the heading Casual. Fines for renewal of leases of Burghmote property would be entered 11 A full digest of Bunce's 'Memorial' of 1797 is given at Appendix E. 12 Given at Appendix F is a list of Incroachments taken from the Chamberlain's accounts of 1721-22. 199 F.H. PANTON under this heading, together with fines levied from members of the Burghmote for non-attendance, or for refusal of office. Freemen who refused election as Councilmen were subject to a fine of £10, rising to £20 by the end of the century, and Councilmen refusing election to Aldermen £20 increasing to £30. From time to time being a member of the Burghmote seemed to become particularly unpopular.13 Other windfalls of money were included under this heading. In good years, Casual entries might total more than £100, but were usually less than that amount. Apprentices The standard charge for enrolling an apprentice was 2/ld. The numbers registering were generally between 20 and 30 a year, so that the income from this source was seldom more than £3. Other Sources of Income Apart from headings to allow Arrears of payment of the primary sources of income to be separately noted, only two other minor sources of income appec!r in the accounts. These are called Pipe Money and Five Penny Fees. The derivation of the former term is obscure, but the item concerned the rent of 3/4d., or later, 4/- for a property let by the Burghmote called the Goat (Inn). Five Penny Fees seem to relate to 5d. fines levied from Sergeants at Mace for remunerative items, work given to them by the burghmote. the amount entered under this item seldom amounted to more than £3 a year. EXPENDITURE (DISCHARGE) Foreign Expenditure This was a catch-all item, listing all Burghmote expenditure not appropriately placed under other items. It included expenditure on 13 Instances of refusal of office occurred quite often, particularly in the middle years of the century. In 1750, four people were fined for refusing Councillorship, two for Alderman. In 1751-52, two Councillors were fined for refusing, and one Alderman. In 1754, there were no less than twelve refusals for Councillor at £20 fine each. Refusals were sometimes temporary, and the fine was returned when the office was finally accepted. An example is that of George Gipps, later Mayor and then MP for Canterbury, who initially refused to be a Burghmote member, but was repaid his fine on accepting in 1768. 200 THE FINANCES AND GOVERNMENT OF CANTERBURY cleaning the markets and keeping them in good order; keeping the City Gates and roadways near and under them maintained; the general upkeep of the Burghmote's property; the expenses of the Mayor and Burghmote officers at meetings and official dinners, etc., particularly those expenses incurring in connection with the celebration of national events. Then, from time to time would be included relatively large items of capital expenditure, for instance, for enlarging or resiting markets. The total amounts spent under the Foreign Expenditure heading varied somewhat from year to year. The basic minimum amount was seldom less than £200, and in years when the extraordinary commitments can be identified, the totals lie between £200-£350 a year. In years when total expenditure under this heading greater than about £400 was achieved, occasional items such as repayment of bonds given to ex-Mayors in lieu of salary, or capital expenditure on rebuilding markets, or rebuilding a bridge, or paying expenses incurred in a law suit (such as in the case of Moses Levi, given above), may be found. In 1752-53, for instance, Foreign Expenditure was recorded as £854--0-8d., of which £500 was used to pay off ex-Mayor's bonds for £100 each. The money to do this came principally from a receipt of £400 as a fine for a new lease on Burghmote property. In 1789-90, Foreign Expenditure reached £947-5-9½d., of which £407 was a bill for the new Bullstake. In 1795-96, expenditure of £2739-3-ld. was recorded, which included a sum of £650 for the purchase of the Cold Baths from Mr Baldock. Other examples of large occasional expenditure are examined below, in the section on balancing the yearly accounts. The occasions for and the expense of the Mayor and Communalty dining or drinking together throughout the year on the Foreign Expenditure account are interesting. There was always a dinner on the day in December on which a committee of the Burghmote met to inspect the Chamberlain's annual statement of account. In 1703, for instance, the bill for that dinner was £9-9-6d. Then, there were, in the earlier years of the century, annual get-togethers, generally at the Red Lion ( owned by the City, but rented out) in remembrance of the 'Great Delivery from the Gunpowder Plot (and likewise the happy arrival of King William)'. In 1705-06, this cost £4--18-0d. A thanksgiving to celebrate the Battle of Ramillies (1706, £5-13-0d.) was held; for the Union of the Three Kingdoms (£4--7-6d.); for the Victory at Oudenard (1708, £5-19-0d.); for Mons (1709, £5-15-0d.). Perhaps a bumper year for this sort of thing was 1720-21 in which were celebrated the Accompting Dinner (£15-10-4d.); Guy Fawkes and King William (£7-15-6d.); Restoration Night (£6-7-l0d.); King George's Birthday (£4--17-0d.) and 201 F.H. PANTON Accession to the Throne (£9-2-l0d.). In addition, there are many small entries for drinks, etc., associated with meetings of Officers of the Council. It would seem that Inns were favoured places for most meetings other than formal Burghmote assemblies. Conviviality may sometimes have gone beyond the reasonable. In 1773, John Taddy, Mayor, died in office; from the after-effects of drinking six bottles of wine, it was alleged. Although the defence of the County of Kent (including Canterbury) was a matter for the Lord Lieutenant, the Burghmote were able and willing from time to time to make a contribution to the costs, particularly in the later years of the century. In 1777-78 the Burghmote paid Mr Edward Sanderson £50 towards raising a Volunteer Company to the Militia, and in 1793-94, £105 was paid as a voluntary subscription to equip volunteers for the defence of the City. There are several entries over these years of travel costs incurred by the Mayor and some of his colleagues, in meeting the Lord Lieutenant for discussion on the defence of the area. In 1800--01, for instance, £6-7-0d. was expended for the Mayor and three Magistrates to confer with the Lord Lieutenant on Public Business of the County at Sittingbourne. However, it would seem that the Corporation's support for the defence of the realm did not extend to support for the Press Gang. Keeping the peace in Canterbury itself was sometimes a problem, requiring e?{traordinary measures, occasionally having recourse to the military. In the 1779-80 Accounts, a payment of £2-2-0d. to the Constables was recorded 'for Extraordinary Trouble watching in consequence of the late riots in London', and 19-9d. was paid to Sgt. Powel for Powder and Ball for City Volunteers who attended with arms on the same occasion. In 1794-95, £1-6-0d. was paid to the Volunteers on account of a Riot by Soldiers of the South Hampshire Militia, respecting the high price of provisions, and £6 was paid to fetch Gen. Greenfield from Dover to suppress the same Riot. In 1795, the Constables were paid £1-18-0d. for extra attendance quelling a Riot at the Theatre, and, again in 1797, £3-2-6d. for preserving the peace during the general illumination for Admiral Nelson's Victory (Battle of the Nile). The war years towards the end of the century brought in their train an inflation in the price of foodstuffs, particularly hard on the poor. The City Fathers from time to time made some effort to temper these effects. In 1795, they gave a subscription of £21 to help reduce the price of potatoes, and in 1799-1800 two subscriptions to the Soup Establishment of £27-lO-Od. and £131-lO-Od. are recorded. 202 THE FINANCES AND GOVERNMENT OF CANTERBURY Salaries and Allowances The second largest item on the 'Discharge' side of the accounts was the salaries of the officials. In 1761, for instance, the following salaries were listed: Mayor £100, Recorder £20, Chamberlain £10, Town Clerk £10, Mace Bearer £8, Sword Bearer £8, Sgts. at Mace £4 each, Cleaning Cattle Market £1, Cleaning Fish, Flesh, Butter, Markets £6-2-0d., Burghmote Horn Blower £1-6-8d., Gaol Keeper £5, Sgt. of Chamber £1-6-8d. Total £175. These salaries remained stable throughout most of the eighteenth century, though in the latter part of the century they increased somewhat. By the early nineteenth century for instance, the salary of the Chamberlain had risen to £35 and that of the Town Clerk to £30. However, salaries as given in the Chamberlain's accounts were basic amounts. To these would be added, in the case of senior officers, fees and emoluments for specific services rendered. In the case of the Town Clerk, in 1835 it was estimated that his total average yearly income was £250. The junior officers similarly increased their income with charges for services (for instance the Sgt. of the Chamber claims 6-8d. in the £1 for all goods constrained in lieu of rents collected), and some offices were held in plurality. The Mayor was a somewhat special case. The hospitality, donations and expenses expected of him it is believed generally exceeded his salary by a considerable margin. He was expected inter alia to give a dinner on his swearing-in day; to subvent emoluments of the Sergeants, Mace and Sword Bearers, and to give breakfast every week to the 16 scholars of the Bluecoat School. For all the eighteenth century his salary was fixed at £100. In the early years of the nineteenth century it became a matter of some controversy, partly, it would seem, because of excessive demands on the Mayor for entertainment expenses. In 1802, it was increased to £130 and, in 1808, raised to £210. In 1815, it was reduced to £60, with the stipulation that no assumption of office dinner was expected of him. In 1825, it was fixed again at £100. The only obvious 'privilege' which seemed to be allowed the Mayor was the right to nominate a Freeman free of charge. When this right was extinguished, he was allowed the sum of £6 in lieu. Other Headings of Expenditure Relatively small amounts of expenditure were disbursed each year under several headings. These included long-standing commitments from charitable bequests to give a few shillings a year to 24 selected poor women of Canterbury. The total amount spent under this 203 F.H. PANTON heading was £10-6-8d. a year. Robes of Office were bought regularly every few years, for officers of the Council such as Sergeants at Mace, and this could amount in some years to £20-40. The Burghmote paid various sesses and taxes. In the latter part of the eighteenth century this would include land tax for City properties, and payments to the Pavement Commissions for streets in front of Burghmote property. The amount of these payments was seldom greater than £50 a year. Then, there were two regular payments for property owned by the City; the first, St. Augustine's Tenths, in respect of property in the manor of St. Augustine, and the second, the payment of £13-6-8d. to St. Nicholas Hospital, Harbledown, in respect of the residual payment for the City Farm rents. BALANCING THE YEARLY ACCOUNTS This was plainly a difficult matter. With no reserves of deposit account or capital to draw on (apart from the property portfolios), Chamberlains must have had a hard time containing yearly debit balances to manageable amounts. The unpredictability of sources of income such as Freemen's fees, and of occurrence of unexpected expenditure, such as for royal visits, added to the difficulty. Then, too, it was necessary from time to time to accumulate sufficient funds for quite large items of capital expenditure. In 1758, a new Flesh Shambles and Herb Market was constructed at an initial estimated cost of £326-15-4d., though the final cost appears to have been over £1100. In 1764, £100 was given towards the removal of St. Andrew's Church from the middle of the main street. In 1769, the King's Bridge was widened by public subscription, and by pulling down and using material from the arches of a bridge near Abbot's Mill. The Burghmote contribution to this was about £300. In 1780, Thos. White was given licence to take down Burgate, to which the Burghmote contributed £32-15-4½d. In 1789, the Burghmote rebuilt the Bullstake Market at a cost of £407-6-8d. In 1790-91, £105 was contributed to the fund for the new Canterbury Hospital building. In 1795-96, as noted above, £650 was spent on buying a Cold Bath establishment. In the middle years of the eighteenth century, balancing the accounts became particularly difficult, and in order to reduce expenditure somewhat, it became the practice to postpone payment of the Mayor's salary. The result of this was that by 1749 a total of £1160 was owing to six different people. In years when income increased (due mainly to enrolment of Freemen in election years) efforts were made to reduce this debt, particularly in the mid 1750s, but by 1772, £900 worth of ex-Mayor's salary was still outstanding. This deficit 204 THE FINANCES AND GOVERNMENT OF CANTERBURY effectively remained until 1791-92. In that year, Aldermen Simmons and Royle paid a fine of £2450 for a thirty-year lease on the two mills owned by the city. As a result a total of £1000 Mayor's salaries were paid to Robert Stone, Richard Elwyn, John Jackson, Aid. Halford, Edward Scudamore, and Aldermen Royle and Simmons themselves. In addition, for the first time, the Burghmote created a deposit account of £1200 with the local bankers. It has to be said, however, that this deposit account was soon swallowed up in other items of capital expenditure. The largest single amount of capital expenditure by the Burghmote from its own funds occurred in 1802-03, when the new Cattle Market was erected, and, at the same time, St. George's Gate was demolished. The total cost of this was the very large sum of £3881-3-0d.14 and even after selling some of the City's choice properties, it was necessary to borrow £2009 to square the account. £1009 of this was borrowed from the Canterbury Union Bank, and £1000 from Aid. James Simmons. A further large item of expenditure occurred in 1805-07, when the New (Guildhall) Street was laid out between High Street and Palace Street. This involved the demolition of the Red Lion in High Street, owned by the Council, and of other properties which they were forced to buy. The total cost escalated to about £3000, and again the Burghmote obtained £1000 from Aid. James Simmons in order to complete the job. The debts to Simmons were not repaid to his executors until some years after his death in 1807. By 1808, the debit balance on the Chamberlain's accounts reached £822-6-?½d., and over the years to 1816 reached £2000. The increase was due to a variety of expenditure demands, but basically in this period income fell consistently short of expenditure. The Chamberlain, Alderman Richard Halford, who had been in office since 1790, had of course to carry this debit balance on his own resources at interest. In 1817, the Burghmote relieved him of this burden by borrowing £4000 cash from Hammond and Plumptres Bank at 5 per cent interest, creating a credit balance on the Chamberlain's account of 1818-19 of £728-13-4d. CORPORATION OF THE GUARDIANS OF THE POOR No doubt the Burghmote felt obliged to pay for items such as the Cattle Market out of its own sources of income. The management and control of the Canterbury Markets was, after all, one of the main 14 See Appendix G for an extract from the Chamberlain's accounts for 1802-03. 205 F.H. PANTON functions which the Burghmote's Charter(s) privileged it to perform. However, when other, even larger commitments arose, which not only entailed substantial capital expenditure but also involved continuing and substantial financial commitments year by year, the Burghmote found it necessary to promote Acts of Parliament which enabled rates and or tolls to be levied, and money to be borrowed against the rates and tolls. In 1727, an Act was obtained to set up the Poor Priests' Hospital in Stour Street as the central Workhouse for all the Canterbury Parishes. Queen Elizabeth I had made over the Poor Priests' Hospital to the Mayor and Corporation of Canterbury, and it had been used to house the Blue Coat School and as a Bridewell. With the consent of the Mayor and Corporation, and indeed in part at their instigation, the Act set up a separate Corporation (or Court) of the Guardians of the Poor to take over and run the Hospital as a Workhouse, but continuing to accommodate the Blue Coat School and the Bridewell. The new Corporation consisted of 28 Guardians of the poor, two each elected from the 14 Parishes in Canterbury. The Guardians elected from amongst their number a President and a Receiver (Treasurer). To maintain contact with the Burghmote, the Mayor, Recorder and those Aldermen who were also Magistrates were ex officio members of the Court. 15 With the Poor Priests' Hospital were transferred the revenues from the lands and property with which it was endowed. In addition, the Act enabled the Court to raise a poor rate throughout Canterbury, in each of the parishes. The 1/- in the £1 rate first raised probably brought in about £700 a year. Later in the century, the rate was raised to 2/- in the £1. In the first year of the operation of the Act, the Court borrowed £700 against its rates, to defray expenses in converting the Hospital to a Workhouse. The cost of procuring the Act was over £300. 15 See Minute Books of the Canterbury Court of Guardians, Cathedral Library. At the first meeting of the Court of Guardians on 2 July, 1728, there were present: Edward Jacob, Mayor; William Crayford, Recorder; nine Aldermen who were also magistrates; and 28 Parish Representatives. John Hardres, Gentleman, of St. George's Parish was elected President and Bradult Brandon of St. Peter's as Receiver (i.e. Treasurer). A Committee was elected to meet (weekly if necessary) and transact business between meetings of the Court. This consisted of the President, the Receiver, Humphrey Pudney Esq. (the only other of the 28 Parish Representatives styled as a Gentleman), the Mayor, Thomas Schindler (one of the nine Magistrates) and one representative from each Parish. While, therefore, the Court of Guardians was a Corporate entity separate from the Burghmote, the Mayor and Aldermen could exercise influence over the Court. Not unnatually, differences of view no doubt arose, and in these the Court could ultimately be its own master. 206 THE FINANCES AND GOVERNMENT OF CANTERBURY CANTERBURY PAVEMENT COMMISSIONERS A second example of raising money for large capital and continuing expenditure through an Act of Parliament occurred in 1787, when an Act for 'Cleansing, Lighting and Watching the Street, Lanes and other Public Passages and Places within the walls of the City of Canterbury, etc.' was procured. Here again, a separate Corporation was set up, with powers to levy tolls on traffic coming into Canterbury, on coals being brought into Canterbury, and to levy rates on householders and others in Canterbury. The Canterbury Pavement Commissioners set up under the Act were somewhat similar to the Trustees of Toll roads, and again, included the Mayor and some members of the Burghmote as Trustees. Indeed, the prime mover and first Treasurer of the Commissioners was Alderman James Simmons who, in 1788-89, was also Mayor, The Commissioners were empowered to raise loans of up to £10,000 against the tolls and taxes, and they raised and spent that amount in two years. 16 After the first two or three years in which the streets were paved, lighted and cleaned, the balance sheet of the Commissioners settled down to an average expenditure of over £2000 a year; a sum which the Burghmote would plainly have been unable to meet from its own financial resources. The Pavement Commissioners were not disbanded until the mid nineteenth century. LAW AND ORDER As we have seen, the Account books of the City Chamberlains concern themselves almost entirely with the finances associated with the privileges and duties of regulating and controlling the business life of the Community. But Canterbury Charter(s) also constituted the City of Canterbury as a County in its own right. The administration of the law in the City17 was, therefore, vested in the Mayor, and those of 16 The Pavement Commissioners' financial arrangements included the interesting use of 'running yard' rates - that is, a charge of so much a yard for the upkeep of the pavement in front of particular properties, mainly those of the Church. For further details of the Pavement Commissioners see F.H. Panton, 'Turnpike Roads in the Canterbury Area', Arch. Cant., cii (1985), 179-83. 17 Several precincts of Canterbury within the walls were not within the jurisdiction of the City and County. These areas included the Cathedral and its precincts; Ville of St. Gregory, St. Augustine's, Stable Gate, the Castle, Eastbridge Hospital, St. Lawrence's Hospital, St. John's; the Black Prince's Chantry; White, Black and Grey Friars. The House of Lords Select Committee on Country Rates (1835) states that 207 F.H. PANTON his Aldermen who had already served in the office of Mayor as Magistrates, assisted by the Recorder. The Mayor with his Recorder presided two or three times a year over a Court of General Sessions, with powers in the County of the City of Canterbury similar to those of Kent County Quarter Sessions. As late as 1815, for instance, there was an execution for robbery, and in 1831, there were 23 committals, with 11 convictions. In addition, the Mayor held Petty Sessions every month to hear minor misdemeanours. Then, there was a Court of Requests, to look into minor debts, of from 216d. to 40 shillings. This was constituted of three Commissioners, chosen from a panel of two Aldermen, five Councillors and one householder, serving for a three month period. The substructure in the Wards, underpinning the detection (or suppression) of offences and the enforcement of law and order was largely voluntary or rather, enforced voluntary. In each of six wards of Canterbury (Burgate, Northgate, Ridingate, Newingate, Worthgate and Westgate) a Court Leet met every year to elect a Constable and a Borsholder for the Ward for the coming year, and to hear presentments for nuisances committed, and (until about 1750) about fines for alienation of property. As can be seen from Appendix H, the calling of the Court Leet by the two Aldermen of the Ward was quite a formal matter, in the King's Name, and required every householder and male person over the age of twelve to attend. This could mean 200 or more people in each ward, but the records show attendances of anywhere from 40-100. A Grand Jury was sworn in at the Court Leet, consisting of a selection of Ward members present. The size of the Jury was quite often more than twelve. The records show jury sizes of up to about 40 members - probably the majority if not all the Ward members present. Nuisances committed by people within the Ward consisted of not keeping pavements clear of rubbish, etc., or in good repair, of not keeping gutters in good repair, of fouling or otherwise obstructing free passage in the streets. People committing nuisances were given six weeks in which to 'reform' them, or else Whitefriars, Blackfriars, Greyfriars and the Poor Priests' Hospital did not contribute to the County Rate. All this made administration of the law within the walls of Canterbury somewhat difficult. An extra complication was that parts of two parishes - St. Paul's and Holy Cross, Westgate - were outside the City walls. For the purposes of administration of the Poor, the Act of 1727 stipulated that those parts of the parish of St. Paul's lying in the County of Kent should be under the control of the Canterbury Guardians of the Poor. The Pavement Act of 1787 provided for the rating of the Ville of Christ Church, the Archbishop's Palace, the Borough of Staplegate, the White Friars, the Castle and the public buildings (including churches). The limits of Canterbury for legal purposes were, therefore, somewhat different from that of the Guardians of the Poor, and different again from that of the Pavement Commissioners. 208 THE FINANCES AND GOVERNMENT OF CANTERBURY proceedings would be taken against them by the Aldermen of the Ward. The standard fine for pavements was 6d. a yard, and for every other nuisance 216d. At Appendix I is a typical record of a Court Leet ( that of Westgate Ward, for 1757) and it will be seen that nearly 60 presentments were made. How well this self-policing system worked may be open to doubt: the same offences were complained about year after year, with not much evidence that the offenders mended their ways. Some nuisances complained of were perhaps more serious than dirt in the street. In 1708, in the Westgate Ward Court Leet, Susan Franklin was named for keeping a disorderly house in St. Peter's. Robert Fowler was named for entertaining apprentices at the time of Divine Service at his mother's house. In the same Ward, in 1776, Jas. Robinson labourer, Geo. Blackman labourer and John Smith labourer, were named as 'keepers of a disorderly house for one month past in St. Peter's and for harbouring certain ill disposed persons as well as women of evil name and fame and of dishonest conversation, there remaining night and day whoring and misbehaving themselves to the common nuisance of all his Majesty's subjects there dwelling'. Perhaps the shame of being so openly arraigned might have caused them to mend their ways. There are many examples of nuisances caused by leaving dung or other filth on the pavement or otherwise obstructing and it would seem no one was spared. For instance, in 1745, in the Burgate Court Leet Ald. Tolputt, one of the Ward's Aldermen, was named for Laying Dung in the street. In the same Ward in 1791, it was recorded that 'the footways and carriageways opposite the buildings now used as temporary barracks in Burgate Lane, Church Street and Ivy Lane are in a filthy state from the dirt and other stuff thrown thereon from the barracks. Aldermen to state the same to the Commanding Officer that these nuisances may be removed.' In a curious entry for the Burgate Court Leet of 1745, the City Chamberlain is named for not putting up stocks at Burgate Gate, and, in 1781, Dr Pack was the subject of a presentment because of 'his cellar window and the steps before the door A VERY GREAT NUISANCE'. These are but a sample of the presentments contained in the records of the Court Leet for the Northgate, Burgate, Westgate and Worthgate Wards in the eighteenth century and for the early part of the nineteenth century held in the Canterbury Cathedral Archives. In addition to presentments for nuisances, the Court Leet listed those alienations of property which had taken place in the ward for the previous year, and levied a fine of 2/- for each. In the 1750s, however, this practice seems to have been discontinued, and there seem to be no entries about alienations later than 1758. After 1787, 209 F.H. PANTON although nuisances continued to be presented, the action on them was generally passed to the Canterbury Pavement Commissioners. The election of a Constable and his deputy, a Borsholder, was perhaps the main business of a Court Leet. The office of Constable was, on the face of it, quite an onerous one, as Appendix J, a copy of the official warrant in the King's name to Henry Chalklen, Constable for Newington Ward in 1779, shows. He was responsible for keeping the King's Peace in his ward, and with executing without delay such warrants as may come to him from the Aldermen of the Ward and other JPs, and with reporting each month to the Justices of the Peace presumably in the Court of Petty Sessions. In addition, Constables and Borsholders of the six wards shared the duty of supervising the nightly Watch throughout Canterbury, a duty which was confirmed in the Pavement Commissioners Act of 1789. This meant that about once a fortnight a Constable or Borsholder would have to be on watch all night, or at least on call. It is said that the Offices of Constable and Borsholder were so unpopular that elected Constables and Borsholders paid substitutes to do the job for them, a state of affairs which seems to have been accepted by the Aldermen. The Courts Leet were social as well as legal occasions. The records show that at the conclusion of business, those present, or those present who wished to do so and could afford to pay, repaired to a suitable Inn to have a communal dinner. The bills for many of these dinners are carefully filed with the record of the Court Leet. Typical is the Dinner Bill for the Westgate Court Leet in 1783. 35 people sat down to dine and the total cost was £8-9-6d. or about 5/- a head. This included 35 'ordinaries' at 116d. each, £2 for wine, and £1-12-0d. for Punch. Obviously, these were convivial occasions. LAW AND ORDER FINANCES The City Chamberlain's accounts for the eighteenth century throw little or no light on the cost of the Courts and of maintaining law and order in the County of the City of Canterbury. Apart from entries in the Chamberlain's accounts of £12 Ward expenses a year, £2 a year each paid to Ward Aldermen, of small sums for expenses of grand juries and of occasional fines received from sessional court cases or for contravention of weights and measures, there seem to be no relevant entries. There is no evidence in the Chamberlain's account that the Burghmote levied a County rate for Canterbury, although it could perhaps be argued that the royal Charter under which the City and County were governed conveyed a right to levy rates. On the other hand, Law and Order in the County of Canterbury was in the 210 THE FINANCES AND GOVERNMENT OF CANTERBURY hands of the Mayor as Chief Magistrate assisted by the Recorder and those Aldermen who had served in the office of Mayor and had therefore become JPs, rather than in the hands of the Mayor, Aldermen and Common Councillors constituting the Burghmote. The Chamberlain's accounts accordingly in the main restrict themselves to those matters - markets, freemen and the control of trade, maintenance of City estates, etc., - with which the Burghmote as a body were concerned. To finance those activities the Burghmote relied on its own revenues without recourse to a general rate.18 However, the Parliamentary Commission of 1835 in its report on Canterbury, states that a County rate of ld. in the £1 was levied first in 1773, and every year since, and produced £41 a year. The 1835 Report noted that the expenses of the Canterbury County Court in 1831 were £68-0-4d. with charges for each prosecution averaging £3. At such a rate of expenditure allowing for inflation, it seems that the levy of a ld. in the £1 rate yielding £41 in 1773 would come close to defraying the sessional expenditure. The Courts Leet papers show some evidence of the levy of ld. per head from each member of each ward, in the later years of the eighteenth century, but it has not proved possible so far to trace where that levy went to.19 In 1835, a Report by a Parliamentary select Committee on the Expenditure of County rate gave details of such expenditure County by County. For Canterbury, Mr R. Frend, Treasurer of the City, provided a return of details of Income and Expenditure on the County Rate for the years 1792 to 1823. The amount received in 1792 was £72-18-lld., expenditure £71-19-6d. In subsequent years the total sums received and disbursed varied from about £100 to over £600, reaching peaks of expenditure in 1815 of £555-5-9d., in 1818 of £584--11-0d., and in 1821 of £576---0-l0d. An appendix to the report contains a return by John Nutt, Town Clerk of Canterbury, for the same years, of monies received by him from the County Rate. He certified that no salary was received by the 18 Sir Francis Hill, in his monumental history of Lincoln, notes that a similar situation existed in the City of Lincoln in the 18th Century. He wrote 'there being no borough rate, the Common Council had to make do for general purposes with its own revenues'. See 'Georgian Lincoln', C.U.P, 1966, 239-58. 19 The County Rate would have been levied by the Poor Law Guardians, on the order of the Magistrates in County Session. A complicating factor here was that the Poor Law Act extended obligation to pay Poor Law rates to areas of Canterbury which were excluded from the jurisdiction of the County of Canterbury. In consequence, a Poor Law rate of 1/- in the £1 for Canterbury would bring in £800, while a County rate of the same would collect about £500. 211 F.H. PANTON Town Clerk out of the County Rate; sums so received were almost entirely for the orders of the Sessions granting the rates, and for warrants and precepts to collect the same. For fourteen of the years between 1792 and 1823, Nutt stated that no monies were received from the County Rate. In other years the annual sum varied from £1 to £9. The return from the Treasurer, Mr Frend, listed the items under which expenditure on the County Rate was incurred. These included: repairs to Gaols, Prisons Maintenance and Conveyance, Vagrants, Prosecutors, Coroners, Militia, Kings Bench and Fleet prisons, Printing, Stationery, etc., and Incidental expenses. 20 Mayoral Duties The duties of the Mayor were plainly considerable and diverse, and he was the lynchpin holding together the various corporate bodies concerned with the governance of Canterbury. He chaired the Burghmote meetings and would invariably have had the last word in all its affairs including the making of Bye Laws. In addition he was responsible for inspecting and regulating weights and measures. He was a Pavement Commissioner under the Act of 1787, and a member of the Court of Guardians of the poor under the Act of 1727. He was a Commissioner of Sewers. He was Escheater for Canterbury. As Chief Magistrate for the County of the City of Canterbury he sat with the Recorder and other magistrates at County Sessions two or three times a year, and he held a Petty Sessions Court every month. He was a Commissioner under the Court of Requests Act. In addition, of course, his presence at all manner of civic and public functions would be obligatory. In 1835, the Parliamentary Commission estimated that his considerable duties would occupy him for about 4 hours a day, especially during the winter months. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The City Chamberlain's accounts in the period under study demonstrate that the Burghmote's main business was the regulation and control of the Commerce of the City of Canterbury (freemen, markets, apprentices) using its own resources (rents of property, freeman's fines, market dues, etc.) without recourse to direct rating 20 Select Committee on the Expenditure of County Rates. Report 21 June 1825. British Sessional Paper H. of C. 1825 Vo! vi, p. 1 onwards. See Appendix K for a summary of Frend's Return. 212 THE FINANCES AND GOVERNMENT OF CANTERBURY of the populace. The defence of the City was a matter for the County of Kent, through the Lord Lieutenancy, but the Burghmote contributed a little from time to time to the costs, and generally kept in touch with national affairs. The level of income was somewhat variable and the Burghmote was often stretched to meet its commitments, in many years achieving a negative balance. The non-payment of the Mayor's salary by giving him a bond instead of cash was a device frequently used to reduce a negative balance, and the admission of new freemen in parliamentary election years, or the receipt of large fines for renewal brought in welcome occasional additions to income. The Burghmote had no reserves of capital (apart from its portfolios of property) with which to finance extraordinary items of expenditure. Nevertheless they were able from time to time to undertake quite large new capital ventures out of their yearly income. Among these were the building of a new fish market, a new Bullstake market, widening High Bridge, taking down Burgate and Ridingate, and building a new Cattle Market (including the demolition of St. George's Gate). In some of these instances, public subscription supplemented Burghmote expenditure, and in some, particularly in the case of the Cattle Market, a large debt was incurred, which remained unpaid for a number of years. For larger ventures requiring capital and continuing resources beyond those available to the Burghmote, Acts of Parliament were procured. These set up Separate Corporations with their own powers to raise money through rates and tolls and with powers to borrow. The Act of 1727, to set up a Workhouse in Canterbury, constituted a Corporation of the Guardians of the Poor, and the Act of 1787 for Paving, Cleansing, Lighting and Watching Canterbury set up a Corporation of the Pavement Commissioners. Both these Corporations were distinct from the Burghmote with their own sources of income and financial responsibilities, though linked to the Burghmote through the Mayor, Recorder and Aldermen as members of the Court of Guardians, and as Commissioners of the Pavements. Law and Order in the County of the City of Canterbury were in the hands of the Mayor and those Aldermen who were also Magistrates, assisted by the Recorder. Canterbury kept its own Court of General Sessions two or three times a year, with powers equivalent to those of the Kent County Justices sitting in Quarter Sessions. Additionally, the Mayor also held Petty Sessions every month to hear minor misdemeanours and there was a Court of Requests to look into minor debts. A Court Leet was held yearly for each of the six Wards, to regulate for and control nuisances of all types, and to appoint a (unpaid) Constable and Borsholder for each Ward each year to 213 F.H. PANTON maintain the King's Peace. The two Aldermen of a Ward presided over the Court Leet, and the Constable reported to them on at least a monthly basis. The Chamberlain's Accounts throw little, if any, light on the financing of Law and Order in Canterbury. However, the Parliamentary Commission of 1835 stated that a County rate was first levied in 1773, and produced £41 a year, and that in 1831, the expenses of the Canterbury County Court were £68. The Report of the Parliamentary Select Committee of 1825 on the expenditure of County Rates gives a return of income and expenditure on the County Rate for Canterbury for the years 1792-1823. The sums disbursed annually amount to a few hundred pounds. In sum, at the beginning of the eighteenth century Canterbury's local government was carried on by one Corporation of the Mayor and Commonalty, with a Burghmote budget of about £500 p.a. By the end of the century the total cost was nearer £6,000 p.a.,21 disbursed by three distinct but somewhat interlocking Corporations. Burghmote expenditure in the Chamberlain's accounts was running at about £2000 p.a.; the Pavement Commissioners disbursed about £2500 p.a.; and the Court of Guardians liabilities were over £1000 a year. Both the Court of Guardians and the Pavement Commissioners levied rates on inhabitants of the City, but the Burghmote continued to run its business on its own resources. Additionally, there was expenditure of County Rate on Law and Order amounting to a few hundred pounds, for which the Mayor, Recorder and those Aldermen who were also Magistrates would be responsible. 21 It may be of interest to know that over the same time-scale the revenues of the Central Government rose from £3,800,000 to £37,000,000; a comparable tenfold increase. 214 APPENDIX A CANTERBURY CITY CHAMBERLAIN'S ACCOUNTS 1701-1702 tI1 z Charge £ s. d. Discharge £ s. d. ► z MILLS 20 0 0 FOREIGN EXPENDITURE (j 159 5 9 tI1 FISH SHAMBLES 5 0 4 CONDUIT 2 0 0 u, ► WHITSTABLE MARKET 2 1 2 POOR WOMEN 10 6 8 z FLESH MARKET 36 7 4 CHARGED BUT NOT 0 FREEMEN 57 7 6½ RECEIVED: CITY RENTS Q APPENTICES 3 8 9 ST. AUG. RENTS 0 CITY FARM RENTS 99 17 11½ INCROACHMENT 10 1 3 tI1 VI ST. AUGUSTINE RENTS 34 15 5½ TOLERATION :;,::i z INCROACHMENTS 1 13 9 SESSES 6 14 0 B::: PIPE MONEY 4 0 GOWNS 27 10 0 tI1 TOLERATION 7 0 ST. AUG. TENTHS 2 17 8½ z CASUAL RECEIPTS 28 14 8 STIPENDS 146 13 4 0 ARREARS HARBLEDOWN 13 6 8 "r:I FREEMEN 31 17 6 (j ► ST. AUG. RENTS 1 19 10½ z FIVE PENNY FEES 2 8 4 379 1 4½ CORN MARKET 7 4 6 :;,::i BULLSTAKE MARKET 4 0 0 to C DEBIT BALANCE 21 13 2½ 357 8 2 357 8 2 1790-1791 Charge £ s. d. Discharge £ s. d. MILLS 40 0 0 FOREIGN EXPENDITURE 588 15 3¼ FISH SHAMBLES 6 15 5 CONDUIT 1 0 0 WHITSTABLE MARKET - - - GOWNS 24 11 0 FLESH MARKET 70 6 0 POOR WOMEN 10 6 8 BULLSTAKE MARKET 23 8 5½ CHARGED BUT CORN MARKET 8 5 0 NOT RECEIVED: WEIGH BRIDGE 54 13 9 CITY RENTS 14 1 0 "Ij FREEMEN 100 10 1 ST. AUG. RENTS 7 7 ::i:: APPRENTICES 2 14 2 TAXES AND SESSES 42 14 10½ N '"O ..... CITY FARM RENTS 155 13 7½ ST. AUG. TENTHS 2 14 O½ ► 0\ ST. AUGUSTINE RENTS 50 13 10½ STIPENDS 125 10 9 z PIPE MONEY 3 4 HARBLEDOWN 13 6 8 CASUAL RECEIPTS 237 9 6 CREDIT BALANCE 145 1 O¼ z ARREARS FREEMEN 10 0 0 CITY RENTS 4 0 0 ST. AUG. RENTS LAST YEARS CREDIT BALANCE 203 18 8½ 968 11 11 968 11 11 THE FINANCES AND GOVERNMENT OF CANTERBURY SUMMARY 1700-1815 Year Charge Discharge Balance 1701-1702 357 8 2 379 7 4½ -21 19 2½ 1702-1703 347 15 9½ 342 7 9 5 8 0½ 1703-1704 344 8 5 339 7 11 5 0 6 1704-1705 368 6 2 371 14 5½ 3 8 3½ 1705-1706 286 3 6 271 7 8½ 14 15 9½ 1706-1707 454 1 9½ 337 6 3½ 116 15 6 1707-1708 505 0 1 401 18 8½ 103 1 7½ 1708-1709 447 12 5½ 235 13 7½ 211 18 11 1709-1710 784 17 10½ 603 6 5 67 2 5½ 1710-1711 655 10 5½ 358 4 8½ 297 5 9 1711-1712 602 5 7½ 600 14 6½ 1 11 1 1712-1713 391 17 4½ 375 17 2½ 16 0 1½ 1713-1714 443 2 4½ 457 1 6½ -13 19 2 1714-1715 370 10 7 431 14 9 -61 4 2 1715-1716 576 3 2 598 8 6 -22 5 3 1716-1717 416 19 8 470 10 6½ -53 10 10½ 1717-1718 649 13 5 508 18 10 140 14 7 1718-1719 631 6 3½ 462 9 10½ 168 16 8 1719-1720 551 19 9½ 465 9 4½ 86 10 5 1720-1721 524 5 5½ 412 4 2 112 1 3½ 1721-1722 430 6 1½ 439 6 6 -9 0 4½ 1722-1723 442 8 7 473 0 6 -30 11 11 1723-1724 359 13 7½ 424 10 2½ -64 16 7 1724-1725 436 15 4 489 19 0½ -53 3 8½ 1725-1726 406 17 6 473 15 3 -66 17 7 1726-1727 469 18 9½ 606 8 2½ -136 9 7 1727-1728 459 12 11 471 17 5 12 4 6 1728-1729 511 4 4¼ 504 19 3½ 6 5 0¾ 1729-1730 415 11 10¾ 404 9 6¼ 11 2 4½ 1730-1731 423 16 9¼ 447 5 6½ -23 8 9¼ 1731-1732 394 10 3½ 522 5 5¾ -127 15 2¼ 1732-1733 447 18 3½ 551 1 8 -103 3 5½ 1733-1734 473 7 3½ 490 12 3¼ -17 5 0¼ 1734-1735 403 3 3 455 1 7½ -51 18 4½ 1735-1736 493 18 1½ 564 7 5¼ -70 9 3¾ 1736-1737 634 4 8 655 8 10½ -21 4 2½ 1737-1738 953 6 9 741 8 3 211 8 6 1738-1739 643 9 4½ 648 6 4 -4 16 11 1739-1740 684 11 4 775 19 9½ -91 8 5½ 1740-1741 497 18 10 540 9 0 -42 10 2 1741-1742 460 12 8 423 7 6 37 5 2 1742-1743 695 9 5¾ 581 3 0 114 6 5¾ 1743-1744 648 13 5½ 587 10 9½ 61 2 8 1744-1745 525 10 0 505 6 6½ 20 3 5½ 1745-1746 555 5 11½ 552 8 10½ 2 17 1 1746-1747 530 13 0¾ 537 12 2½ -6 19 H 1747-1748 511 3 9½ 570 13 11¼ -59 10 11¾ 1748-1749 541 2 7 530 1 9¼ 10 0 9¾ 1749-1750 582 2 11¼ 377 1 8¼ 205 1 3 217 F.H. PANTON Year Charge Discharge Balance 1750-1751 861 4 9 733 9 8 128 0 1 1751-1752 731 12 2¾ 616 13 6½ 114 18 8¼ 1752-1753 749 15 4½ 633 8 0 116 7 4½ 1753-1754 851 4 10 812 13 5½ 38 11 4½ 1754-1755 1319 9 1H 1143 13 8½ 175 16 3 1755-1756 778 11 6½ 772 13 8½ 5 17 10 1756-1757 725 7 5½ 713 8 1¼ 11 19 4¼ 1757-1758 483 9 9¾ 509 19 7½ -26 9 9¾ 1758--1759 549 10 4¾ 645 18 6½ -51 8 1¾ 1759-1760 658 2 5½ 684 5 0 -26 2 6½ 1760-1761 893 9 9 835 5 9 58 4 0 1761-1762 525 14 9 564 16 3 61 4 6 1762-1763 609 11 2 511 11 H 98 0 0½ 1763-1764 652 8 9¼ 764 19 11 -112 11 H 1764-1765 745 10 10½ 700 7 3¾ 45 3 6¾ 1765 1766 707 7 9¼ 547 1 3il 160 6 5½ 1766-1767 748 16 2¼ 530 9 lOi! 218 7 4½ 1767-1768 847 15 8 648 12 9¾ 199 2 10¼ 1768--1769 759 6 lOi! 641 11 0½ 108 17 10¼ 1769-1770 628 12 H 626 16 7½ 1 15 6 1770-1771 523 12 0¼ 473 2 10½ 50 9 1¾ 1771-1772 577 18 1 497 16 2½ 80 1 10½ 1772-1773 789 6 2 687 10 1 101 16 1 1773-1774 803 0 11 659 14 7½ 143 6 3½ 1774-1775 715 2 8½ 404 14 0¼ 310 8 8¼ 1775-1776 789 2 H 487 4 H 301 18 0 1776-1-777 936 0 6½ 654 11 4½ 281 9 2 1777-1778 871 19 8 870 16 4i/ 1 3 3¼ 1778--1779 554 12 Si/ 434 0 8 119 11 9i/ 1779-1780 712 7 Sil 723 13 6½ -11 5 9i/ 1780-1781 584 3 H 600 16 9½ -16 13 8 1781-1782 746 4 8 599 1 11¼ 145 2 8¾ 1782-1783 736 13 8½ 546 4 11¾ 189 8 8½ 1783-1784 821 6 3½ 623 4 2 198 2 H 1784-1785 723 15 7½ 683 10 0½ 40 5 7 1785-1786 635 4 3 589 8 9 45 15 6 1786-1787 637 4 9¼ 472 3 4¾ 165 8 4½ 1787-1788 846 12 3½ 680 10 4¾ 166 1 lOi! 1788--1789 988 0 2½ 487 0 9½ 460 19 5 1789-1790 1448 0 5 1244 1 9½ 203 18 8½ 1790-1791 968 11 11 822 10 10 145 1 H 1791-1792 1 2678 12 5 2783 10 0½ -104 17 7½ 1792-1793 3147 8 4½ 3094 1 4 53 7 0½ 1793-1794 625 15 5½ 851 5 9 -225 9 3½ 1794-1795 867 0 0 1123 0 6 -256 0 6 1795-17962 1057 2 11½ 1270 10 3½ -213 7 4 1 The large income in 1791-92 includes the £2450 premium paid by Simmons and Kirkby for their lease on the mills. (See Appendix G). 2 The accounts of 1795-96 include the purchase of the Cold Baths from Mr. Baldock for £650. 218 THE FINANCES AND GOVERNMENT OF CANTERBURY Year Charge Discharge Balance 1796-1797 990 14 7½ 948 8 3 42 6 4½ 1797-1798 1064 9 7¾ 770 7 8¾ 293 11 11 1798-1799 1404 16 1H 736 2 4½ 668 14 7 1799-1800 1888 7 4½ 1865 0 5 23 6 11½ 1800-1801 1315 3 2 1328 0 0 -12 16 10 1801-1802 1349 13 0 1636 15 9½ -286 12 9½ 1802-1803 7831 4 3½ 7908 3 1 -77 4 1 1803-1804 1177 11 0½ 1423 19 7½ -246 8 7 1804-1805 1767 13 H 1746 14 11 20 19 0½ 1805-1806 1187 14 11 1013 11 0½ 174 3 10½ 1806-1807 1343 16 1 1495 3 2 -152 7 3 1807-1808 973 13 2½ 1165 0 9½ -291 7 7 1808-1809 1285 11 9½ 2107 18 5 -822 6 7½ 1809-1810 1045 11 9½ 2152 9 6½ -1106 17 9 1810-1811 1083 17 5½ 2220 2 11½ -1136 5 6 1811-1812 972 5 6 2458 4 2½ -1455 18 8½ 1812-1813 1851 8 11 3349 18 3 -1498 9 4 1813-1814 1004 18 3 2958 7 1 -1943 8 10 1814-1815 1375 7 0 3336 15 4 -1961 8 2 APPENDIX B The Case of Levi Moses and Edward Jacob and Charles Noble and Richard Fuller An interesting and somewhat amusing case which illustrates the lengths to which the Burghmote and its agents were prepared to go to protect the privileges of Freedom of the city occurred in 1747 and is quite fully recorded in the Chamberlain's account book. In that year (21GII) in the Court of Common Pleas, Maidstone, Hilary Term, Levi Moses, an itinerant hawker, accused Edward Jacob, Chamberlain of Canterbury City, assisted by R ichard Fuller, Sgt. at Arms, and Charles Noble, of assault, imprisonment and of unlawful seizure of stock in trade. Levi attested that on the 27th May, 1747, the assault on him by the accused was so severe that his life was greatly despaired of; that he was imprisoned for six hours; and that the accused took and carried away one hawking box full of wares. Further, that, on the 28th May, he was further assaulted and beaten by the accused, imprisoned for ten hours, and had another hawking box with its contents stolen. Jacob's reasons for his action was that it was Moses's common practice from time to time to run about the City of Canterbury hawking his goods, going frequently to the prison to sell his wares to prisoners. A specific offence alleged was that Moses did within the City sell a pair of Buckles to one Wm. Harnett and offer goods to one John Kite. For these reasons Moses had by law or same custom of the City forfeited several (two) sums of 618d. Jacob as Chamberlain assisted by Fuller, therefore, took a Great and a Small Box as forfeiture for the 1314d. as byelaw or custom gave them the right so to do. In his evidence Moses claimed that the Great Box distrained on the 27th May, 1747, contained goods valued £200, and the contents were listed as: 3 The accounts in 1802-03 include £4007 on both Charge and Discharge, for the Cattle Market construction and destruction of St. George's Gate. 219 F.H. PANTON 100 silver buttons, 100 silver waistcoat buttons, 40 pair silver shoe buckles, 40 pair silver belt buckles, 20 pair silver clasps, 20 silver shirt buckles, 40 pair silver stock buckles, 10 silver watches, 6 metal watches, 40 pair silver buttons, 40 pair silver studs, 500 pair stone buttons, 20 pair silver punch ladles, 100 pair scissors, 200· knives, 200 forks, 200 pen knives, 200 razors, 100 pair spectacles, 100 French necklaces, 100 other necklaces, 20 gold seals, 20 silver seals, 50 Pinchbeck metal seals, 50 steel seals, 50 other seals, 20 silver snuff boxes, 40 Japan snuff boxes, 40 steel snuff boxes, 50 steel tobacco boxes, 20 tweezer cases, 100 watch keys, 100 watch springs, 500 pencils, 20 pounds of rhubarb, 100 tooth picks, 40 large silver spoons, 100 silver tea spoons, 40 pair silver tea tongs, 20 silver salts, 40 ivory pocket books with silver pencils, 40 silver fountain pens, 100 other fountain pens, 100 steel watch chains, 20 silver punch strainers, 20 silver clasps, 20 silver boats, 20 silver pap spoons, 10 pair silver spurs, 20 silver pepper boxes, 40 pair nippers, 100 smelling bottles, 20 cases of silver instruments, 20 cases of other instruments, 100 cork screws, 20 tweezer cases. Moses further alleged that the second hawking box distressed on 28th May, 1747, had contents also to the value of £200 and listed them as follows: 100 other silver coat buttons, 100 other silver waistcoat buttons, 40 other pairs of silver shoe buckles, 40 other pair of silver knee buckles, 20 other pair of silver clasps, 20 other pair of silver shirt buckles, 40 other silver stock buckles, 10 other silver watches, 6 other metal watches, 40 other pair of silver buttons, 40 other pair of silver studs, 500 other pair of stone buttons, 20 other silver punch ladles, 100 other pair of scissors, 200 other knives, 200 other forks, 200 other penknives, 200 other razors, 100 other pairs spectacles, 100 other pair of French necklaces, 100 other necklaces, 20 other gold seals, 50 other silver seals, 50 other steel seals, 50 other seals, 20 other snuff boxes, 50 other steel tobacco boxes, 20 other tweezer cases, 100 other watch keys, 100 other watch springs, 500 other pencils, 20 other pounds rhubarb, 100 other tooth pick cases, 40 other large spoons, 100 other silver tea spoons, 40 other pair silver tea tongs, 20 other pair silver salts, other pocket book with silver pencils, 40 other tortoise shell pocket books with silver pencils, 40 other silver fountain pens, 100 other fountain pens, 100 other steel watch chains, 20 other silver punch strainers, 20 other silver scrolls, 20 other silver boats, 20 other silver pap spoons, 10 other pair silver spoons, 20 other silver pepper boxes, 40 other pair steel spurs, 20 other silver nutmeg graters, 40 other pair steel nippers, 100 other smelling bottles, 20 other cases silver instruments, 20 other cases of other instruments, 100 other corkscrews, 100 other ivory perfume eggs, 20 other tweezers, 20 other tweezer cases. The Corporation took advice from Counsel on how to proceed in the case. Counsel's opinion, recorded in the Chamberlain's account book, held that as Levi was not free of the City, Jacob had a right to distress. However, this right did not derive from Byelaw or Custom but by an Act of Henry VIII, 35th year - in extract - 'Act for Canterbury ... no persons or persons being Foreigners and not being Free Citizens of the said City of Canterbury should not (sic) from henceforth ... sell any manner of merchandize to or with any manner of person, or persons, foreigner and not being free citizens of the said City nor keep any open shop nor use any Mysteries or Handycraft with the same City within licence of the Mayor and Aldermen . .. f or every such offence 618d. Provided that the Act not extend to Butcher, Fishmonger, Flesh, Fish or other Victual ... The lawyers noted that John Pilcher was to give evidence that Levi made it a common practice to hawk his goods in the City for a long time before the Distress and that 'in order to qualify the witness John Pilcher (who was a Freeman) to give evidence in this case he was disqualified at a Court of Burghmote ... as will appear in the Corporation Book ... ' 220 THE FINANCES AND GOVERNMENT OF CANTERBURY Counsel's advice further noted that 'as the case stands it may be quite hazardous to offer any evidence of the circumstances attending the caption of the Boxes other than what drops from the plaintiffs own witnesses'. The defence should be that Jacob acted as an officer of the City and the Distress by him was the several sums of 6/Sd. forfeited by offending the Act. The defence should put Levi to a proof of the goods and values in the larger box which was locked when taken. Valuation subsequently was not a proof of what was there at the time. As to the assault, the defendant 'gently hit Levi's hands in order to make him quit his hold but not in such a manner as to cause him the least harm'. The City lost the case, though the settlement was considerably less than the 400 or so pounds said to be the contents value of the boxes. Under 'Foreign Expenses' on the 'Discharge' side of the Chamberlain's Accounts for the year 1747-48 we find the (Payments) items 'Paid Mr Ward, Attorney for the said Levi Moses his bill of costs and damages for the above mentioned Action: £124-16--Sd. Paid said Mr Ward more in full of his further demands in the above mentioned case as per receipt: £10- 0-0d. Paid Mr Thorn, Mr Hammond's agent for his trouble in accomodating and settling the last mentioned bill: 11-Sd. Mr Hammond his futher Bill for defending the said Action brought by the said Levi against this Accomptant' £27-10-0d. The goods in Levi's boxes were evidently dispersed somewhat, and the value of them had to be recorded, as witnessed by these entries on the 'Charge' (receipt) side of the Account Book for 1747-48: 'Received of Michael Lade for Plate belonging to Levi Moses a Jew and distrained by this Accomptant for the said Jew's hawking in this City for which there was an action brought against this Accomptant by the said Levi Moses who got a verdict on the said Action and thereby recovered the said Plate and other things in Damages with cash on the said Action - which said damages and costs were ordered by the Court of Burghmote of the City to be paid by this Accomptant out of the Revenues of this City. Received of Charles Noble for goods of the said Levi Moses distrained as above more of the said goods Levi Moses as for costs on his Amending the Replication in the above mentioned case' £18-14-Sd. 5- 0-0d. 6-6d. 4- 6--6d. Despite this debacle, Alderman Edward Jacob remained Chamberlain for a further four years. We may draw a number of tentative conclusions from the Chamberlain's records of this case. First, the legal grounds on which the City prevented hawkers from selling their wares within the City were by no means clear. The Act of Henry VIII as quoted is obscure, in that it seems to imply that hawkers could sell their wares to Freemen of the City; hence, presumably, the need to disenfranchise Pilcher before he could give 221 F.H. PANTON evidence against Levi. Second, while Levi's account of the amount of force used was obviously exaggerated - he seemed to be well enough to suffer a second attack on the day after the first, which he claimed had caused his life to be despaired of - nevertheless Counsel's advice indicates that more than reasonable force may have been used. Third, the range, number and value of contents of the hawking boxes, though presumably exaggerated by Levi, is impressive. Jacob most probably would have known that the value of the contents of a box was out of all proportion to the amount of the fine. He might possibly be forgiven for appropriating one box, but to go back the next day and forcibly take another could hardly be justified. Fourth, we must suspect that some at least of the contents of the boxes were dispersed to Burghmote members privately. There is no evidence that the goods distrained were formally received into the Chamberlain's accounts. Fifth, that Levi was a Jew might explain the Cavalier fashion in which the Chamberlain acted. However, it is a credit to the impartiality of English justice that Levi obtained a favourable verdict. Sixth, and finally, there is no indication in the Chamberlain's accounts for the rest of the eighteenth century that this case caused any radical change to the Burghmote's approach to the matter of free trade within the City, though there are no other records of the use of force for this purpose. APPENDIX C CHAMBERLAIN'S ACCOUNTS Farm Rents of the City 1740-1741 £ s. d. Sir John Hales Bart. Red Lion Inn; Land called Tythe Barn and Kings Mead 32 10 0 Sir John Hales Bart. Cellar under Town Hall 2 10 0 William Wade Executors. Dungeon Ground 4 0 0 John Wade. Ground next to City Wall without Northgate 10 0 John Wade. Garden in (North) Lane and another thereunto adjoining 12 0 Widow Caister Executors. Cornerhouse next to Duck Lane and the Garden adjoining 2 10 0 Widow of - Sutton for the Cornerhouse near and without Northgate and for the way leading to Breake Pott Lane and four chimneys over the River and a Bridge and a small spott of land near the same. 2 0 0 Samuel Hroumoult for a garden near and without Northgate 4 Theophilus Bullinger for a garden at Northgate 1 6 Richard Philpott. Tenement and Garden in Broad Street and orchard thereto belonging 1 10 0 John Bush late Deborah Hammond for Picknott Alley now built upon 1 0 0 Edward Saunders for the tower next to Postern Gate 2 10 0 Edward Brown for a Garden at Postern Gate now devised to him with the mills 10 0 Mrs Elizabeth Gosling's heirs for Colkin's Lane in St. Peter's Parish 10 0 222 THE FINANCES AND GOVERNMENT OF CANTERBURY £ s. d. Widow Deoane for a Tower and Garden called Rosiers in the Parish of Holy Cross 3 Heirs of Nathaniel Walker for an Annuity arising out of certain 0 0 lands in view of a certain Lane leading from Stower Street to Castle Street 3 0 John Rigden for the Gravel Pits in Wincheap 4 0 0 Mrs Jane Hobb for part of the Town Dike in Wincheap 5 0 0 Samuel Lepine late William Clerk for the Dyers House next to the Waterlock in Stower Street 4 0 0 Heirs of Madam Hardres for part of St. Austin's Friars Lane in St. George's Parish 2 0 Sir Edward Dering Bart for a tenement and Garden near Burgate 4 0 0 Heirs of Mr John Sawkins Sons for Colton Ground next St. Mildred's Churchyard 1 0 0 Heirs of William Turner Esq. for part of Saint Austin Fryers Lane Robert Potens Heirs for an old Chapel and half an acre of land in 2 0 St. Mildred's Parish formerly demised for 300 years from 38 Henry VIII 1547 AD 1 Reverend Mr Forester for a Garden at the South End of Chappel Church Yard 4 Mr Henry Waddell for a tenement in Northgate 5 0 Thomas Johnson for two tenements in Northgate 1 9½ Thomas Johnson for two other tenements in Northgate 1 8 John Howinson for a Garden in Ruttington Lane called Allops in Northgate 4 Humphrey Pudner for a Garden in St. Mary Bredin 1 Reverend Dr Ayerst for a piece of ground next to the backside of his Garden in Burgate 4 John Whitfield Esq. for a Garden in the Parish of St. Mary Bredin 0 0 Samuel Arnet part of the Town Dike between St. George's Gate and Riding Gate and the Tower there 1 0 0 Heirs of John Pembroke for an Osier Garden called Little Britain 1 0 George Kidder for the Garrett over the Corn Market 10 0 Mrs Sandway for two tenements and a garden next the wall on the west end of Northgate Church 6 8 Titus Rufford's executors for a Messuage now in Four Tenements next to Riding Gate in the Town Dike and the Gardens thereto adjoining Executors of Martha Sandman Widow for a Messuage formerly 1 0 0 Salutation next to Whitstable Market 5 0 St. John's Hospital for a Garden near Broad Street John Soddezy for part of the Black Dike and a small piece of 4 ground next the Postern Gate in St. Mildred's Churchyard 1 5 0 Elizabeth Blackburn late Sir William Bogs for one of the towers next Newingate Lane the overseers of St. George's Parish Solomon Cotton for the House formerly called the Woolsack in 5 0 the Same Parish 3 0 0 Mr Alderman Botting for Green Alley under the wall next to St. Mildred's Churchyard 10 0 Simon Evernden for a tenement by the River next St. Mildred's Churchyard John Tapsell for Little Dungeon Hill now enclosed with a wall and 10 0 late Solomon Bates 5 0 223 F.H. PANTON Executors of Susanne Hare for a Messuage next to Burgate and for the Ground from there to Pastern Bridge next Broadstreet Thomas Rolfe for a room over St. Georges Gate Heirs of Charles Lipyeatt for the ground betwixt St. George's Gate and Burgate and the Buildings thereon John Austen for a Messuage and Malthouse at St. Martin's Lane Sir William Boys for a garden and Building thereon erected next Newingate next City Wall James Rowling for several tenements and the ground between St. George's Gate and Burgate John Austen for a garden next to St. Martin's Mill belonging to the Malthouse to the City Heirs of William Lake, Victuallers, for part of the Black Dike and part of the Dungeon ground late John Sinds Executors of Elizabeth Roberts for the Tower of the city Wall near Browning's Mill Richard Austen for a small piece of land next to the River where the Whitingfield House formerly stood Thomas Sivants for lands without Westgate lying between river and the City Wall Abraham Willsden for a tenement in Duck Lane late Peter Webster's William Hammond late Stephen Aldridge for part of Oaten Hill to Manhill on Heirs of Robert Jagger for a piece of ground next to the Castle Dike near the Sessions House Sampson Harman late Philip Goodhew for the Towers at Riding Gate Executors of John Pembroke for the Black Dike late in the occupation of Mr Alderman Token Nicholas Stoddy for part of Oaten Hill James Six for a stable in Pound Lane next to the City Pound Received of him more for a stable belonging to the keepers house Mr Robert Brooke for a year's rent for the Wine Vault under the new Market due Michaelmas 1741 William Symonds for a Tenement in Northgate falling to the City by Escheat TOTAL (66 Rents in total) Farm Rents of the Two Mills 1740-1741 One whole years rent due to Mayor and Commonalty received from Mr Edward Browne for the Mills belonging to the City called King's Mill and Abbott's Mill demised to the aforesaid Edward Browne due at the feast of St. Michael last past 1741 224 £ s. d. 1 0 0 10 0 6 0 12 0 0 15 0 10 0 1 0 3 0 0 5 0 3 4 5 0 6 8 5 0 7 6 5 0 15 0 5 0 4 0 2 6 16 0 0 10 0 122 11 H 40 0 0 THE FINANCES AND GOVERNMENT OF CANTERBURY APPENDIXD CHAMBERLAIN'S ACCOUNTS St. Augustine's Rents; 1745-1746 £ s. d. Francis Whitfield. Five Tenements from his Dwelling House to Whitstable Market 5 0 0 Mrs Pembroke. Tenement in Mercery Lane 1 0 0 James Cooke. Tenement in Mercery Lane 6 8 Heirs of Richard Edburgh. Tenement next St. Mary Bredman 6 Mr Thomas Bassett. Tenement in St. Andrew's Parish called Old Boar Inn 14 0 Thomas Tilboy. Corner House at Bullstake Market 6 0 William Raylstun. Tenement St. George's Street 4 0 0 John Hardres. Two Tenements in St. George's Parish in the occupation of James Crowley 4½ John Simpson. House in St. George's 3 2 Thomas Thompson and wife. Tenement in St. George's Parish in the occupation of James Crowley 9 Henry Sampson. Tenement St. George's Parish in occupation of Mrs Hobday 2 4 Society of Drapers and Taylors. Corner House at end of Canterbury Lane 2 0 - - Wallis. Corner House by St. George's Gate occupation of Richard Austen 1 3 Philip Lane. Croft of Land next Ivy Lane 7 0 John Hobday's Heirs. Tenement sometime Mr Moor's 7 John Lollesdon. Tenement and Garden Ivy Lane 3 Henry Parker. Tenement Dover Lane 1 3 Henry Scrags. Tenement Dover Lane 1 11 Rist Fanner. Tenement, Star, without St. George's Gate 1 1 Widow Day and others. Two Tenements late the widow Kitchen and a garden in Stower Street in St. Mildred's Parish with a piece of ground called Bullock Lane 7 15 0 Carlo Winsky. Garden in St. Mildred's inclosed with Brick Wall 1 Joseph Rigden. Tenement in Castle Street 1 4 Samuel Froomoult. For part of Brewhouse at corner of St. John's Lane in Castle Street 1 0 Mrs Taddy. Piece of land in parish St. Mary de Castro adjoining dyke 2 6 John Lade. Land at end of Duck Lane 1 10 0 Richard Hudson. Late Aid. Bullock Tenement in St. Paul's Parish 4 0 0 John Sankey. Late John Harrison Tenement in St. Paul's Parish called Maiden Head 2 0 0 Peter Webster. Croft of ground in St. Mary Bredman 6 0 Heirs of Thomas Upton. Ground next to North Holmes 13 4 Thomas Wells. Messuage formerly called the Ship in Ivy Lane 1 0 Mrs Doll. Messuage against town Dyke St. Paul's 2 0 Michael Pitey. Tenement in St. Paul's Lane Nicholas John East 4 0 Nathaniel Masey and wife. Tenement in St. Paul's Parish late Elizabeth Roberts 3 0 225 F.H. PANTON £ s. d. Basil Harrison late Mrs Bullock. House without Burgate formerly called the Christopher now in occupation of Mrs Petman 3 1 Church Warden St. Paul's. Tenement adjoining Vicarage of St. Paul's 1 4 Mrs Fondale. Tenement formerly the Ship in St. Paul's Parish 1 Heirs of Benjamin Langley. Three tenements in St. Paul's against Town Dyke 11 Prior of St. Nicholas Harbledown. Tenement in St. Paul's Parish 1 4 John Bean late Newmans. Corner House against St. Augustine's Gate 5 8 Basil Harrison late Mrs Bullock. Part of Orchard back of her house next Ivy Lane 1 2 0 Walter Clarke. House and land in St. Paul's 7 William Pembroke. Two Tenements and two Gardens in St. Paul's Parish 1 0 Mrs Bullock for tenement in St. Paul's 8 Mr George Smith. Tenement Ivy Lane, Parish St. Paul's 3 11 Thomas Willesden. Alley in Duck Lane Parish of Northgate 2 0 Thomas Walker and Mr Flackton for two Tenements in Northgate Parish 8 Warden of Jesus Hospital. Garden in Northgate Parish called Boars Arse 2½ Edward Leharve. Two Tenements Parish Northgate against the Mint 6 Bazel Harrison. Tenement West end Tuttington Lane 8 Bazel Harrison other tenement next adjoining 8 t) Thomas Upton's heirs for Tenement in Ruttington Lane 1 2 Mr Warly late Hester Bridendon for a Messuage adjoining the Parish Church St. Mary Bredman 6 8 John Rye for a Tenement called the Globe in Castle Street 1 0 Heirs of William Simmonds for a Tenement in Iron Cross, St. Margaret's 1 6 Widow Love for Corner House next Burgate Gate 1 2 Thomas Walker. Dogs Head in the Pott in St. Peter's 1 0 John Walker Heirs. Two Tenements St. Georges 1 2 William Roberts Heirs. Tenement in Burgate 1 0 William Roberts Heirs. Tenement adjoining 3 4 Dr Pack. Messuage in Burgate 4 Stephen Durant. The Crown in Burgate 5 0 Mrs Hobday. Tenement in Burgate Carpenters Arms 8 Widow Taylor. Orchard near Abbott's Mill St. Alphege 4½ Abraham Sogrand. Tenement and piece of land in St. Alphege 4½ Widow Dullback, late the heirs of Arnold Facon. Tenement next the Churchyard of All Saints 2 0 John Sharpey Late Widow Love. Messuage next the Ship in Burgate 3 4 Peter Webster Gentleman. Messuage in Burgate Street 1 0 - - - Tull for Messuage adjoining Burgate Church 5 0 Mrs Fondall for Four Tenements in St. Paul's 4 0 0 Aid. Tolputt for Tenement in St. Paul's 1 16 0 Philip Busher. Piece of land next Parsonage in St. Mildred's on which several Tenements built 4 226 THE FINANCES AND GOVERNMENT OF CANTERBURY Thomas Moore. Tenement in Ivy Lane late in occupation John Bentley Thomas White, Late William Holme for the like Robert Turner for the like John Haddeway Jun. for the like William Friend for the like William Brown for the like John Wilcocks late Widow Rigen for the like John Haddeway Sen. for the like Thomas Adams late Widow Malpas for the like now with the improved rent of 12 shillings TOTAL of St. Augustine's Rents. (80 rents in total) NOTE: Farm Rents of City Include the rent of the following towers next to Postern Gate Tower; Rosiers in the Parish of Holy Cross One of the towers next Newingate Room above St. George's Gate Tower of the City Wall near Brownings Mill Towers at Riding Gate Of the 66 Farm Rents of the City, about 30 are on the City Wall or Gates, or on the Dike, or are land or buildings adjoining St. Augustine's Rents Only two refer to City Wall or Dike. Quite a number round St. Augustine's, outside the City proper, and the remainder tenements or properties inside the walls. APPENDIX E Bunce's Reorganisation of the City Estates £ s. d. 1 15 1 16 1 15 1 15 1 10 1 15 1 15 2 2 2 2 56 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5½ 2 10 0 3 0 0 1 5 0 10 0 5 0 5 0 In a 'Memorial' dated 19 September, 1797, Alderman Bunce1 reviewed the range of the estates which the City held and made some sweeping proposals for maximising the income from them, both in the short and long term. The occasion for Bunce undertaking this work was that the Burghmote had voted to take St. George's Gate down provided the public would subscribe £200. But no donations had been forth- 1 CYPRIAN RONDEAU BUNCE, MAYOR OF CANTERBURY 1789. Lawyer and Antiquary, Cataloguer of the City and Burgmote records. Translator of several Charters, etc., of Canterbury (viz. Edward IV, Henry VII, James I, Charles II) by a 'Citizen' of Canterbury, J. Grove 1791. Born 27 October, 1752, son of John Bunce, vicar of St. Stephen's, Hackington. Buried 26 July, 1807, at St. Stephen's, Hackington. 227 F.H. PANTON coming, after advertisement, and none were likely. Nor was the Court of Burghmote likely to use any of its Capital Stock, depressed as the value of the Stock was at that time.2 Other ways of meeting the cost had, therefore, to be sought. Bunce referred to an Act procurred by the Corporation of Hereford in 1774, with the concurrence of the Bishop and the Dean and Chapter, to enable all bodies corporate, collegiate or ecclesiastic to alienate their properties within the city, and to use the money so derived to purchase other freehold estates in the County. The consequence had been that inhabitants, no longer college tenants on uncertain leases, had vied with each other in the elegance of their buildings and in public improvements such as the widening of narrow passages, etc. 3 He suggested that a similar Act could be obtained to enable the Archbishop and the Dean and Chapter to pursue a similar course with their properties which form a considerable part of one of our larger and most principal streets, extending from Burgate to Worthgate and are otherwise intermingled with freehold of other inhabitants in this city. Leaving that suggestion on one side. Bunce went on to note that housing in Canterbury was at a premium, since the Paving Act had given a great general improvement, and the design of the government was to keep large bodies of Troops in the city, making Canterbury the Central Rendezvous of soldiers for the protection of this part of the Coast; hence a large increase in population.4 Bunce then went on to review the resources in property owned by the Burghmote in the City, which they might apply to assuage this need and to their own advantage. City 'Farm Rents' Without the City Wall from Ridingate to Newingate, then the Burgate, then nearly to Northgate and from Northgate to the end of Duck Lane, the Mayor and Commonalty had various pieces of ground all under lease to tenants for terms not exceeding thirty years, used mostly as gardens, 'little productive either to landlord or tenants'. From Ridingate to Burgate, the land was well calculated for houses of a superior description, and the land from the Church Pastern (where the Recorder's Garden ends) by the whole of Broad Street to the South West end of the Street, and from Northgate by Duck Lane to land belonging to the City let by Simmons and Royle, appeared to contain sufficient width between the wall and the Street for houses of an inferior description for letting to Journeymen and to the Poor at rents from £3 to to £10 a year. Bunce proposed that the leases of these should be bought in and the Freehold should be sold by public auction in lots as housing. Alternatively, should the Burghmote object to buying the present leases, it could offer to extend the leases for sixty years or other long term for a fine. 2 Unusually for them at that time the Canterbury Burghmote had £760-0-Zd. invested in Capital Stock (yielding a dividend of £22-16-0d. a year) the remains of the £2450 fine (premium) paid by James Simmons and Joseph Royle for the lease of the Abbott's and King's Mills. 3 Bunce may have had in mind here the inhibiting effect tenancy of Church properties in Canterbury had on such tenants' willingness to participate in the general spirit of refurbishment liberated by the Paving of Canterbury under the Pavement Commissioners Act of 1787. Hasted writing on this subject had noted that the short tenure which some of the Canterbury householders held their property from the church deterred them from hazarding more on such uncertain property. 4 A footnote to p. 3 of Gostling's 'Walks', 5th Ed. 1806, notes that Canterbury increased in size from about 9000 to about 11,400 in the years 1792 and 1805. 228 THE FINANCES AND GOVERNMENT OF CANTERBURY St. George's and the Cattle Market Bunce proposed that should the Cattle Market be taken further back southward some 50 ft. (using the land now demised to Mantle); St. George's Gate material when taken down should be used as foundations for the Market and extension; also that the land on each side of the Gate for about 50 ft. to the lane on the south-east corner of the Market should be let with a fine. Properties integral part of buildings or land For properties such as Pikenot Alley, Cokins Lane, part of Mrs. Kersings house in Burgate which are integral with other properties or land the fee simple could be sold to the tenants. St. Augustine's Rents Bunce noted that the then Mayor and Commonalty after purchase of the Monastery Estate in the fifteenth century (sic - presumably sixteenth century is meant] were induced to let same properties at very long leases of 600, 500 and 300 years for a valuable consideration reserving only nominal rents. At the same time, the then Mayor and Commonalty bought of the King various small rents, late paid to the Monastery, in number 57, and in yearly amounts totalling £8-11-lHd. The trouble in collecting such amounts argued for selling the fee simple of the properties. Other City Farm Rents Bunce noted that the City owned sundry slips of land lying under the City Wall without on each side of Westgate as part of the City Farm Rents. The slip on the south West was let to John Southee, Tollmonger and expires Lady Day 1800 (Annual rent 1/-). The long building on it had been converted to soldiers barracks. It had access through the City Wall by the west end of the Church, and was useful to the Tollmonger and for Tanning, Dying, etc. Lands northwards of Westgate are long narrow strips from the Gate to land sold recently to Mr Parker and including the Tollmongers yard let to Southee, and the square tower let to Parker, total amount £3-13-6d, being held by their opposite tenants in North Lane at low rents on leases. Bunce considered these slips should be sold to present lessees or neighbours. Other Properties Bunce did not recommend selling the Corn Market, which might be needed, if Government policy swings to sale of corn on the open market. (In very ancient times, Bunce remarked, the Corn Market was the prison and Common Speech House termed the Guildhall). However, the Engine House could be let on a building lease for a time. Land at Oaten Hill and at Barnacle Cross Wincheap should be sold for development. SUMMARY Bunce noted that the amount of yearly rents of all the several properties in the schedules recommended for disposal was £40-14--3d. He further noted that those estates not covered by his recommendations produced an annual rental of £302-12-5½d. and were in a state of such progressive improvement to give a fair prospect of a speedy increase in revenue. 229 F.H. PANTON MEMORIAL OF CYPRIAN RONDEAU BUNCE, 19 SEPTEMBER, 1797 Schedule A This schedule contains such of the Estates of the Mayor and Commonalty of Canterbury as are proposed to them to be either sold absolutely or let on leases for a term of years on a Rent and fine Last renewal fine Description Annual Rents £ s. d. No fine taken A Messuage and garden upon the Town Dike on the North side of Ridingate demised to William Sankey on lease which is not renewable and will expire 18 Oct. 1800 2 5 0 £3-12-0d. Two messuages with the Stable and Garden on the Town Dike containing in front from the Tower of Ridingate along the Street towards the South 54 ft. and at the back part from the Wall to the above premises let to Mr Sankey North and East 46 ft. and from the Tower to the Street 10 ft. demised to Mary Bing on a lease which is not renewable and will expire Lady Day 1803 8 0 £3-12-0d. One messuage lately two with the garden on the North Side of Ridingate on part of the Town Dike now occupied by the Widow Sankey demised to Mr Sankey on a renewable lease at the rent of 8 0 No fine taken The Town Dike and Garden from the above mentioned premises to the Cattle Market South to Mr Sankey's Estate, containing in length by the Highway 27 Rods and in Breadth 4 Rods (inclusive of the square piece at the North West End) where it is four Rods and one inch broad demised to John Mantle on a lease expiring Michaelmas 1799 not renewable 9 3 0 No fine taken A piece of ground and Buildings without the Wall, extending from St. George's Gate to the Tower demised to Thomas White on a lease which is not renewable and will expire at Michaelmas 1805. 4 1 0 £28-10-0d. The Houses and Garden ground from Christ Church Pastern towards Northgate demised to Jarman and Pilcher renewable lease. 5 0 0 £15-10-0d. Houses and Gardens adjoining extending farther towards Northgate demised to John Philpot renewable. 1 10 0 A piece of ground at the back of the Black Swan in North Gate near the city Wall in length 59 ft. and in Breadth at the West end 20 ft. and at the East End 10 ft. let to William Baldcock renewable. 5 0 230 THE FINANCES AND GOVERNMENT OF CANTERBURY £ s. d. £3-13-6d. A messuage and two gardens adjoining Northgate Church under the wall by Duck Lane demised to John Potter but now in the hands of George Gipps, renewable 2 10 0 A small garden in Duck Lane at the West end of the side two gardens of Potter let to George Wolcot yearly tenant. 6 8 A garden in Duck Lane containing in length from the City Wall to the Lane 15 yards and a half and in breadth from the Garden let to S and R to another Garden demised to Potter 15 yards. A garden between Northgate Church and the Black Swan in length from the Church Wall to the sewer adjoining the Swan 9 yards and a half. Breadth from the land let to Mr Baldock into the Highway 9 yards and a stable thereon. £12-0--0d. Also one garden formerly two gardens a little above the East End of Northgate Church in length from the West end Boundary of the land Jet to Mr Baldock to the East End boundary to the Garden let to St John's Hospital 47 ft. and in breadth at each end thereof from the City Wall to the sewer 21 ft. Also the lower end of Breakpot Lane in St. Peter's Parish of two dwelling houses small piece of land a chimney adjoining. All the above premises are demised on a renewable lease to Rev. Charles Sutton at a yearly rent of 2 0 0 No fine taken A piece of land 25 perches and one quarter in Broad Street North to the Dean and chapters land East to North Holmes and south to land late Ockings with the house and other buildings held by John Worthy renewable expires Michaelmas 1800 3 10 0 TOT AL amount of Rent in Schedule A 31 15 0 Schedule B This schedule contains such of the estates of the Mayor and Commonalty as are now proposed to be absolutely sold to the respective tenants thereof who claim a right of renewal of their lease: Last renewal fine Description £2-lO--Od. A piece of land called Picknott Abbey in St. Andrew's formerly a common passage from 231 Annual Rent £ s. d. F.H. PANTON £ s. d. the High Street to the Back Part of the Whitstable Market on which part of the Dwelling House of Mr John Nutt now stands continuing from his shop and washhouses 24 ft. long and 6 ft. wide now demised to John Nutt on a renewable lease for 30 years. 1 0 0 £1-15-0d. Cockins Lane in St. Peter's formerly a way or passage on which part of the dwelling house of Mr John Cheavale now stands extending from the Street to the River on the south end and in breadth 6 ft. now demised to Mr Cheavale on a renewable 21 year lease. 10 0 No fine taken A messuage Garden and Land in Burgate Street from the North part adjoining the wall of the Convent Garden into the forepart next the Street in length 95 ft. and in breadth at that end 37 ft. and between the Tenement of the Dean and Chapter and the tenement formerly of John Lee 31 feet and in breadth at the North end between the Garden of the Dean and Chapter and the Well House appertaining to the said Lee's House 33 ft. North to the Tenement of the Dean and chapter demised to Mrs Herring West to the Street South to the said Lee's House and the said West House now forming a part of the premises in Occupation of Mrs Elizabeth Herring and demised to her on a renewable lease for 30 years. 4 0 0 (This lease is discovered since not to be renewable) TOT AL Annual Rent Schedule B 5 10 0 Schedule C This schedule contains such of the Estates of the Mayor and Commonalty of Canterbury as are proposed to be sold to the respective Tenants who hold the same for long terms of years at nominal rents not subject to renewal nor bound by any covenant to build or repair. 1. A piece of ground one rod in St. Mary Bredin's South to the Highway to lands formerly of the Heirs of Aid. French West to lands of William Diggs Gent. North and to land sometime of James Hales East and held by William Scott Esq. under a lease to Thomas Nutt at rent of ld. From 1 April 1595 for 300 years to 1 April 1895. 2. A parcel of land in St. Mildred's East to the Street South to the parsonage house of St. Mildred's West to the Dean and Chapter's lands and North to the Highway being the ground on which buildings stand on the West side of Church Lane from Rosemary Lane to the Parsonage House held by Aid. De Lasaux under a granted thereof and of the 3 following estates to John Freeman under the years rent of 232 THE FINANCES AND GOVERNMENT OF CANTERBURY 2-?½d. which has been appointed as is stated in the first column. From 1544 2 July for 500 years to 2 July 2044. 3. Two messuages and a Garden in St. Paul's to the Street West being opposite the Recorders Garden now held by Richard Hayward late Pembrook under a lease granted to William Sammon (but which was formerly included in the above lease to John Freeman and surrendered to that estate by Richard Gaunt). From 17 September 1745, for 99 years to 17 September 1844. 4. Three messuages one Garden and half a water well in St. Paul's opposite the Recorder's Garden now held by Abraham Short under the said lease to said John Freeman now included thereon paying lld. 5. A messuage and Garden with Garden adjoining Mr Hametts Garden and is either in St. Alphege or Northgate. To the Garden appertaining to the Princes Press South and to the Highway North which (tho' not in the City rental) is held under and is now included in the above mentioned lease granted to John Freeman for when as is charged on the other side 4½d. (part of the rent of 2-?½d.) ought to be paid but which by a mistake has been paid for many years past for the house in St. Alphege here occupied by Mr Thomas Storr. TOTAL 2-?½d. for 2-5 6. A messuage and Garden in St. Paul's opposite to the Town Dike to the Street West now occupied by Mr John Dering and by him held under a lease granted to Nicholas Harrison at the yearly rent of 8d. From 28 August 1599 for 300 years to 1899. 7. Two messuages and a little piece of land in St. Paul's to the Street North and being adjoining the Vicarage and now in the occupation of the Church Wardens of St. Paul's who hold under a lease granted to Rev. John Clerk at a yearly rent of 1-4d. From 29 June, 1544, for 500 years to 29 June, 2044. 8. A messuage and Garden at St. Martin's now called the Ship and in the occupation of William Cobb held by Messrs Fenner Fleat and Lythers on a lease granted to Mark Berry at the yearly rent of 4d. From Michaelmas 1597 for 257 years to 1854. 9. A piece of land of half an acre in St. Mildred's to the Highway South to the Parsonage of St. Margaret and land of the Dean and Chapter West held by Mrs Castle under a lease granted to George Webb at the yearly rent of ld. From 30 April 1551 for 300 years renewable for 300 years to 2151. There is also a piece of land in Northgate called the Boar's Arse let on lease for 500 years at a rent of 2½d. but it is in the hands of the Prior of Jesus Hospital and must remain so. TOTAL rental value of these properties 5-Hd. Schedule D This schedule contains a description of several pieces of land under and without the city Walls at Westage the property of the Mayor and Commonalty of Canterbury which 233 F.H. PANTON are proposed to them to be sold by Public Auction (or otherwise) subject to the present leases. Last renewal fine Description No Fine Taken £2-10-0d. No Fine Taken No Fine Taken Schedule E 1. A piece of ground under and without the City Wall on the south Side of Westgate with the Buildings standing upon the same now used for Barracks for soldiers and late as Tollmongers yard held on lease by John Southee whicq is not renewable and expires Lady Day 1800. 2. A small piece of ground formerly an Osier ground under and without the City Wall between St. Peter's Postern and Westgate extending from Mr Parker's fence at the end of the slip of land which he purchased of the Mayor and Commonalty by the riverside Westward to the Square Tower being in length from the Fence to the Tower 145 ft. 3. Also one other small piece of land offending from the same tower by the river Westward towards Westgate from the Square Tower to other ground demised to Mr Slaughter 132 ft. which with the Square Tower are held by the Dean John Parker under a renewable lease for 21 years from Michaelmas 1795. (Note: This is an error. The lease has expired.) 4. A piece of ground adjoining the last piece containing in length from East to West 149 ft. and in Breadth 16 ft. with Buildings thereon let on lease to William Slaughter not renewable which expires in 1811. 5. A piece of ground containing in length 131 ft. and in breadth 15 to 18 ft. with buildings thereon let on lease to Lewis Deccafour not renewable expiring Michaelmas 1800. TOT AL Annual Rent In which the rent of the Square Tower let to Mr Parker is included and which is not proposed to be sold. Annual Rent £ s. d. 1 0 3 0 0 7 6 2 6 3 13 6 A general schedule containing all the estates of the Mayor and Commonalty of Canterbury which are not included in the four other schedules preceding and yearly rents payable for the same in the year 1797. 234 THE FINANCES AND GOVERNMENT OF CANTERBURY £ s. d. The Kings Mill let to Messrs Simmons and Royle 20 0 0 Black Dike and Garden by St. Mildred's Postern Thomas MarseiIIe 10 0 A garden by St. George's Gate South Westward Mrs Sladden 15 0 Messuage and Garden let to Charles Robinson 1 5 8 Saracens Head and Gardens let to Nutt and Sankey 21 0 0 Messuage without and Northward of St. George's Gate John Jackson 3 4 Messuage adjoining Northward James Evernden 3 4 Messuage adjoining and near to Burgate John Ruddy 3 4 Garden at Broad Street St. John's Hospital behind their house 4 A lane in Broad Street Thomas Cooper 4 A Garden in Broad Street let to Thomas Cooper 6 Cold Bath Estate and lands adjoining let to Messrs Simmons and Royle 8 0 Tower adjoining John Brown 10 0 The Stable by Westgate Mr John Abbott 4 0 (This included in the Rent of £2 paid by March) Tower and Gardens behind Westgate Church and land under the Wall let to Mr Robert Deane. 3 0 0 New Houses by Westgate built by Wiiliam Pilcher 1 0 0 Slip of land behind Westgate Church George Baker 3 4 Green Alley by St. Mildred's Church Yard William Thomas 8 0 Osier Ground called Little Britain John Buckhurst 6 0 Land at Wincheap Green let to Robert Young 5 0 Gravel Pit field in Wincheap John Collard 8 0 0 Slip of land by Burgate let to Dr Wolfit 4 Part of white Friars Lane let to Mr Hammond 2 0 Other part of same Lane let to Mr Salmon 2 0 Messuage adjoining Whitstable Market Mr Gorely 5 0 For an addition to same house taken from Market 1 0 Garden called Altop in Ruttington Lane Thos. White 4 Red Lion yard and buildings in High Street John May 60 0 0 Stable adjoining lately purchased let to May 8 0 0 Tithe barn by Barton MiII Mr Wear 9 0 0 Kings Mead adjoining let to Mr May 37 0 0 Timber yard St. John's Lane James Hacker 8 10 0 House by water lock Stour Street, John Barwick 4 0 0 Keeper's Garden at Westgate Mr Loubert 2 6 Messuage and Garden in St. Martin's Rob. Thos. Pyott Esq. 4 10 0 Two messuages opposite Ruttington Lane Northgate; Simmons 10 0 Three annuities payable from houses in Northgate 8 5 Wine Vaults in St. Andrew's Aid. Frend 12 0 0 Rooms over the Corn Market Aid. De Lasaux 7 16 0 Pipe money for the house in High Street Thos. Parker 3 4 Farmer and Flint an annuity in exchange for Warehouse structures 3 4 Amount of Farm Rents for year 261 235 F.H. PANTON £ s. d. Abbott's Mill let to Simmons and Royle 20 0 0 Garden called Boars Arse in Northgate Jesus Hospital 2 Assembly Rooms and Houses underneath in High Street Gipps and Co. 5 0 0 Two messuages in St. George's adjoining the Bell John Palmer 4 0 0 Par of a Brewhouse and yard in St. Mildred's Mr Baldock 1 6 Messuage in St. Paul's Mrs Tolput 2 10 0 New Hop Oast Ivy Lane let to Geo. Stringer 6 0 0 Four Messuages in Stour Street John Calloway 6 0 0 Orchard by Abbott's Mill Edward Harriott 8 Messuage called Maiden Head in St. Paul's Rev. Thos. Winbolt 2 0 0 Messuage and Garden in St. Paul's let to Mrs Hudson 4 0 0 Several messuages with Smith's Forge in St. Paul's Rev. Edmunds 18 0 0 Land in St. Paul's set to James Abbot behind his house 3 5 0 Messuage called the Woolsack in St. Paul's Rev. White 2 2 0 72 19 4 The St. Augustine Annual rents belonging to the Mayor and Commonalty of Canterbury which are 57 in number and amount to the yearly sum of 8 11 11 TOTAL amount of yearly income from St. Augustine's Rents 81 11 4 Add Amount of Farm Rents 261 1 1 342 12 5 Rents Schedule A 31 15 8 Rents Schedule B 5 10 0 Rents Schedule C 5 1½ Rents Schedule D 3 13 6 Rents Schedule E 342 12 9 TOT AL of all Rent 1797 383 16 9 APPENDIX F CITY OF CANTERBURY CHAMBERLAIN'S ACCOUNTS Fines for lncroachments 1721-1722 Church wardens of All Saints on a piece of ground under the £ s. d. Belfry of the said Church 2 Peter Tomlin a post standing in St. Margaret's Street against the corner of his house 1 William Ham Brickwall in Iron Bar Lane late Haffenden at the South end thereof 1 0 236 THE FINANCES AND GOVERNMENT OF CANTERBURY £ s. d. John Hollingbery for the Brick Wall of his Stable in St. Mary Bredin's Parish in Rose Lane 4 Heirs of Edward Crayford for an Incroachment by his house in St. Alphege late Thomas Dennis 2 Thomas Bassett Three posts standing at the (?) to his house in St. Andrews 4 John Cranford Brick Window to his house in Wincheap Street late Duke's 4 Widow Duthout two lots of Poles before her house in St. Alphege late Mr Dediers 4 Executors of Abraham Dediers for an Incroachment by their house near Abbott's Mill 4 Richard Pembroke Shop Window of his house in St. George's Street late Mr Bannister 2 Executors of Aid. Garlin a post and small piece of ground therewith enclosed next to Nunnery Fields 1 4 Edward Jacob Brick Windows at the King's Head in High Street late Lady Oxenden's 4 Elizabeth Malpas a window of her house in High Street called the Chequers 2 William George window of his house in High Street late John Brooksby 2 Thomas Poarn Cellar window next Bullstake Market 4 John Sergenson window in his house Burgate Street John Berry window of his house in St. George's 2 Assignee of Mr Manson a pole in St Mary Bredin 2 John Whitfield Part of his house in St Margaret's 6 John Parker late John Marsh Brick wall in the Orchard next the dungeon Ground 6 Mathias Gray his house in Stour Street at the South end thereof Executors of Mr Mills a window in the late Chequer Inn in High Street 0 Peter Marshman heirs Porch at his house in Dover Lane 6 Richard Lane a Pole at the corner of his house in St Margaret's Street in the occupation of James Abree 6 Aid. Blunde's heirs for window at the Three Kings in High Street late Charles Fagg 4 For a Brickwall of the said house 6 Mr Lilly by a wall of his house and footing breadth in Griffin Lane late - Duthout widow 1 0 Elizabeth Dray Wall of her house one post in breadth in Rose Lane 4 Thomas Scudamore Window in his house formerly the Salutation near the Whitstable Market. 4 Robert Hawardine two windows at his house in Jury Lane 4 Sir Lewis Authur Bart. Three several incroachments in three several houses in Burgate Street 2 0 More of him for a window in Mr Larkin's houses in the same street 1 0 Mrs Franklyn part of John Studham's house in Burgate Street 1 0 Peter de la Pierre six incroachments by his house in St. Alphege Parish 2 0 237 F.H. PANTON £ s. d. Thomas Atwell house late built in Hawkes Lane 2 0 Matthew Brown's heirs two windows stools and two posts in Canterbury Lane 1 0 David Rigden two posts standing before his house in Canterbury Lane, late William Browne's 1 0 William Rigden executors house in occupation of Andrew Johnson in Northgate 6 Thomas Philips two doors to his house in Watling Street in St. Margaret's 8 William Deedes window of his house in Castle Street 6 Sarah Gilpin her house in Castle Street 4 Alderman Towle four posts to his house in Hawkes Lane 4 A very Shadwick his house in Wincheap Lane 1 0 Rest Fenner seven poles set before his house in Castle Street late in the occupation of Sir Francis Head 0 Thomas Franks Porch of his house in Dover Lane 6 Aid. Lee's Wall at Queen's Head by Waterlock 6 Sir William Boys his house near St. George's Gate 1 0 Hercules Hills his house formerly the Goat in High Street 1 0 Henry Sims the stall at his door 1 0 TOTAL 1 12 5 ( 48 entries for incroachments) APPENDIX G CANTERBURY CITY CHAMBERLAIN'S ACCOUNTS 1791-91 Under the heading of Casual Receipts is an item: 'Received of Messrs James Simmons and Joseph Royle as a fine for the lease to them for thirty years of King's Mill and Abbott's Mill to commence from Lady Day 1792 £2450-0-0d. Under the heading of Foreign Expenses is the following: Bonds paid back to Robert Stones (£100), Richard Elwyn (£200), John Jackson (£100), Aid. Halford (£100), Edward Scudamore (£100), Aid. Royle (£100), Aid. Simmons (£200 and £100). A TOTAL OF £1000 Also: paid into the hands of Baldock Rigden and Co., Bankers, £1200 Under stipends and allowances: Paid Aid. Thomas De Lasaux late Mayor of this City his salary £130. 238 THE FINANCES AND GOVERNMENT OF CANTERBURY CHARGE CA TILE MARKET ACCOUNT 1802-03 DISCHARGE This accomptant chargeth himself with the recripts of monies ordered to be appropriated to the discharge of the debts of the cattle market: Received of James White for the purchase of Tythe Acre Received of John Collard for Gravel Pit Field Received of William Baldock for Store house without Northgate Received of Dean John Parker for Land in the Parish of Westgate Received of James Simmons advanced on bond to Mayor and Commonalty Received of Rev. Giraud for Two Messuages near and without Ridingate Received of Charles Trend for a Messuage in St. Paul's Received on overdraft in the Union Bank by order of Burghmote Received of City Fees on above estates Received of Tolls Michaelmas 1803 £ s d By cash, paid in discharge of several bills, incurred in taking down St. George's Gate: the improvements in the Cattle Market and removing the Water Cistern. Such bills have been previously examined and allowed by a 180 0 0 Committee of the House of Burghmote; one interest on the 460 0 0 money advanced by the Canterbury Union Bank for that purpose 205 0 0 £3881 3 1 By Balance due £126 0 0 455 0 0 £4007 3 1000 0 0 420 0 0 150 0 0 1009 9 9 1 13 4 126 3 0 £4007 3 239 F.H. PANTON APPENDIX H WARRANT CONVEYI G COURT LEET, WESTGATE WARD, 1757 ·, .. ... ·' :."\ . \ ... •t I . ',-.,: To 'l77/: ,cu􀀊tz.:.,,..., /􀀋,. ,t; - Conjlable of the Ward of l · 􀀂oJ-s... · in the · ': Jaid C'ity, a11d County of the fame City, a11d to '/W; e.a/1/L .J-luu, - f!or(holder of the fame Ward, anJ to each of them. THESE are in His Majefty's Name to will and require you, ·. · immediate!)' upon Sight hereof, to give Notice, That the .1,ourt L,u for the faid Ward is appointed co be held at the tj􀀆􀀇t>-ll ---:::----- in the faid Ward on :7i..... 􀄽 If -- the 9'"tn vu/: --Day of this fnftanc I · /♦ 􀀂 Oflohtr, by Ten of the Clock in the Forenoon of the fame Day; 1 a ,r; /J1 and chat you give perfonal Notice co all Freeholders and Houfe0 ./(tl/ ·. 69 keepers within your faid Ward, that they, and every of them. with their Sojourners, Servants and Children, being Male-Kind, l. and Twelve Years old, and upwards, then and there perfonally I .- • • • do appear co. do their 􀄾uic and Service, and al.I other Things to ' .. . them belonging, according to the Laws of this Realm, and the Cuftom of the faid Court: And that you demand and receive •. \ t I ,_. / of the feveral Perfons hereafter named the feveral Sums of Money fet, taxed, and affeered Uf?n their feveral Head<, at His Majefty's !aft Court Lut for rhe faid Ward. And the fame without fail you are to pay unto Us at the faid next Court Lttt; and be you then and there prefent to do that which to your feveral Offices appertaineth; and have you then and there a Note, fair written, with the Names of fuch Perfons as you !hall fo warn. He,e􀄿f fail not at your Perils. Dated the f.hJI-· Doy of Oflohtri in the Yea:r of our Lord 17.􀅀7 240 THE FINANCES AND GOVERNMENT OF CANTERBURY APPENDIX I RECORD OF COURT LEET, WESTGATE WARD, 1757 -􀀇 1,.,,, .. ,r ,y"( . 'l",✓.7,1􀀅1 (////4· (}mr•) i􀀡. • ,,. ,o·., t􀀢,. . i?,,y ,4,,4,<• .,, ,1/$.: ! ,;, //f,: ,;j ,y/;1/1/,·1/.;n;'- _/ fi1N/,',r/,;,,r, ,.1/nf􀀏· . ,,,/;/ /;ir /;, 1>/􀂏d/ !.•/' //,e _ . '(,... ,,-,,/;, /,.Mnt' '.'-'' XM,..,1 - /ht•􀀣vt-lt?.'0,,y,y:... :􀀃f f'ra,/.;􀀇, !,7-1/ ' . ' . ·.,. up /,1//lJ;,m. /,t//.4-c. (!/1: .􀂐/,7.,f ,y/ /,',, .,,,✓;-,//,;,,,-:(􀂑 1;, ...t . ½{,• . // t-􀂒',-•/:,0,/,h.,􀂓 $:•.·c 241 F.H. PA TO APPENDIX I /􀀃 ,:t -􀀃 /r, ¥af􀀅 IP' /.f" 􀀄2. r􀀅 ... tff..:-tb,- '3 .f" 􀀂 ., tl,.tt:,.. 6 /t) 􀀄 - f{ _f, 242 THE FINANCES AND GOVERNMENT OF CANTERBURY APPENDIX I [Page 3] a,/z9 f.f:.1:.,,-e-,,, fh 'H a./.cC--(./.#,-,- 140 e//'"' 1/'-􀀇 4() a./1"' 􀀈1:,. N o-/t.9 􀀋t2-2r- - /.? 6'.. ef},«c.--;, e/v- /f->m,.,-,7h"// . ...., tJP. flu􀀃 - 4i,· e./-tf' c/f .,li,-.-/1 • - N' 􀀊p.,,✓ /fy,Xe- -􀀕q ·􀀂 / e,/tl /.1􀀍 -· :f' I a,,,"-􀀤% ,r.,>-r(C /('1 -􀀖• ;:-1,c& /(I a/iJm,v 9tJ 'C/1,• tjz"&, I􀀗 I <.. : . ..... . ... 243 F.H. PANTO APPENDIX I [Page 4] ..... - 􀀝· \ ·--.. , 1///J t 1/􀅘rr,•,·n' /.y 􀀄,}- -------- .,/tJct,n.:ll ,􀅙//,-;;;, /'. 'd,'/T //4,/ //4· (!•n.,/7,/.?J d/NT ,-􀅚,,/;,,C.);, .. ,􀅛t'e £./·/¾.•/;,/,',;,,;,;.·;1/,,,,;r,: ,,;. t½􀀍·.,,,.,, .. ,.,t' ,A.,,,✓.,.,,,.-:! 􀅜- - /1 ., / • I• 1 ,,-. f-,.,Q•••6J///.,,,.f ,/,,, r7,,-:n/ /,1;-,;, :J/u,/an,•,:., /,,///,;;,, $;. ,,,;;,,,,<. ,rn,/,-,,.,,,,,,.,. _ g;. , ,1-,,M/hr., r0􀀆--. //,c - ('lln'r.•nn;,/ /Y /,1',-;, /4 ',1,•,I' /,, /,,;;. ,'},.,,, /./½1/' /Nay /,:.y.,,,,,,..􀅞.􀅟).{l ,y,,,,-;,,,,,,/-/r 4;.,,.􀀞 Y/.􀀟y/...:,--/- -..i:\;;􀀕;.,•,.:•􀀖􀀗.;􀀘it!f)􀀙!?􀀚f'!9!1(·- 􀀏4. 􀀟 · · · 􀀠􀀡11·u · s; s 􀀢a I wr cc. rt r •􀀣 " ... •􀀤 􀀥S:_s':'􀀦•-􀀧.::,.􀀨 􀀐 • ... 􀀑-" ;'..t:O • • • • t. . .. 244 THE FINANCES AND GOVERNMENT OF CANTERBURY APPENDIXJ WARRANT FOR THE OFFICE OF CONSTABLE, NEWINGATE WARD, 1789 -·- City of To 1/4///l#,-//i a1' ft 1, I.. ,J􀀩L,,/;r//;,/ ·. •;-, ;..􀀓.CAlfIEll.; . .. -f.l/li£lf(11:(/ o/i/'.t.1􀀪J.{!}JJ:f􀀫.--- . ...]. in tj;ei&' 1:1/zcl County o/ the 'C,ty andCou11ty /Or t?i#Tcar enj11111􀍷 am 􀍸 e City, W HERE s ;, 1· . h' M. n.; a . . A , ou was t 11s Day at 1s •J•"Y s c11rt-Lut, or ¾ · Law-Day, holden in, and for the faid Ward duly nomi- ... ,• natcd, and chofen and have been fince fwom into you,· faid . - , 0/lice for the Year enfuing: Thefc are therefore, in the King's Ma- _., je!ly's Name, to will and require you upon Receipt hereof, to take upon you the Execution of your faid Office I and that you caufe the King's M,j,fty's Peace to be kept according to Law, and the Ufc and Cuftom . of this City and County; and that you, to the heft of your Power; do fuppref,, or caufo to be fupprelfed all Riots, Houts 3nd unlawful Affemblies againfi the Peace l all Affrays, Combats, Bloodfheds, Fightings, 􀍹•rrels and other Mi (demeanors, and Breaches of the Peace whatfoe,·e1· within your faid Ward; and that you fuffer not any Va-􀍺 gi-ants, Vagabonds, idle or ,•,•andel'ing Fcrfons, Beggars, nor Servants lying at thch· own Hands, Strangers nor any other idle Perfons whatfo ever to harbour themfch·es, wander, pals, go, 01· be in, 01· .through yo.ur faid \V.ard.i nor any D.runkcnmfs, or.prophane Swearing or Curling, nor any rliforderly or unlawlul Games in any the Inns, Ta,·cms or Alchoufes within your faid Ward on the Lord's Day, (commonly called 81111.la;-,) and cfpccially in the time of Divine lervice; nor any Boys, or any G>the1· idle Perfons to wander, play, or mi!behave themfelvcs 011 the faid Days and Times; but that you caufc all and el'ery foch !'erfon and Pcrfons to be apprehended, taken, .. conl'i.􀍻l.t!Y.i.th,..and puniOJed acca;; ➔􀍼g tg Law. And alfo, that you duly and diligently levy andplfrfiie a ue-and-cl'ies after Felons, according to the Laws and Statutes in thatCafomadeand provided: And alfo, that you do andcxccut􀍽 all, and all Manner of W:uTants and Precepts whatfoe,·er which !hall come to your Hands from Us, or eithe1· of Us, or any other of his Majefty's Juftices of the Peace of this City and County, to be executed without Delay: And that you do and execute all other Things belp,nging ;to ,¥,l)UI' Office dudng the Y car aforefaid, and until a new ,f/',?/, 117 II f,/'V • , fuall be duly chofen and /worn: And that you appear before Us, and the relt: of his Ma- - >-;··- :􀍵-. jetty's Jufticcs of the Peace of this City and County, the Firft -Thu,f­ - •. __ 􀍾)'-"'-""#¼' Month.i.at,Eleven of the.Clock in the Foreno'!n, ac the . • ,􀍿.: ·': ·: Guildhall of the faid c;ity, to give an Account of t)1e Exccu11011 of this )􀍶 ., 􀀄 T••· ,. i..,· •. · your Warrant, Ar􀎀 hcreot fail not at your Pen!, , "" ::" Gi'w11 tmt!,r 0111· Halit!t and S,a/s tb, /;,Rt,.fy 1IN1t'/1/J//􀎁 Day oJp (!floo,r, in tp, 􀎂ar if or,r J.,ord On􀎃 'fhouJan1 S'.vm_ Hundrtd nnJ /1 'I if tfl t 1,􀀑'J, 245 j i .l 􀀅 I ! i-! i APPENDIXK CANTERBURY RETURN FROM THE TREASURER ON EXPENDITURE OF COUNTY RATE Date 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. Amount Received 72 18 11 253 14 - 251 8 - 169 8 - 165 7 5! 149 1 - 66 15 6 180 15 5 220 2 9 315 16 - 55 18 ? Expenditure 71 19 6¾ 232 19 8½ 275 7 6½ 168 13 10½ 168 8 H 107 5 4½ 129 3 9 180 9 3 201 3 10 361 15 9 71 9 ? Date 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. Amount Received 246 3 3 126 13 - 327 19 2 353 1 6 246 6 - 322 7 6 167 2 5½ 579 18 - 205 5 - 343 4 10 475 7 6 Expenditure 212 18 3 113 - 6 350 - 11 424 12 - 180 1 1 304 13 3 331 8 7 390 4 4½ 235 8 7 413 18 11 370 18 9 Date 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. Amount Received 664 15 - 369 9 - 516 12 6 552 18 - 539 9 6 426 8 2 542 14 8 410 7 6 624 3 - Expenditure 555 5 9 360 10 2 492 1 4½ 584 11 - 528 13 6 380 - 8½ 576 - 10 480 9 4 461 4 4½