The Roman Villa at Minster-in-Thanet

THE ROMAN VILLA AT MINSTER IN THANET.

PART 8: THE POTTERY

malcolm lyne

During the series of excavations running from 1996 until 2004 at the Abbey Farm villa site a total of 27,337 sherds (420,786g) of pottery was recovered:

Most of the material is of second- to early third-century date but significant amounts of first-century pottery were also discovered, as well as small numbers of prehistoric and post-ad 250 sherds.

All of the site assemblages, regardless of size, were quantified by numbers of sherds and their weights per fabric. These fabrics were classified using a x8 magnification lens with inbuilt metric scale in order to determine the natures, frequencies, sizes and forms of added inclusions: finer fabrics were further examined using a x30 magnification pocket-microscope with artificial light source. Roman fabric codings are those used by the Canterbury Archaeological Trust (Macpherson-Grant et al. 1995): an additional series of fabric codings with the prefix P was created for the prehistoric fabric series. Ten of the key assemblages are large enough for quantification by Estimated Vessel Equivalents (EVEs) based on rim sherds (Orton 1975). The figure numbers for vessels illustrated in each assemblage are given in the text and the descriptions of the 112 illustrated vessels are contained in the Appendix. The pottery figures were prepared by Malcolm Lyne and Maggy Redmond.

The Fabrics

Prehistoric

P1 Handmade black to red fabric with sparse-to-moderate ill-sorted up to 2.00mm calcined-flint filler

P2 Handmade black fabric with profuse up to 2.00mm calcined flint filler

P3 Handmade black fabric fired brown with ill-sorted up to 5.00mm calcined-flint filler. Late Bronze Age

P4 Handmade soft, soot-soaked black fabric with sparse chaff/grass impressions

P5 Handmade soot-soaked black fabric with profuse very-fine quartz-sand filler

Belgic Late Iron Age

B1 ‘Belgic’ fine grog-tempered ware

B2 ‘Belgic’ coarse grog-tempered ware

B2.1 ‘Belgic’ coarse grog-tempered ware with siltstone grog

B3 ‘Belgic’ grog-tempered with sparse flint

B4 ‘Belgic’ grog-tempered with chalk grits

B6 ‘Belgic’ shell-tempered ware

B8 Handmade fine-sanded black fabric

Gallo-Belgic imports, etc.

BER1 Stuppington Lane type sandy fabric

BER5 Early Gaulish White-ware: Rigby (1995) Fabric A

BER7 Early Gaulish White-ware: Rigby Fabric 1B

BER15 Chaff-tempered briquetage fabric

BER16 Handmade silt-tempered ‘Thanet Dry’ fabric

BER16A Similar but with additional sparse calcined flint

Roman

R1 ‘Native Coarse Ware’

R5 Canterbury coarse, grey sandy fabric

R5.1 Reed Avenue ‘North Gaulish’ type greyware. Richborough variant (Pollard 1988, 44)

R6.1 Canterbury coarse sanded orange fabric

R6.3 Canterbury coarse sanded buff fabric

R8.1 Miscellaneous sandy orange fabrics

R8.3 Miscellaneous sandy buff fabrics

R11 ‘Bone’ ware

R13 Black-Burnished 1 fabric (BB1)

R13.1 Imitation BB1

R14 North Kent BB2

R16 Fine grey Upchurch fabric

R17 Fine orange Upchurch fabric

R23.3 Pompeian Red ware. Peacock Fabric 3

R25 Cologne colour-coated whiteware

R27 Miscellaneous mica-dusted wares

R32 Sinzig/Argonne roughcast beaker fabric

R33 Colchester colour-coated wares

R37 Central Gaulish Colour-coated Whiteware

R42 South Gaulish Samian ware

R43 Central Gaulish Samian ware

R46 East Gaulish Samian wares

R50 Dressel 20 olive-oil amphora fabric

R53 Carrot amphora fabric

R54 Koan amphora fabric

R56 South Gaulish Pelichet 47 wine amphora fabrics

R61 Gaul/S.E. England Fabric 1 mortaria (Hartley 1977)

R63 Colchester/Kent mortaria

R64 Rhenish Fabric 6/7 mortaria

R65 Verulamium Region Whiteware

R67 Highgate Wood C fabric

R68 Patchgrove ware

R71 Miscellaneous pink-buff wares

R73 Miscellaneous coarse grey sandy wares

R74.1 Miscellaneous coarse orange fabric

R75 Miscellaneous whitewares

R88.93 Flagon whiteware: Rigby (1995) Fabric WW2-8

R89 Rigby Whiteware fabric WW4

R95A North Gaulish Pentice beaker fabric

R98 Miscellaneous amphorae

R99 Miscellaneous mortaria

R105 Coarse-sanded orange fabric with external white slip

Late Roman

LR1 Late Roman grog-tempered ware

LR1.1 Late Roman grog-tempered ware with pale siltstone grog

LR2.1 Fine grey sandy Thameside wares

LR2.2 Fine grey sandy Thameside wares with superficial oxidation

LR2.3 Coarse grey sandy Thameside wares

LR2.4 Coarse grey sandy Thameside wares with superficial oxidation

LR4 Sand and flint tempered ware

LR10 Oxfordshire Red Colour-coated Wares

LR11 Lower Nene Valley Colour-coated wares

LR13 Hadham Oxidised Wares

LR20 Colchester Whiteware Mortaria fabric

LR22 Oxfordshire Whiteware

LR28 Overwey buff-grey ware

The Assemblages

Prehistoric to c.ad 50

Assemblage 1. From the fills of Ditch, F. 7197 beneath Building 6A (contexts 7194, 7195, 7196 and 7201). [Minster 4: 263-5; fig. 2; 290, assemblage A – see Bibliography, page 274]. Vessels illustrated are shown as Fig. 1, 1-10; Fig. 2, 11-16.

The 519 sherds (9,448g) of pottery from this feature form an assemblage large enough for quantification by EVEs (Table 1).

This assemblage has vessels in the local silt-tempered ‘Thanet Dry’ fabric BER16 making up three-quarters of it by EVE. Of these vessels, the overwhelming majority are jars with only small numbers of Gallo-Belgic platter copies and butt-beakers being present. Jars are almost equally divided between bead-rimmed and necked vessels.

Necked-jars and storage-vessels in ‘Belgic’ grog-tempered fabrics B2, B2.1 and B2/R1 make up a further 22% of the assemblage and there are bodysherds from a jar in chalk-tempered fabric B4, a Gallo-Belgic Whiteware butt-beaker in fabric BER7 (c.10 bc-ad 60) and a biconical vessel in wheel-turned fine Upchurch greyware fabric R16 (c.ad 43-100).

Many of the sherds in fabrics B2/R1 and BER16 are discoloured and overfired wasters and indicate nearby production of vessels in both of these fabrics, with the grog-tempered fabric B2/R1 being mainly reserved for storage jars and ‘Thanet Dry’ fabric being used for the rest of the products.

The presence of the vessel in calcined-flint-tempered fabric P2 (Fig. 1, 1) and body sherds in the ‘Thanet Dry’ fabric variant with silt and sparse calcined-flint filler suggest that this assemblage began to accumulate during the 50 years or so before the Claudian invasion. The biconical fragments in Upchurch fine greyware in turn indicate continued accumulation after ad 43, although a near absence of other sherds in Romanised fabrics suggests that the assemblage had ceased to be added to by c.ad 50/60.

Assemblage 2. From occupation horizons beneath Building 1. [Minster 5: 311; 331]. Vessel is illustrated as Fig. 2, 17.

The ground surface on which Building 1 was constructed produced small quantities of both abraded and fresh prehistoric sherds. Most of these assemblages come from unsealed horizons and also include second- and early third-century material from occupation within Building 1 above. The least contaminated assemblages include those from prehistoric horizon context 0027 and the soil over a natural pebble layer (context 0033): the former produced seven sherds in the Late Iron Age grog- and chalk-tempered fabric B4: the latter yielded five abraded sherds in the ?Late Bronze Age calcined-flint tempered fabric P1 and two fresh ones in the local ‘Thanet Dry’ fabric BER16 (c.ad 40-80). Elsewhere, the fill of a ditch beneath Room 1 of the building, yielded 23 sherds from a jar of Thompson (1982) Type C3, dated c.50 bc-ad 50 (Fig. 2, 17).

Period c.ad 50-100

Assemblage 3. Irregular dump of plaster and mortar within the inner courtyard in front of Building 1 (context 4159)

This context produced just two sherds of pottery (not illustrated) comprising a ?flagon sherd in Gallo-Belgic whiteware (c.ad 43-70) and a fragment from a Curle 11A Samian bowl (c.ad 70-80).

The dump overlay a deposit of painted plaster fragments (context 4028). The five sherds of pottery from that layer include two jar sherds in sandy grey Canterbury fabric R5, which, together with the sherds from context 4159, could suggest that some rebuilding work was taking place as early as the late first-century, soon after Building 1 was erected (Minster 5, 331). It seems equally possible, however, that these sherds are residual pieces in later contexts.

Assemblage 4. From construction layer 3050 within Room 20, Building 3. [Minster 1: 39; figs 6 and 7; 46, assemblage A]. Vessel is illustrated as Fig. 2, 18.

The eight sherds from this context are all from a hand-made storage jar dated c.ad 50-70 and suggest that the building was constructed during the third quarter of the first century (see Minster 1, 47).

Assemblage 5. From the fills of Pit, F. 9075 outside the north villa boundary wall (contexts 9014, 9018 and 9027). [Minster 6: 350; fig. 3]. Vessels illustrated are shown as Fig. 3, 19-26; Fig. 4, 27-33.

The 587 sherds (11,014g) of pottery from this feature were quantified by EVEs (Table 2).

This assemblage contains much late first-century material. Vessels in silt-tempered ‘Thanet Dry’ fabric continue to be the largest single component but now declining from three-quarters of the Late Iron Age – pre-Flavian Assemblage 1 to less than half of this one. The range of forms supplied in this fabric is considerably wider than previously and now includes lid-seated bead-rim jars, lids, flasks and necked bowls.

‘Belgic’ grog-tempered wares make up another 13% of the assemblage and include at least one vessel which may have been fired in Kiln II at St Stephen’s Road, Canterbury (see Fig. 3, 21). This kiln was mainly involved in the production of sandy greywares but the presence of fragments from two ‘Belgic’ grog-tempered ware jars on the floor of the oven suggests the continued manufacture of vessels of this earlier ceramic tradition alongside the more Romanised sandy wares.

Vessels in sand-tempered Canterbury greyware make up 35% of the assemblage and largely consist of lid-seated carinated bowls, with necked jars and lids accounting for the rest. Two vessels, at least, may be products of Kiln II at St Stephen’s Road: these comprise Fig. 4, 31 and an undercut jug rim (Jenkins 1956, fig. 8-12). The most complete vessel is a reeded-rim carinated bowl of a type introduced after ad 80 (Fig. 4, 30).

Other wares include fragments from a butt-beaker of Monaghan (1987) Type 2B2, c.ad 43-90), a poppyhead beaker of Type 2A1 (c.ad 70-90), a biconical example (c.ad 43-100), a flanged bowl of Type 5B5.1 (c.ad 60/70-130) and a dish of Type 7A1.2 (c.ad 43-120) in North Kent Fineware fabric R16. The few South Gaulish Samian sherds include those from a Dr. 18 dish and a Dr. 27 cup.

Although this assemblage contains significant quantities of first century material the stratigraphic evidence would suggest that it is all residual and that the feature dates to the second century.

Assemblage 6. From the fills of Pit complex, Fs 312, 313 and 321, outside the north-west corner of the villa boundary wall and pre-dating it (contexts 306, 308 and 314). [Minster 6: 344; fig. 6]

The 37 sherds (2,294g) of pottery from this pit complex (not illustrated) include 10 large fresh fragments from a poppyhead beaker of Monaghan (1987) Type 2A2 (c.ad 90-120), fragments from a lid in Canterbury greyware fabric R5 (c.ad 70-175), a bead-rim jar in ‘Thanet Dry’ fabric BER16 (c.ad 40-80), a South Gaulish Samian Dr. 35 cup (c.ad 70-100) and the complete top of a Gauloise 4 amphora. A late first-century date is indicated by this material and, by inference, a post ad 90 date for the villa boundary wall (see Minster 6, 354).

Assemblage 7. From the upper fill of isolated Pit, F. 1108 located immediately to the north of the north-west corner of Building 1 (context 1106) (see Perkins 1997, fig. 1 for location). Vessels illustrated are shown as Fig. 4, 34-35.

The 206 sherds (4,140g) of pottery from this context are for the most part badly comminuted but include fragments from a simple lid in ‘Belgic’ grog-tempered fabric B2, twenty-one fragments from a flagon in cream-pink Gallo-Belgic whiteware (c.ad 43-80), as well as sherds from a Central Gaulish Whiteware roughcast beaker (c.ad 60-120) and a cordoned bowl of Monaghan (1987) Type 4J1 in grey Upchurch fineware (c.ad 50-120). Large, fresh pieces from a mortarium (Fig. 4, 34) and a bowl (Fig. 4, 35) are also present in an assemblage, which can be dated fairly closely to c.ad 60-80.

Assemblage 8. From the fills of ditch, F. 7246 draining the bath-suite attached to Building 6A (contexts 7237, 7239, 7243, 7245 and 7322). [Minster 4: 277; 279; figs 2 and 4; 290-1, assemblage B]

The constructional contexts associated with Building 6A and the bath-suite attached to it lacked ceramic dating evidence and internal occupation deposits were also lacking. The fills of ditch, F. 7246 draining the putative cold-plunge bath in Room 41 did, however, yield 135 sherds (1779g) of pottery (not illustrated) contemporary with the earlier part of the life of the building. This assemblage was totally lacking in sherds from BB2 vessels but had ‘Thanet Dry’ fragments accounting for a modest 12% by sherd count and ‘Belgic’ grog-tempered sherds for a somewhat greater 28%.

The 40 sherds in fine North Kent greyware fabric R16 include frag-ments from a beaker of Monaghan (1987) Class 2A1 (c.ad 70-100) and a necked-bowl of Class 4J1 (c.ad 43-110/120). The Samian includes fragments from Central Gaulish wares that date to the first half of the second century. Sandy Canterbury greywares in fabric R5 make up a mere 12% of an assemblage which can probably be dated c.ad 70-120 (or on the basis of the Samian a little later).

Period c.ad 100-150

Assemblage 9. From lower foundation of the Phase 3 east outer corr-idor wall in Building 4 and the backfill of its construction trench (contexts 5022 and 5154). [Minster 3: 129; 130; fig. 2]

These two contexts produced five sherds (12g) of pottery between them (not illustrated). The fragments comprise a chip from a jar in Transitional ‘Belgic’/‘Native Coarse Ware’ (c.ad 70-170), one flagon sherd each in oxidised Canterbury fabric R6.3 and white-slipped Hoo fabric R17, a fragment in fine Upchurch fabric R16 and a small chip of Central Gaulish Samian (c.ad 120-150).

Assemblage 10. From the fills of Shaft, F. 821 outside the north-east corner of the villa enclosure (contexts 817, 826, 827, 834, 835, 836, 837, 840, 841, 842, 843, 844 and 845). [Minster 6: 347-8; fig. 2]. Vessels illustrated are shown as Fig. 4, 37-39; Fig. 5, 36, 40-43.

The 281 sherds (8,185g) of pottery from this feature include large fresh sherds from a number of vessels and were quantified by EVEs (Table 3).

The most striking feature of this assemblage is the paucity of ‘Belgic’ grog-tempered ware, derived Native Coarse Ware and ‘Thanet Dry’ sherds: it seems likely that the last-mentioned sherds are now entirely residual in nature. The assemblage has a predominance of Canterbury greyware vessels in fabric R5 with fragments from just a few vessels in oxidised Canterbury fabrics R6.1 and R6.3.

Fine North Kent greywares in fabric R16 are the next most significant component of the assemblage and include fragments from Monaghan (1987) Types 2H1.2 (c.ad 80/90-120/130), 4A4.13 (c.ad 70-200), 4J1.3 (c.ad 43-120) and 5B3.1 (c.ad 70-130). The small amounts of pottery in BB2 fabric R14 include bowls of types 5D1.8 (c.ad 110/20-150), 5D2.4 (c.ad 110/20-150/80) and 5C1.1 (c.ad 150/70-240): the last-mentioned comes from the uppermost pottery producing fill of the shaft (context 817) and may have been introduced later.

Large fresh sherds are present in the assemblage, which was probably deposited between ad 120 and 140. The presence of large fresh fragments from both pre-Flavian and early second-century pots may be indicative of ritual deposition.

Assemblage 11. From the fills of stoke-pit, F. 7107 and ash-pit, F. 7219 for the bath-suite hypocaust in Building 6A (contexts 7106, 7116, 7125, 7138 and 7145). [Minster 4: 270; 289; figs 2 and 3; 291, assemblage C]

The 1,069 sherds (12,921g) of pottery (not illustrated) from these features date to between c.ad 70 and sometime during the last quarter of the second century. The make-up of the assemblage is similar to those from wells, Fs 7105 and 7128 and includes fragments from Central Gaulish Samian forms Dr. 18/31 (c.ad 120-150), Dr. 27 (c.ad 120-160), Dr. 31 (c.ad 150-200), Dr. 37 (c.ad 120-200) and Curle 11 (c.ad 120-170).

Thameside products include BB2 bowls of Monaghan (1987) Classes 5D4 (c.ad 110/20-200) and 5D5 (c.ad 110/20-150/70), jars of Class 3J1 (c.ad 110/20-150/90) and a necked-bowl of Class 4A2 (c.ad 170-230). Fine Upchurch greywares include fragments from a Class 1B7 flask (c.ad 120/50-180/90), biconicals and there are fragments from two Class 3H8 jars in Thameside greyware fabric LR2.1 (c.ad 170/90-210/30).

Assemblage 12. From the fills of Well, F. 7128, west of Building 6A (contexts 7112, 7127, 7130, 7131 and 7165). [Minster 4: 281-3; fig. 2; 292, assemblage E]. Vessels illustrated are shown as Fig. 5, 44-45.

This feature yielded 2,890 sherds (47,800g) of pottery and was sealed beneath a later cobbled surface, context 7111. The assemblage is the largest single one from the entire site and was quantified accordingly (Table 4).

Amounts of handmade native and derived wares in fabrics B2/R1, R1 and BER16 are comparatively insignificant (15%) in an assemblage with a wide range of fabrics.

The most important source of pottery remained the Canterbury kilns, with sandy greyware fabric R5 accounting for a third of the pottery and oxidised fabrics R6.1 and R6.3 for a further 6%. Most of the vessels in fabric R5 are jars and carinated bowls, which appear to have been supplied to Minster in roughly equal numbers: lids are the only other significant form in this fabric. The oxidised Canterbury products include flagons, a honey jar (Fig. 5, 44) and a mortarium (Fig. 5, 45).

Thameside products in Fabrics R14, R16, R17, LR2.1 and LR2.2 make up another third of the assemblage and include BB2 everted-rim cooking-pots (c.ad 110/20-170), bowl types 5D2 (c.ad 110/20-150/80) and 5D0.2 (c.ad 120-150/80), as well as dish types 5E2.4 (c.ad 110/20-210/300) and 5F3 (c.ad 130-270) in fabric R14. Vessels in fine North Kent greyware fabric R16 include types 2A3 (c.ad 100-150), 2A4 (c.ad 130-170), 3B1.2 (c.ad 50/70-100), 4H1 (c.ad 90-130), 4J1.7 (c.ad 43-120), 5B3.1 (c.ad 70-130), 7A2.3 (c.ad 43-120/40) and 7A3.1 (c.ad 43-100).

The fragments in oxidised Hoo fabric are mostly from flagons: the Thameside greywares include sherds from a Monaghan (1987) Class 4F4 jar (c.ad 70-120) and a flask of probable second-century date.

Other finewares include fragments from Central Gaulish Samian forms Dr. 18/31 (c.ad 120-150), Dr. 27 (c.ad 120-150), Dr. 42 (c.ad 120-150), Dr. 44 (c.ad 130-200) and bowl form Dr. 37 with several examples, attributable to the following date brackets c.ad 100-130, 120-145, 120-200. Most of the other fineware fragments are from roughcast cornice-rim beakers in colour-coated Central Gaulish, Sinzig and Cologne fabrics (c.ad 60-140, 130-250 and 130-250, respectively). Fragments from a white-slipped poppyhead beaker in Highgate Wood C fabric are also present in an assemblage which was probably deposited at some time between ad 130 and 150.

Assemblage13. From the fills of Ditch, F. 5003 at the north-east corner of Building 4 (contexts 5015, 5016 and 5017). [Minster 3: 119-120; figs 2 and 3; 130; Minster 6: 353; fig. 1]. Vessels illustrated are shown as Fig. 5, 46-47; Fig. 6, 48-51.

The 183 sherds (4,167g) of pottery from this feature are too small an assemb-lage for quantification by EVEs. The sherds also tend to be large and fresh and from a limited number of vessels: this in turn precludes quantification by numbers of sherds and their weights per fabric. Nevertheless, the assemblage is of some assistance in dating the earlier occupation of Building 4 as the pottery almost certainly came from there. The illustrated vessels comprise, jars (Figs 5 and 6, 46, 47 and 49), dishes and platters (Fig. 6, 48 and 50) and a beaker of Nene Valley ware (Fig. 6, 51).

Other wares include Central Gaulish Samian forms Dr. 18/31 (c.ad 110-140 and 120-150), Dr. 31R (c.ad 160-200) and Dr. 37 (c.ad 120-155 and 140-165). These sherds indicate that the ditch was in use from c.ad 120 to 170+, with most of the pottery being deposited during the second quarter of the second century. The ditch was subsequently re-cut as F. 5014, the filling of which produced over two thousand more sherds (see below, Assemblage 20).

Assemblage 14. From the fills of F. 4072 located in 1999 (contexts 4078, 4080, 4116 and 4132). [Later work identified this as a large pit, re-designated F. 9038. Minster 6: 347; figs 1, 3 and 7]. Vessels illustrated are shown as Fig. 6, 52-63; Fig. 7, 64-66.

The contexts filling F. 4072 yielded 464 sherds (9,898g) of pottery, to which should now be added a further 180 sherds from F. 9038. The sherds con-stituting the present assemblage mainly derive from the lowest fill of the pit (context 4080). The 440 sherds from this context constitute a large enough assemblage for quantification by EVEs based on rim fragments (Table 5).

This breakdown of the assemblage shows it to be dominated by sandy greyware cooking-pots, bowls and lids emanating from the Canterbury kilns. These products were made between ad 80 and 250 but with exportation across east Kent ceasing by ad 175 (Pollard 1988). Significant numbers of jars and round-bodied lid-seated bowls in a variant of the Reed Avenue, Canterbury kiln greyware fabric R5.1 of ?Richborough origin are also present and are dated by Pollard (1988, 44) to c.ad 60-100. A date range of c.ad 80-130 for the pottery assemblage is supported by a complete lack of BB2 and Thameside greyware products and the nature of the Samian that is present: the South Gaulish Samian includes fragments from a Dr. 37 bowl (c.ad 70-100), a Dr. 30 bowl (c.ad 60-85), a Dr. 27 cup (c.ad 40-100) and a Dr. 18 platter (c.ad 80-110); a Dr.18/31R dish is also present (c.ad 90-110). A Martres-de-Veyre Samian Dr. 37 bowl (c.ad 100-130) and fragments from Lezoux Samian Dr. 27 (c.ad 120-160) and Dr. 35 (c.ad 120-150) cups are also present.

The assemblage also includes fragments from a Monaghan (1987) Type 5B3.1 dish (c.ad 70-130), a Type 2G1 biconical (c.ad 60/70-120/130) and a bowl of Type 4H1 (c.ad 70-130) in grey Upchurch fineware fabric R16.

Period c.ad 150-250

Assemblage 15. From the fills of Well shaft, F. 7105, to the west of Building 6A (contexts 7104, 7120, 7121, 7129, 7143, 7157, 7177, 7178 and 7198). [Minster 4: 281-3; fig. 2; 291, assemblage D]. Vessels illustrated are shown as Fig. 7, 67-74; Fig. 8, 75.

The 1,211 sherds (25,050g) of pottery from this feature were also quant-ified by EVEs (Table 6).

This assemblage has much in common with that from the adjacent Well, F. 7128 but also includes elements of post-ad 150 date. Thameside products make up a larger percentage (40%) than of the assemblage from the other well. The BB2 wares include many examples of the c.ad 110-180 dated bowl forms with latticed decoration as well as one undecorated example of ad 150/170-250 date.

The pottery tends to be fresher than that from the other well and includes large fragments from jars and bowls in Transitional ‘Belgic’-Native Coarse Ware and jars in developed Native Coarse Ware of post-ad 170 date (Fig. 7, 67-72).

There are fewer Canterbury products than from the other well but these include fresh fragments from a number of flagons of late second- to early third-century date (Fig. 7, 73-74).

Other wares include fragments from Central Gaulish Samian forms Curle 11 (c.ad 120-200) and Dr. 38 (c.ad 130-200), a Colchester White-ware wall-sided mortarium (c.ad 170-250) and a neck-cordoned bowl (Fig. 8, 75) of Monaghan (1987) Class 4A2.

This assemblage suggests that Well, F. 7105, was a replacement for Well, F. 7128, and abandoned c.ad 170. The large pottery assemblages from the robbed out walls and rooms of the Building 6A bath-suite have the same date range as those from the two wells and suggest that the building was occupied c.ad 70/90-170 (Minster 4, 285-7).

Assemblage 16. From the rubbish dumping within Room 17 in Building 1 (contexts 1007, 1018, 1080, 1081 and 1105). [Minster 5: 327-9; figs 4 and 5]. Vessels illustrated are shown as Fig. 8, 76-79.

These various fills produced a total of 676 sherds (9,682g) of pottery; an assemblage large enough for quantification by EVEs (Table 7).

The breakdown of this assemblage differs from that for the c.ad 70-170 dated Assemblage 15 in having North Kent Thameside products in Fabrics R14, R16, LR2.1 and LR2.2 accounting for nearly two-thirds of it and very few Canterbury products. Most of the bowls and dishes in the assemblage are in BB2 fabric R14, which is the most common Thameside fabric, and all of the beakers are in fine Upchurch greyware from the same source. Sandy greyware fabrics LR2.1 and 2.2 were used entirely for cooking-pots. The next most significant fabric is handmade ‘Native Coarse Ware’: this is believed, from its distribution in east Kent, to have been made somewhere along the western end of the Wantsum Channel within a few kilometres of Minster and it is surprising that only 17% of the assemblage, all cooking-pots, comes from this source. This may reflect a high status for Building 1 but the opposite is suggested by the paucity of Central Gaulish Samian and other finewares. Military occupation could, however, explain both phenomena as pottery assemblages of the late second and early third centuries at both Richborough and the fort at Dover are characterised by large percentages of North Kent BB2 vessels. A date after c.ad 170/180 is indicated for the deposition of this assemblage by the total lack of c.ad 120-180 dated latticed pie-dishes and the nominal showing of Canterbury greywares (c.ad 70-175).

The material includes fragments from a Central Gaulish Samian Dr. 33 (c.ad 120-200), a Dr. 31 example (c.ad 150-200), a Dr. 31R bowl (c.ad 160-200), a Dr. 37 bowl in the style of Drusus 2 (c.ad 125-145) and East Gaulish vessels with a date range c.ad 170-250. Other finewares include fragments from a Cologne beaker (c.ad 130-200+) and Colchester hunt cup (c.ad 130-250).

The BB2 forms include cooking-pots of Monaghan (1987) Class 3J9 (c.ad 170-230), Pie-dishes of Types 5C1.5 (c.ad 150/170-240), 5C3.1 (c.ad 150-250) and 5C4.3 (c.ad 150/180-250) and a straight-sided dish of Type 5F3.9 (c.ad 170/190-230). Fine Upchurch greywares are represented by fragments from at least four examples of poppyhead beaker Type 2A5.1 (c.ad 150/160-190) and Fig. 8, 77.

Assemblage 17. From demolition layer within Room 11 in Building 1 (context 0045). [Minster 5: 321; figs 2 and 3]. Vessels illustrated are shown as Fig. 8, 80-87; Fig. 9, 88-94.

The 223 sherds (4,866g) of pottery from this layer are very fresh and include joining sherds from a considerable number of vessels. This makes the assemblage well suited for quantification by EVEs (Table 8).

The breakdown of this material shows it to be dominated by North Kent Thameside products in a very similar manner to the previous assemblage. The percentage of local ‘Native Coarse Ware’ cooking-pots is also very similar (15%). There are, however, considerably larger amounts of Central Gaulish Samian (16%): this could be explained by the assemblage being representative of the entire pot population of the building, including carefully looked after finewares, smashed at the time of its destruction.

Once again there are very few sherds in Canterbury greyware fabric R5: these are almost certainly residual. The assemblage includes large, fresh sherds from the vessels illustrated as Fig. 8, 80-87 and Fig. 9, 88-89.

The Central Gaulish Samian includes fragments from a Dr. 38 bowl (c.ad 130-200), a Dr. 31R bowl (c.ad 160-200) and several Dr. 36 dishes (c.ad 120-200): a sherd from an East Gaulish Samian Dr. 33 (c.ad 170-250) is also present. A date of c.ad 200-230 seems likely for the deposition of this assemblage and therefore for the destruction of this part at least of Building 1.

Other, smaller, Building 1 demolition assemblages of similar character and date include those from Rooms 7 and 8 (contexts 0039 and 0043), and inside Room 10 (context 0047). The pottery in these assemblages includes a Central Gaulish Samian Dr. 33 cup stamped ‘ALBINIM’ being a product of Albinus iv of Lezoux, and this is evidently his stamp 6b (c.ad 135-165) from 0039 and 0045 and those illustrated as Fig. 9, 90-94.

Assemblage 18. From the fills of the drainage channel between walls 3041 and 3042 in Building 3 (contexts, 212, 213, 216 and 222). [Minster 1: 44; figs 5 and 7; 46, assemblage B]

The various fills of this channel yielded 71 sherds (1,813g) of pottery (not illustrated). The assemblage is too small for any kind of meaningful quantification but includes fragments from an everted-rim storage-jar in North Kent Shell-tempered ware fabric B6 with decorated cordon on its neck (c.ad 50-170), a jar and reeded-rim bowl in sandy grey Canterbury fabric R5 (c.ad 70-175), a poppyhead beaker of Monaghan (1987) Type 2A5 in grey Upchurch fineware (c.ad 150-190) and a Class 5C3 ‘pie-dish’ in BB2 fabric R14 (c.ad 150/170-250). The Central Gaulish Samian includes fragments from a Dr. 38 bowl (c.ad 130-200), a Dr. 37 bowl (c.ad 120-200), a small plain bowl with a heavily worn interior, probably used as a mixing or grinding vessel (c.ad 130-200), a Dr. 36 dish (c.ad 120-200) and a Dr. 33 cup stamped ‘ALBVCIANI’ being a product of Albucianus of Lezoux, and this is probably his stamp 6c (c.ad 155-195). A fragment from a Central Gaulish Samian Dr. 18/31 dish stamped ‘MARTINMI’ very likely a product of Martinus ii of Lezoux (c.ad 125-150) is also present. A late second-century date seems to be indicated for this assemblage.

Assemblage 19. From the fills of Hypocaust, F. 4043/5102 at the south-west corner of Building 4 (contexts 4044, 5100, 5101 and 5143). [Minster 3: 123; 126-7; 130; figs 2, 4 and 5]. Vessels illustrated are shown as Fig. 9, 95-98.

The 1,680 sherds (22,500g) of pottery from these fills form a large enough assemblage for quantification by EVEs (Table 9).

This assemblage differs from Assemblages 16 and 17 in Building 1 in having a significantly larger percentage of vessels in Transitional ‘Belgic’/‘Native Coarse Ware’ fabric B2/R1 and ‘Native Coarse Ware’ fabric R1 (32%). These include not only jars but bowls and storage-vessels as well. The percentage of North Kent Thameside products is, however, very similar to that in both Assemblages 16 and 17 (61%) and the larger showing of ‘Native Coarse Wares’ seems to have been brought about at the expense of minority fabrics.

BB2 forms include cooking-pots of Monaghan (1987) Type 3J1.3 (c.ad 120-190), bowls of Types 5A2.1 (c.ad 210/230-320), 5C1.4 (c.ad 150-195), 5C1.5 (c.ad 150/170-240) and 5C4.4 (c.ad 170-230) and dishes of Types 5E1.4 (c.ad 130-200), 5E1.8 (c.ad 170/190-210/230), 5F1.2 (c.ad 130-200) and 5F3.4 (c.ad 130-230). Upchurch grey fineware forms include biconicals (c.ad 43-130) and Class 2A1, 2A2/3 and 2H1 beakers (c.ad 70-90, 100-150 and ad 80-130, respectively).

Other wares include an oxidised orange mortarium of Pollard Type 118 in Canterbury fabric R6.1 (c.ad 100-150), fragments from a Cologne hunt cup (c.ad 130-200+) and Central Gaulish Samian Forms Dr. 27 (c.ad 120-160), Dr. 18/31R (c.ad 120-160), Dr. 31 (c.ad 150-200) and Dr. 33 (c.ad 120-200). Lezoux Samian Dr. 37 bowl fragments are also present, including a sherd from a bowl decorated in the style of Bvtrio (c.ad 115-145), as is a body sherd from a Trier bowl (c.ad 170-220), in an assemblage which spans the period c.ad 100-250 and may have been dumped over a considerable period of time.

Assemblage 20. From the fills of ditch re-cut, F. 5014 outside north-east corner of Building 4 (contexts 5002, 5006, 5007, 5008, 5009 and 5020). [Minster 3: 129-130; figs 2 and 3; Minster 6: 353; fig. 1]. Vessels illustrated are shown as Fig. 10, 99-112.

The 2,443 sherds (34,983g) of pottery from this feature constitute one of the largest assemblages from the site (Table 10).

The breakdown of this c.ad 170-250 dated assemblage is very similar to that of the contemporary rubbish dumped within Room 17 in Building 1, both in form and fabric percentages, and is of similar date (see above, Assemblage 16). Once again North Kent Thameside fabrics make up nearly 60% of all the pottery and ‘Native Coarse Ware’ a further 18%. As in the Room 17 assemblage, there are only nominal amounts of Canterbury sandy greyware: the vessels from that source which are present are heavy, thick-walled forms and probably Antonine in date.

Thirty-six per-cent of the BB2 pie dishes are decorated and 64% are plain: the decorated examples include examples of Monaghan (1987) Types 5D1.5, 5D2.1 and 5D4.1 (c.ad 120-180) and 5D7.1 (c.ad 120-190). Some of these are almost certainly derived from the fills of the earlier version of the ditch (F. 5003). The undecorated examples include Types 5C1.1 (c.ad 170-240), 5C3.1 (c.ad 150-250), 5C4.1 (c.ad 180-250) and 5C4.4 (c.ad 170-230).

Jars in BB2 fabric include Types 3H7.2 (c.ad 150-200), 3J2 (c.ad 120-200) and 4A4 (c.ad 150-300) but unfortunately many of the cooking-pot rim sherds have sheared off at the neck and the exact vessel type cannot be determined.

There are surprisingly few BB2 straight-sided dishes present in both this assemblage and that from Room 17. This may be due to both the preferential use of Samian dishes for eating and some of the Classes 5C and 5D bowls being shallow enough to be regarded as dishes.

Grey Upchurch fineware forms include Class 4A1 jars (c.ad 70-120), Classes 5B2 and 7A2 platters (c.ad 90-130 and 43-140, respectively), Class 4G3 biconicals (c.ad 50-100), Class 2A5 poppyhead beakers (c.ad 150-190) and Class 2H1 beakers (c.ad 80-130). These vessels tend to be earlier in date than the coarsewares and are either derived from the earlier version of the ditch or were kept in use longer as finewares.

The Samian is mainly Central Gaulish and includes fragments from several Dr. 31 dishes (c.ad 150-200), Dr. 37 bowls (c.ad 120-200), Dr. 33 cups (c.ad 120-200) and a Dr. 36 dish (c.ad 120-170). One of the Dr. 33 cups is stamped ‘SABINIOF’ (c.ad 155-185). A Trier mortarium is also represented (c.ad 170-250).The other wares include the vessels illustrated as Fig. 10, 99-110.

It is probable that drawn vessel nos 98, 108, 109 and 110 all come from the same source: these vessels are all very hard and high-fired, similarly-coloured and with minute rounded vesicles. The texture of the fabric is reminiscent of that of the similarly high-fired but handmade and reduced ‘Native Coarse Ware’ and suggests a local, Thanet, origin.

Period c.ad 250-400

Assemblage 21. From the fills of the malt-kiln within Building 7, to the south of Building 1 (7009, 7017, 7020, 7614, 7615, 7617, 7618, 7621 and 7624). [Minster 7: 324; 329; figs 2 and 3]

The 62 sherds (738g) of pottery from this feature constitute too small an assemblage for any kind of meaningful quantification. The sherds (not illustrated) are nearly all Late Roman in date and include 16 fragments from Oxfordshire Red Colour-coat bowl and mortarium types C51 and C97 (c.ad 240-400+), as well as a bowl of type C81 (c.ad 300-400+) and beakers of uncertain types in the same fabric. Fragments from mortaria in Oxfordshire Whiteware and White-Slipped ware (c.ad 240-400+) are also present as are fragments from a horizontally-rilled jar in Overwey/Portchester D fabric (c.ad 330-420), a jar in flint-and-sand tempered fabric LR4 (c.ad 330-70), jars in Late Roman grog-tempered fabrics LR1 and LR1.1 (c.ad 370-400+ and 260-400+, respectively). These sherds indicate that the malt-kiln was abandoned after ad 370 and perhaps as late as the early fifth century (see Minster 7, 329).

There are very few other Roman sherds from the site which can be dated to later than c.ad 250 and what there are come mainly from wall robbing contexts. The fill of the stone robbing trench following the line of the east wall of Room 17 in Building 1 produced an abraded sherd from a straight-sided dish of Lyne and Jefferies (1979) Type 6A-4 with internal black slip (c.ad 270-370). The otherwise c.ad 150-250 dated 348 sherd (5,004g) assemblage from fill 1022 of this basement room (Minster 5, 329; fig. 5) also includes a fresh, horizontally-rilled cooking-pot sherd in Overwey buff-grey fabric LR28. This c.ad 325-420 dated sherd may have got into the assemblage during the robbing out of the walls of the room.

In Building 3, the fill of wall-robbing trench, F. 3000 (context 203) yielded eight sherds (144g) of mainly second- to early third-century pot-tery but also including an everted jar rim fragment in Late Roman grog-tempered ware (c.ad 270-400+). The fill of stone robbing pit, F. 3071 produced 141 sherds (1,706g) of late first to early third-century pottery but including four fragments from an Oxfordshire Whiteware mortarium of Young (1977) Type M22 dated c.ad 240-300. The 19 sherds (232g) of pottery from demolition deposit 3076 includes a mortarium sherd in Oxfordshire Red Colour-coated ware fabric LR10 (c.ad 240-400) (Minster 1, 47, assemblage C). The pottery from the destruction fill of Room 20 in Building 3 (Minster 1, 35; 39; 44) includes a sherd from a BB1 developed beaded-and-flanged bowl (c.ad 270-300+).

In Building 4, stone robbing trench, F. 4032 following the west wall of the building yielded 14 sherds (114g) of pottery, including two coarse late Thameside greyware jar fragments (c.ad 270-370), an Oxfordshire Red Colour-coat sherd from a vessel of indeterminate form (c.ad 240-400) and two fragments from a Lower Nene Valley Colour-coat beaker of third- to fourth-century date (Minster 3, 130-131).

All of this ceramic evidence seems to indicate that the abandoned buildings were already being plundered for stone during the late third century and that this practice continued into the fourth century.

There is some evidence that further stone robbing took place during the seventeenth/eighteenth centuries. The fill of the stone robbing trench following the line of the south wall of Building 4 yielded a fragment of post-Medieval glazed earthenware as well as 13 sherds of residual Roman pottery. Two phases of robbing were also identified in Building 3, although the latest there is not closely dated (Minster 1, 45).

The changing pattern of pottery supply to the villa

Late Iron Age - c.ad 50/60. The most significant Late Iron Age/pre-Flavian pottery assemblage from the site is that from Ditch, F. 7197 beneath Building 6A (Assemblage 1). This indicates that up to 80% of all of the pottery in use on the site was of very local manufacture: this material is made up very largely of jars and necked bowls in silt-tempered ‘Thanet Dry’ fabric and somewhat smaller numbers of ‘Belgic’ grog-tempered storage jars and other forms. The sherds in both fabrics from the ditch include large numbers of overfired, discoloured wasters.

Gallo-Belgic imports are present in very small quantities in this and other, smaller, assemblages and are restricted to fragments from white-ware flagons: the earliest grey North Kent fineware imports, in the form of biconical beakers, appear at Minster c.ad 50.

c.ad 50/60-100. Local ‘Thanet Dry’ products remain the most significant single element in the supply of pottery to Minster but now encompass a somewhat greater range of forms including jars, bowls, dishes and lids. They are, however, less totally predominant than previously, having lost much of their share of the Minster market to the Canterbury industries after c.ad 80. These industries mainly supplied necked jars, lid-seated carinated bowls and lids in sandy grey fabrics, with just a few oxidised ring-necked flagons. Jars are less significant than the bowls and may reflect the continued use of local ‘Thanet Dry’ fabric and ‘Belgic’ grog-tempered cooking-pots. Some of the grog-tempered wares may have come from Canterbury.

The only Thameside industry products to register in the Minster assemb-lages are grey North Kent Fineware bowls, dishes and beakers, and flagons in the oxidised Hoo St Werburgh equivalent. Small numbers of South Gaulish Samian cups, bowls and dishes were also supplied, as were small numbers of roughcast Central Gaulish beakers. A few amphorae fragments indicate limited supply of olive oil from Baetica in globular Dressel 20s and wine from Southern Gaul in Gauloise 4s.

c. ad 100-120/30. The most significant pottery source during this period was Canterbury, which supplied more than a third of the pottery present in the bottom of Pit, F. 4072 (Assemblage 14). Nearly all of this pottery took the form of greyware cooking-pots and carinated-bowls with lids: the occasional flagon in oxidised fabric variants from the same source may have been marketed as packaging for wine or some other liquid commodity as some examples from elsewhere in east Kent have traces of resin lining.

Cooking-pots and bowls in a variant of the Reed Avenue, Canterbury kiln greyware fabric were also supplied to Abbey Farm and are thought by Pollard to have been made somewhere in east Kent, possibly Richborough, and dated by him to c.ad 60-100 (Pollard 1988, 44). This assemblage suggests that they continued to be supplied during the early years of the second century.

Cooking-pots, bowls and other forms in handmade ‘Belgic’ fabrics account for nearly a quarter of the pit F. 4072 assemblage. Most of these are in a grog-tempered fabric of unknown but non-Canterbury origin. A few vessels are in the local ‘Thanet Dry’ silty fabric: their paucity is due to the fact that this native industry was already in decline by ad 70 and had probably ceased production by ad 100.

Small quantities of Thameside products, in the form of fine Upchurch greywares and Hoo St Werburgh flagons in their oxidised orange equiv-alent, with or without white-slip, continued to be supplied. Most of the finewares in use on the site, including nearly all of the beakers or drinking cups came from this source, supplemented by South Gaulish Samian bowls and platters and the occasional Pompeian Red dish and Central Gaulish Whiteware colour-coated beaker. The South Gaulish Samian was replaced first by Martres de Veyre products from Central Gaul at the beginning of the second-century and then by vessels from the Lezoux factories after ad 120.

The few mortaria in use on the site during the period ad 70-130 include Verulamium Region Whiteware examples and at least one early Gillam Type 238 from North-Eastern Gaul (Fig. 4, 34).

The complete top from a Gauloise 4 amphora from Pit complex, Fs 312/ 313/321 and Dressel 20 amphora fragments indicate the continued importat-ion of both wine from the Rhone valley and olive oil from Southern Spain.

c. ad 130-150. The large quantities of pottery of this date associated with Building 6A indicate that the Canterbury kilns continued to supply between 33 and 43% of all of the pottery in use at Minster and that lid-seated jars and bowls in the sandy grey fabric from that source were now being used in roughly equal numbers.

Thameside products were now more varied than previously and account for another third of the pottery in use at Abbey Farm. The number and variety of vessels in fine North Kent Greyware is markedly up and includes jars, bowls, dishes, beakers and flagons. The continued very poor showing of flagons in the oxidised Hoo St Werburgh equivalent of fine North Kent Greyware may reflect more successful competition from the Canterbury producers of such vessels.

A new fabric for Minster is North Kent BB2: acute-latticed cooking-pots, ‘pie-dishes’ and straight-sided dishes in this fabric made their appear-ance c.ad 130 with acute-latticed ‘pie dishes’ making up by far the most significant element in the supply of such wares. A few cooking-pots in sandy Thameside greyware also made their appearance during this period.

Finewares arriving on the site include a variety of Central Gaulish Samian cups, bowls and dishes, a few East Gaulish Samian vessels and colour-coat roughcast beakers from Central Gaul, Sinzig and Cologne. A poppyhead beaker from the Highgate Wood kilns indicates contacts with London at this time.

Mortaria include Verulamium Region Whiteware examples, oxidised ex-amples from the Canterbury kilns and whiteware ones from ?Rochester.

c. ad 150-250. The mid-second century saw a sharp fall off in the quantities of Canterbury products to around a fifth of the pottery supplied to the site between ad 150 and 170. Supply of such wares, with the exception of a few flagons, all but ceased to be supplied to the site after c.ad 170. They were replaced by increasing numbers of BB2 cooking-pots, bowls and dishes from coastal production sites around the estuary of the river Medway and elsewhere along the North Kent coast. The emphasis continued to be on the supply of ‘pie dishes’ in this fabric, but now largely undecorated.

Local handmade grog-tempered ware cooking-pots and open forms continued to be supplied in small numbers to the site: improvements in technology and firing techniques saw the increasing use of sand mixed with grog as filler and higher temperature firing of such wares during the third quarter of the second century; leading to the appearance of developed ‘Native Coarse Ware’. Significant quantities of wares in this fabric were manufactured at production sites on the Isle of Thanet and on the opposite shore of the Wantsum Channel throughout the third-century and particularly during the period c.ad 170-250. Jars in ‘Native Coarse Ware’ became a significant element in pottery supply to Abbey Farm during the early third century but the 17% of Assemblage 16 and 15% of Assemblage 17 is less than what one might expect from such a local industry. This may reflect the status of the site: a similar state of affairs is found at the Pevensey Shore-fort during the late third and early fourth centuries, where handmade native East Sussex wares are predominant on rural sites in the countryside around but were an insignificant element of pottery assemblages from within the fort (Lyne 1994, 344).

Fine and specialist wares include a variety of platters, cups and bowls in Central Gaulish Samian ware, small quantities of similar East Gaulish Samian forms and mortaria, cups and beakers from both Colchester and the Rhineland. Small numbers of flagons and mortaria in a hard orange-red fabric with a cream-buff slip were also supplied to the site during the late second and early third centuries: these may be of local origin but the source remains uncertain.

This pattern of pottery supply remained in place until the mid-third-century, when all the main buildings were abandoned. The last pottery to arrive on site before this abandonment included one or two early Oxford-shire Red Colour-coat bowls of post-ad 240 date and BB1 bowls and dishes from Poole Harbour in Dorset. Many occupation sites in Kent were either abandoned or saw a great reduction in the level of activity on them during the mid-to-late third century and this event always seems to be associated with the appearance of a few BB1 vessels. It is interesting to note that the earliest occupation horizons within the Shore-forts at Richborough and Dover, constructed during the last two decades of the third century, have large quantities of BB1 associated with them (Lyne 1994, 132; Booth 1995).

c.ad 250-400+. The small c.ad 370-400+ dated pottery assemblage from the upper fills of the malt kiln to the south of Building 1 and other c.ad 250-400+ dated ones from wall-robbing trenches indicate a pottery supply pattern differing little from that operating elsewhere in east Kent at this time. Nearly all of the finewares and mortaria emanated from the Oxfordshire kilns: the most significant suppliers of coarse kitchen wares were the producers of Late Roman grog-tempered wares, Alice Holt/Farnham greywares and sandy oxidised Overwey/Portchester D rilled jars. Only five of the 62 sherds from the fills of the abandoned malt kiln are from late Thameside products, suggesting that this industry had ceased production before the other coarseware suppliers.

Appendix

The Illustrated Assemblages

Assemblage 1 (Figs 1 and 2)

1. Slack-profiled necked jar in reddish-brown fabric P2 with profuse up to 1.00mm crushed calcined-flint and polished black surfaces. Ext. rim diameter 160mm. Context 7195.

2. Large part of jar of Thompson (1982) Type B2-4 in black fabric B2. Ext. rim diameter 180mm. c.25 bc-ad 70. Context 7201.

3. Bead-rim jar in high-fired grey fabric B2/R1 with body combing over knife trimming. Ext. rim diameter 200mm. Context 7195.

4. Waster jar of Thompson Type B2-1 in high-fired bloated black fabric fired patchy rough pink/black. Ext. rim diameter 220mm. c.25 bc-ad 70. Context 7195.

5. Slack-profiled narrow-necked jar waster in similar fabric fired orange-pink with white scumming on grey surfaces. Ext. rim diameter 160mm. Context 7195.

6. Weak-profiled jar waster in hard pink ‘Thanet Dry’ fabric BER16 fired polished grey with white surface scumming. Ext. rim diameter 160mm. Context 7195.

7. Bead-rim jar in similar fabric fired black with fine horizontal body combing. Ext. rim diameter 100mm. Context 7195.

8. Similar vessel in similar fabric fired black with knife-trimmed body. Ext. rim diameter 100mm. Context 7194.

9. Another example in similar fabric fired buff-brown with horizontal body combing. Ext. rim diameter 120mm. Context 7195.

10. Small jar in similar fabric fired black. Ext. rim diameter 90mm. c.ad 40-70. Context 7195.

11. Necked jar of Thompson Type B2-1 in similar fabric fired grey-black with polished neck and burnished chevrons on its body. Ext. rim diameter 200mm. c.ad 40-70. Context 7195.

12. Everted-rim, neck-cordoned jar in grey ‘Thanet Dry’ fabric BER16. Ext. rim diameter 220mm. c.ad 40-100. Context 7195.

13. Long-necked jar of Thompson Type B1-4 in similar fabric fired polished black. Ext. rim diameter 200mm. c.ad 5-50/60. Another, waster, example is also present. Context 7194.

14. Butt beaker of Thompson Type G5-4 fired hard polished honey-brown with black patches. Ext. rim diameter 110mm. c.ad 5-50. Context 7195.

15. Fragment from butt-beaker of Type G5-2 in similar fabric fired grey with diagonal burnished-line decoration. c.ad 5-50. A sherd from another example with burnished latticing is also present. Context 7194.

16. Copy of Gallo-Belgic platter of CAM form 8 in similar fabric fired polished black. Ext. rim diameter 180mm. c.ad 10-60/65. Context 7194.

Assemblage 2 (Fig. 2)

17. Jar of Thompson Type C3 in lumpy black fabric P4 fired brown externally. c.50 bc-ad 50.

Assemblage 4 (Fig. 2)

18. Handmade lid-seated storage-jar in lumpy soft fabric with up-to 2.00mm orange grog and very sparse up to 2.00mm calcined flint, fired patchy black/buff/orange. Ext. rim diameter 300mm. c. ad 50-70.

Assemblage 5 (Figs 3 and 4)

19. CAM 165 jug in black ‘Belgic’ grog tempered fabric B1 fired polished red. Ext. rim diameter 100mm. c.ad 1- 50. Context 9018.

20. Jar with short everted rim in high-fired fabric B2/R1 fired grey with black surfaces and slashed decoration on its shoulder. Ext. rim diameter 120mm. Context 9014.

21. Another example in similar fabric fired patchy black/buff with stabbed shoulder cordon. Paralleled in Kiln II, St.Stephen’s Road, Canterbury (Jenkins 1956, fig. 8, 31). Ext. rim diameter 160mm. c.ad 50-80. Context 9014.

22. Lid-seated bead-rim jar in grey fabric BER16 with stabbed shoulder cordon. Ext. rim diameter 110mm. The Thameside versions of this form are dated by Monaghan (1987) to c.ad 70-110 (Cl.3L10). Context 9014.

23. Bead-rim jar in similar fabric with shoulder and girth furrowing. Ext. rim diameter 100mm. Context 9027.

24. Much of plain bead-rim jar waster in similar fabric fired patchy orange-grey fired purple-grey internally. Ext. rim diameter 120mm. Context 9027.

25. Necked bowl in black fabric BER16 with burnished chevrons on its shoulder. Paralleled at Site 9, Ebbsfleet (Macpherson-Grant 1993, fig.11, 57). Ext. rim diameter 160mm. c.ad 25-75/100. Most of this vessel is present. Context 9014.

26. Bloated lid waster in similar fabric fired patchy black/orange-brown. Ext. rim diameter 200mm. Context 9014.

27. Necked-jar in Canterbury greyware fabric R5. Ext. rim diameter 140mm. Context 9018.

28. Lid-seated carinated bowl in similar fabric. Ext. rim diameter 160mm. Context 9018.

29. Carinated bowl in rough Canterbury greyware fabric R5. Ext. rim diameter 140mm. Caked externally with cinnabar. Context 9014.

30. Carinated bowl with reeded rim in similar fabric. Ext. rim diameter 260mm. Nearly all of this vessel is present. c.ad 80-175. Context 9027

31. Lid-seated carinated bowl in similar fabric. Paralleled in Kiln II, St Stephen’s Road, Canterbury (Jenkins 1956, fig. 8, 23). Ext. rim diameter 140mm. c.ad 50-80. Context 9014. Another example came from context 9027.

32. Lid in similar fabric. Ext. rim diameter 180mm. Context 9018.

33. Beaker of unusual form in North Kent Fine Greyware fabric R16. Ext. rim diameter 80mm. Context 9014.

Assemblage 7 (Fig. 4)

34. Mortarium of Gillam Type G238 in powdery cream-buff fabric with fine white and grey quartz trituration grits extending up over the flange of the vessel. Ext. rim diameter 360mm. c.ad 50-80. More than half of this vessel is present.

35. Lid-seated bowl with bulbous body in grey fabric R5.1. Ext. rim diameter 200m. c.ad 60-100.

Assemblage 10 (Figs 4 and 5)

36. Amphora of CAM165 type in polished red fabric B1. Ext. rim diameter 150mm. c.ad 40-60. Context 843.

37. Handmade bead-rim jar in pink-cored polished black fabric BER1 with silt and sparse up-to 0.50mm alluvial grit filler. Ext. rim diameter 100mm. c.ad 50-70. Context 845.

38. Complete carinated bowl with reeded-rim in rough grey fabric R5. Ext. rim diameter 160mm. c.ad 80-175. Context 843.

39. Neck-cordoned jar in similar fabric fired bluish-grey. Ext. rim diameter 160mm. Similar to example from Simon Langton Yard, Canterbury (Wilson 1995, fig. 305, F163, c.ad 130-160). Context 843.

40. Lid-seated jar in similar fabric. Ext. rim diameter 160mm. Similar to example from St Margaret Street Baths site, Canterbury (Wilson 1995, fig. 302, F108, c.ad 160-200) and at Riding Gate, Canterbury (Wilson 1982, fig. 68, 10), c.ad 100-180). c.ad 100-175. Context 843.

41. Lid in very-fine-sanded black fabric B8. Ext. rim diameter 200mm. c.ad 50-70. Context 843.

42. Much of dish in hard silty grey fabric R27 fired beige with gilt-mica wash. Ext. rim diameter 220mm. c.ad 100-160. One of two examples. Context 843.

43. Cup in rouletted London Eggshell ware. Ext. rim diameter 120mm. c.ad 100-140. Context 837.

Assemblage 12 (Fig. 5)

44. Honey jar with handles in orange fabric R6.1. Ext. rim diameter 90mm. Context 7131.

45 Mortarium in similar fabric with indeterminate stamp. Ext. rim diameter 220mm c.ad 100-150. Context 7131.

Assemblage 13 (Figs 5 and 6)

46. Lid-seated jar of Pollard (1988) Type 68 in Canterbury sandy greyware fabric R5. Ext. rim diameter 130mm. c.ad 70-175. Contexts 5016 and 5017.

47. Jar of Monaghan (1987) Type 4A1.12 in BB2 fabric R14 with burnished chevrons on the shoulder. Ext. rim diameter 200mm. c.ad 70-120. Context 5016.

48. Pie dish of Type 5D2 with burnished latticing, in similar fabric. Ext. rim diameter 160mm. c.ad 110/120-150/180. Context 5017.

49. Jar of Type 3H4 in reddish-brown Fabric LR2.2 with rough ‘scorched’ surfaces. Ext. rim diameter 140mm. c.ad 170-230. Context 5016.

50. Platter of Type 7A2.1 in grey Upchurch fineware fabric R16. Ext. rim diameter 200mm. c.ad 43-120/140. Context 5016. Another example came from Context 5017.

51. Bag beaker in off-white Lower Nene Valley Colour-coat fabric LR.11 with brown-black colour-coat. Ext. rim diameter 60mm. c.ad 160-210. One of two. Context 5016.

Assemblage 14 (Figs 6 and 7)

52. Jar with weakly-everted rim in brown-black Fabric B2/R1 with horiz-ontal combing on its shoulder. Ext. rim diameter 180mm. Context 4080.

53. Necked and cordoned jar with burnished chevrons on its shoulder, in similar fabric. Ext. rim diameter 180mm. Context 4080.

54. Necked-bowl with girth-carination in brown-black fabric B2/R1. Ext. rim diameter 190mm. Context 4080.

55. Everted-rim bowl similar to Pollard (1988) Form 50 in similar fabric A but with lid-seating. Ext. rim diameter 200mm. c.ad 50-80. Context 4080.

56. Flanged-dish in similar fabric fired lumpy brown-black. Ext. rim diameter 200mm. Context 4080.

57. Large weak-profiled cordoned-jar in powdery-grey ‘Thanet Dry’ fabric BER16. Ext. rim diameter 200mm. Context 4080.

58. Bead-rim jar in similar fabric but with occasional calcined-flint inclusions. Context 4080.

59. Greater part of lid-seated carinated bowl in sandy grey Canterbury fabric R5. Ext. rim diameter 280mm. Context 4080.

60. Very large bowl with reeded rim in similar fabric. Ext. rim diameter 300mm.

61. Another example, but with undercut and upward-tilted rim, in similar fabric. Ext. rim diameter 260mm. Paralleled at Richborough in Pit 34 (Bushe-Fox 1932, Pl. XXXIV, 222). c.ad 80-120. Context 4080.

62. Small necked-jar in sandy grey Canterbury fabric R5 with a polished exterior. Ext. rim diameter 120mm. Context 4080.

63. Necked-jar in grey ?Richborough fabric R5.1 with brown margins. Ext. rim diameter 190mm. Context 4080.

64. Small, necked bowl with rounded girth in similar fabric. Ext. rim diameter 220mm. Context 4080.

65. Small necked bowl with simple flanged rim in similar fabric. Ext. rim diameter 160mm. Context 4080.

66. ‘Pie-dish’ similar to Monaghan (1987) Thameside Class 5D2 but in light grey Canterbury fabric R5 fired darker without latticing. Ext. rim diameter 160mm. c.ad 110-180. Context 4080.

Assemblage 15 (Figs 7 and 8)

67. Black cavetto-rim jar in fabric B2/R1 with external knife-trimming on its body. Ext. rim diameter 160mm. Contexts 7178 and 7198.

68. Necked-bowl with carinated shoulder in hard patchy black/orange fabric B2/R1 with polished exterior. Ext. rim diameter 220mm. Context 7198.

69. Everted-rim jar in hard fabric B2/R1 with fine horizontal rilling on its shoulder over knife trimming. Ext. rim diameter 180mm. Context 7121.

70. Grey-cored everted rim jar in hard fabric R1 fired polished brown/black with girth groove and burnished decoration on its shoulder. Ext. rim diameter 200mm. Contexts 7143 and 7198.

71. Everted-rim jar in hard grey fabric R1 with all over external polish and girth cordon. Ext. rim diameter 200mm. Context 7121.

72. Necked and girth-cordoned bowl in grey-black fabric R1. Ext. rim diameter 180mm. Context 7121.

73. Two-handled ringed flange-rim flagon in sandy buff fabric R6.3. Ext. rim diameter 80mm. Paralleled in Dane John kiln, Canterbury (Kirkman 1940, fig. 45). c.ad 150-250 at source; c.ad 150-175 on Thanet. Context 7198.

74. Disc-mouthed flagon in similar fabric. Ext. rim diameter 70mm. Also paralleled in Dane John kiln (ibid. fig. 52). Context 7198.

75. Neck-cordoned bowl of Monaghan (1987) Class 4A2 in blue-grey Thameside greyware with burnished latticing on its shoulder. Ext. rim diameter 180mm. c.ad 120-200. Context 7157.

Assemblage 16 (Fig. 8)

76. Jar with weak everted rim in ‘Native Coarse Ware’ fabric R1 fired patchy brown/black. Ext. rim diameter 160mm. c.ad 170-250. Context 1018.

77. Beaker with flattened bead on rim top and dot-barbotine panels on its body, in grey Upchurch fineware fabric R16. Ext. rim diameter 80mm. Context 1007.

78. Unguentarium or triple vase rim of Frere (1972) Type 882 or 887 in burnt Verulamium Region Whiteware fabric R65. Ext. rim diameter 90mm. c.ad 150-170. Context 1081.

79. Rhenish mortarium in coarse white Fabric R64 with up to 2.00mm red slate inclusions. Ext. rim diameter 260mm. c.ad 150-300. Context 1007.

Assemblage 17 (Figs 8 and 9)

80. Cavetto-rim jar in grey ‘Native Coarse Ware’ with burnished decoration on the body. Ext. rim diameter 240mm. c.ad 170-250.

81. S-profile bowl of Monaghan Type 4A2-8, but with burnished vertical lines on the shoulder, in BB2 fabric R14. Ext. rim diameter 200mm. ad 170/190 -210/230.

82. ‘Pie-dish’ of Type 5C2.1 in similar fabric. Ext. rim diameter 140mm. c.ad 120/150-210.

83. ‘Pie-dish of Type 5C3.3 in similar fabric. Ext. rim diameter 220mm. c.ad 170/190-210/230.

84. ‘Pie-dish of Type 5C4.3 with drooping flange, in similar fabric. Ext. rim diameter 150mm. c.ad 150/170-250. There is a star-shaped graffito on the side of this vessel.

85. Dish of Monaghan Class 5E1 in similar fabric. Ext. rim diameter 220mm. c.ad 160-260/300.

86. Dish of Type 5F3 in similar fabric. Ext. rim diameter 180mm. c.ad 130-270.

87. Poppyhead beaker of Monaghan Type 2A5 in grey Upchurch fineware. Fabric R16. Ext. rim diameter 80mm. c.ad 160-190.

88. Small simple-lipped beaker of Class 2J4 in similar fabric. Ext. rim diameter 90mm. c.ad 70/90-120.

89. Small cavetto-rim jar of Type 3H1.7 in high-fired Fabric LR2.2 with surface reddening. Ext. rim diameter 100mm. c.ad 180-230.

90. Handmade jar with corrugated neck in soft orange-brown Transitional ‘Belgic’/‘Native Coarse Ware’ fabric. Ext. rim diameter 160mm. c.ad 70-150. Context 0043.

91. Bead-rimmed bowl in grey Upchurch fineware fabric R16 with ex-ternal rouletted decoration. Context 0039.

92. Necked-jar of Monaghan Type 4A4.2 in similar fabric. Ext. rim diameter 220mm. c.ad 70-150. Context 0043.

93. Bulbous everted-rim jar of Monaghan Type 3J2.2 in grey fabric LR2.1. Ext. rim diameter 180mm. c.ad 120-200/240. Context 0037.

94. Mortarium of Symonds and Wade (1999) Type 312 in cream-buff Colchester Fabric R61. Ext. rim diameter 300mm. c.ad 170-250. Context 0043.

Assemblage 19 (Fig. 9)

95. Handmade necked bowl in black Transitional ‘Belgic’/‘Native Coarse Ware’ fabric B2/R1. ?Ext. rim diameter. One of several. Paralleled at Richborough in Pit 34 (Bushe-Fox 1932, pl. XXXIV, 224, c.ad 80-120). The form was also made in fully-developed ‘Native Coarse Ware’ fabric R1, indicating continued production after c.ad 170. Context 5100.

96. Similar but much larger example in similar fabric with polished upper part of exterior. Ext. rim diameter 340mm. Context 5100.

97. Smaller, thinner-walled example in sandy red fabric R1 variant fired brown externally and polished black internally. Ext. rim diameter 200mm. Context 5101.

98. Mortarium in pimply, slightly-vesicular orange-brown fabric with white quartz trituration grits and patchy cream slip on top of the flange and over the upper portion of its interior surface. There are two rivet holes from repairs in antiquity. Ext. rim diameter 340mm. Context 5100.

Assemblage 20 (Fig. 10)

99. Necked bowl in grey ‘Native Coarse Ware’ fabric R1 with surface reddening. Ext. rim diameter 200mm. Context 5002.

100. Large necked jar with rolled over everted rim in similar fabric fired grey with burnished horizontal bands on its external surface. An isolated bodysherd indicates area-burnished chevrons on the girth of the vessel. Ext. rim diameter 240mm. Context 5002.

101. Cavetto-rim jar in similar fabric fired patchy brown/black with burnished chevrons on its body. Ext. rim diameter 180mm. Paralleled at Richborough (Cunliffe 1968, pl. LXXIII, 558). Context 5008.

102. Another such jar in similar fabric fired patchy grey/brown/black with similar decoration but with everted rim and a girth cordon. Ext. rim diameter 200mm. Contexts 5006 and 5007.

103. Everted-rim jar in similar fabric. Ext. rim diameter 160mm. Context 5008.

104. Flanged dish in similar fabric fired grey-black. Ext. rim diameter 160mm. Context 5002.

105. Jar with heavy everted rim in sandy grey Canterbury fabric R5. Ext. rim diameter 190mm. Context 5009.

106. Jar with heavy reeded rim in similar fabric. Ext. rim diameter 220mm. Context 5009. One of two.

107. Small pulley-neck flagon in sandy orange Canterbury fabric R6.1. Ext. rim diameter 40mm. Paralleled at the Dane John Gardens kiln in Canterbury (Kirkman 1940, fig. 50). c.ad 150-200. Context 5009.

108. Cupped ring-neck flagon of Pollard Type 161 (1988) in very fine orange-red fabric with silt-sized quartz filler and external cream-buff slip. Ext. rim diameter 90mm. c.ad 150-250. Context 5007.

109. Flagon of CAM 365 type in very-fine orange-red fabric with silt-sized quartz filler, and smooth cream-buff surfaces horizontally streaked in grey. Ext. rim diameter 105mm. The form is paralleled at the Dane John Gardens kiln (Kirkman 1940, fig. 58) and Kiln III at Whitehall Gardens, Canterbury (Jenkins 1960, fig. 5, 20). c.ad 150-250. Context 5002.

110. Wall-sided mortarium in very fine orange fabric with silt-sized quartz and heavily blackened cream slip. Ext. rim diameter 200mm. c.ad 150-300. Context 5007.

111. Wall-sided mortarium of Symonds and Wade (1999) Type 312 in cream Colchester fabric R63. Ext. rim diameter 180mm. c.ad 170-250. Context 5008.

112. Mortarium in cream Colchester fabric R63 with semi-literate retro-grade stamp. Ext. rim diameter 300mm. Contexts 5008 and 5009.

bibliography

The following six reports on the excavations at Abbey Farm in earlier volumes of Archaeologia Cantiana are referenced throughout the text:

[Minster 1] ‘The Roman villa at Minster-in-Thanet. Part 1: Introduction and Report the Bath-house’ [Building 3], Archaeologia Cantiana, 124 (2004), 25-49.

[Minster 3] ‘The Roman villa at Minster-in-Thanet. Part 3: The Corridor House, Building 4’, Archaeologia Cantiana, 126 (2006), 115-133.

[Minster 4] ‘The Roman villa at Minster-in-Thanet. Part 4: The South-West Buildings, 6A and 6B’, Archaeologia Cantiana, 127 (2007), 261-296.

[Minster 5] ‘The Roman villa at Minster-in-Thanet. Part 5: The Main House, Building 1’, Archaeologia Cantiana, 128 (2008), 309-334.

[Minster 6] ‘The Roman villa at Minster-in-Thanet. Part 6: The Villa Enclosure; Buildings 2 and 5’, Archaeologia Cantiana, 129 (2009), 333-357.

[Minster 7] ‘The Roman villa complex at Abbey Farm, Minster-in-Thanet. Part 7: Building 7, a Late Roman Kiln and Post-built Structures’, Archaeologia Cantiana, 130 (2010), 315-332.

Booth, P., 1995, ‘The Roman Pottery’, in Wilkinson, D.R.P., ‘Excavations on the White Cliffs Experience Site, Dover 1988-91’, Archaeologia Cantiana 114, 51-148.

Bushe-Fox, J.P., 1932, Third Report on the Excavations of the Roman Fort at Richborough, Kent, Rep. Res. Comm. Soc. Antiq. London, No. 10.

Cunliffe, B.W., 1968, Fifth Report on the Excavations of the Roman Fort at Richborough, Kent, Rep. Res. Comm. Soc. Antiq. London, No. 23.

Frere, S., 1972, Verulamium Excavations Vol. 1, Rep. Res. Comm. Soc. Antiq., London, No. 28.

Hartley, K.F., 1977, ‘Two major potteries producing mortaria in the first century A.D.’, in Dore, J., Greene, K. (eds), Roman Pottery Studies in Britain and Beyond, BAR Suppl. Ser. 30, 5-18.

Jenkins, F., 1956, ‘A Roman Tilery and two Pottery Kilns at Durovernum (Canterbury)’, Antiq. Journal, 36, 40-56.

Jenkins, F., 1960, ‘Two Pottery Kilns and a Tilery of the Roman period at Canterbury (Durovernum Cantiacorum)’, Archaeologia Cantiana, 74, 151-161.

Kirkman, J.S., 1940, ‘Canterbury Kiln Site. The Pottery’, in Webster, G., ‘A Roman Pottery Kiln at Canterbury’, Archaeologia Cantiana, 53, 118-136.

Lyne, M.A.B., 1994, Late Roman Handmade Wares in South-East Britain, unpubl. ph.d. thesis, University of Reading.

Lyne, M.A.B. and Jefferies, R.S., 1979, The Alice Holt/Farnham Roman Pottery Industry, CBA Res. Rep. 30.

Macpherson-Grant, N., 1993, ‘Archaeological Evaluation at Ebbsfleet in the Isle of Thanet’, Archaeologia Cantiana, 110, 286-300.

Macpherson-Grant, N., Savage, A., Cotter, J., Davey, M. and Riddler, I., 1995 Canterbury Ceramics 2. The Processing and Study of Excavated Pottery (CAT).

Monaghan, J., 1987, Upchurch and Thameside Roman Pottery. A ceramic typology for northern Kent, first to third centuries A.D., BAR Brit. Ser. 173.

Orton, C.J., 1975, ‘Quantitative Pottery Studies, Some Progress, Problems and Prospects’, Science and Archaeology, 16, 30-5.

Perkins, D.R.J., 1997, ‘The Abbey Farm Training Excavation, Phase 2, 1997’, Archaeologia Cantiana, 117, 260-264.

Pollard, R.J., 1988, The Roman Pottery of Kent, KAS Monograph 5, Maidstone.

Rigby, V., 1995, ‘Early Gaulish and Rhenish imports. Discussion’, in Elder, J. (ed.), The Archaeology of Canterbury. Vol.5. Excavations in the Marlowe Car Park and Surrounding areas, 640-652.

Symonds, R.P. and Wade, S., 1999, Colchester Archaeological Report 10: Roman pottery from excavations in Colchester, 1971-86.

Thompson, I., 1982, Grog-tempered ‘Belgic’ Pottery of South-eastern England, BAR Brit. Ser. 108.

Wilson, M., 1982, ‘Other Pottery from the Defences’, in S.S. Frere, S. Stow and P. Bennett, Excavations on the Roman and Medieval defences of Canterbury (The Archaeology of Canterbury Vol. 2), 129-139.

Wilson, M., 1995, ‘Pottery from C.E.C. sites’, in K. Blockley, M. Blockley, P. Blockley, S.S. Frere, and S. Stow, Excavations in the Marlowe Car Park and surrounding areas (The Archaeology of Canterbury Vol. 5), 682-9.

Young, C.J., 1977, Oxfordshire Roman Pottery, BAR Brit. Ser. 43.

	1996	1997	1998	1999	2001	2002	2003-4
No. sherds	1,006	2,251	2,159	1,755	4,627	2,858	12,681
Weight (g)	17,794	42,440	31,003	26,679	67,964	42,165	192,741

TABLE 1. QUANTIFICATION BY EVES OF ASSEMBLAGE 1

Fabric	Jars	Bowls	Dishes	Beakers	Store-jars	Other	Total	%
P2 B1 B2 B2/R1 B2.1 B4 BER7 BER16 BER16A R6.3? R16	0.15 0.05 0.68 0.37 0.05 P 3.87 P		0.27	P 0.33 P	0.21	P	0.15 0.05 0.68 0.58 0.05 P P 4.47 P P P	2.5 0.8 11.4 9.7* 0.8 74.8*
Total (%)	5.17 (86.5)		0.27 (4.5)	0.33 (5.5)	0.21 (3.5)		5.98

* incl. Wasters; P = present

TABLE 2. QUANTIFICATION BY EVES OF ASSEMBLAGE 5

Fabric	Jars	Bowls	Dishes	Beakers	Store-jars	Others	Total	%
P2 B1 B2 B2/R1 B8 BER16 R5 R6.1 R6.3 R16 R17 R37 R42 R50 R73 R88.93	0.35 0.70 P 1.60 0.58 0.16	0.59 1.77 0.18	0.15 0.25 0.07	0.39 P	jug lid flask lids	P 0.11 0.78 0.52 0.75 P P P P P	P 0.11 0.35 0.70 P 3.64 3.10 P P 0.82 P P 0.07 P 0.16 P	1.2 3.9 7.8 40.7 34.6 9.2 0.8 1.8
Total (%)	3.39 (37.9)	2.54 (28.3)	0.47 (5.3)	0.39 (4.4)		2.16 (24.1)	8.95

TABLE 3. QUANTIFICATION BY EVES OF ASSEMBLAGE 10

Fabric	Jars	Bowls	Dishes	Beakers	Store-jars	Others	Total	%
P2 B1 B2 B2/R1 B6 B8 BER1 BER15 BER16 R1 R5 R6.1 R6.3 R14 R16 R17 R27 R37 R42 R43 R61 1A R71 R73 R75 R89 R98 R105 LOEG	P P P P 0.17 0.21 P 2.10 0.23 0.64 0.11	1.64 0.34 0.11 0.05 0.05	0.11 0.43	0.58 P	lagena P lid lid mortarium lid flagon flagon amphora	0.68 0.33 P 0.47 P P P 0.13 P 0.11 0.19 1.00 P P	P 0.68 P 0.11 P 0.33 0.17 P 0.21 P 4.21 P 0.23 0.34 1.33 P 0.43 P P 0.05 0.13 P 0.22 0.19 1.00 P P 0.05	7.0 1.1 3.4 1.8 2.2 43.5 2.4 3.5 13.7 4.4 0.5 1.3 2.2 2.0 10.3 0.5
Total (%)	3.46 (35.7)	2.19 (22.6)	0.54 (5.6)	0.58 (6.0)		2.91 (30.1)	9.68

TABLE 4. QUANTIFICATION BY EVES OF ASSEMBLAGE 12

Fabric	Jars	Bowls	Dishes	Beakers	Store-jars	Other	Total	%
B2/R1 B6 B17 BER15 BER16 R1 R5 R6.1 R6.3 R8.3 R13 R14 R16 R17 R25 R34 R37 R38 R42 R43 R46 R46.1 R50 R53 R56 R61 1A R65 R67 R68 R71 R73 R95A R98 R99 R105 LR2.1 LR2.2 MISC	4.58 1.29 0.94 8.12 0.07 0.33 0.08 1.78 4.29 P P 0.34 1.39 0.09	0.31 0.08 7.97 1.10 0.31 4.76 0.14 0.29 0.20	0.11 0.41 0.32 1.95 0.18 0.43 0.93	0.31 0.25 0.04 7.77 0.07 0.12 0.86 0.12 P 0.14	0.20 lid 0.08 lid lid lid flagon lid mortarium mortarium lid flagon flagon flagon Dr. 27 Dr. 27 mortarium mortarium lid mortarium lid flagon	1.14 P 0.17 0.37 0.60 4.83 0.40 0.06 0.16 0.56 0.92 0.61 P 0.10 0.20 0.43 1.16 P P P P P 0.58 0.18 0.19 P 0.13 P 0.11 0.30	6.03 0.08 P 0.17 1.97 1.62 22.04 0.29 3.52 P 0.64 6.90 14.25 0.38 0.07 0.12 0.86 0.86 2.38 P P P P P 0.58 0.18 0.12 P P 0.53 P P 0.13 P 1.50 0.09 0.64	9.1 0.1 0.3 3.0 2.5 33.4 0.4 5.3 1.0 10.5 21.6 0.6 0.1 0.2 1.3 1.3 3.6 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.8 0.2 2.3 0.1 1.0
Total (%)	23.3 (35.3)	15.16 (23.0)	4.33 (6.6)	9.68 (14.7)	0.28 (0.4)	13.20 (20.0)	65.95

TABLE 5. QUANTIFICATION BY EVES OF ASSEMBLAGE 14

Fabric	Jars	Bowls	Dishes	Beakers	Store-jars	Others	Total	%
B2/R1 BER16 R5 R5.1 R6.1 R16 R17 R23.3 R42 R43 R50 R73 MISC	0.78 0.24 0.84 0.73 0.18	0.46 1.27 0.95 0.13 0.55 P	0.13 0.16 P	0.33	lids lids flagon flagon cup amphora lids	0.29 1.07 P P P P P 0.20	1.66 0.24 3.18 1.68 P 0.80 P P 0.55 P P P 0.20	20.0 2.9 38.3 20.2 9.6 6.6 2.4
Total (%)	2.77 (33.3)	3.36 (40.4)	0.29 (3.5)	0.33 (4.0)		1.56 (18.8)	8.31

TABLE 6. QUANTIFICATION BY EVES OF ASSEMBLAGE 15

Fabric	Jars	Bowls	Dishes	Beakers	Store-jars	Others	Total	%
B2/R1 B4 BER12 BER15 BER16 R1 R5 R6.1 R6.3 R8.1 R11 R13 R14 R16 R17 R25 R37 R42 R43 R46 R50 R54 R56 R65 R71 R73 R98 R99 LR2.1 LR2.2 LR20	3.90 P 0.05 1.83 1.93 1.34 P 1.67 0.93 P 0.31 0.32 P	0.49 0.24 4.01 0.07 1.58 0.25 0.05 0.18	0.06 0.07 0.27 1.82 0.08 0.12	0.19 6.09 P P	salt cont. lids mortarium flagons lid flagon cups amphora mortarium mortarium	0.32 0.79 P 0.19 3.35 P 0.05 0.05 0.12 P 0.25 P P P P 0.45 0.12	4.39 P 0.06 0.32 0.12 2.07 6.73 P 3.61 P 1.34 P 3.76 9.09 0.05 P P 0.13 0.42 P 0.25 P P P P 0.31 P 0.45 0.32 P 0.12	13.1 0.2 1.0 0.4 6.2 20.1 10.8 4.0 11.2 27.1 0.1 0.4 1.3 0.7 0.9 1.3 1.0 0.4
Total (%)	12.28 (36.6)	6.87 (20.5)	2.42 (7.2)	6.28 (18.7)		5.69 (17.0)	33.54

TABLE 7. QUANTIFICATION BY EVES OF ASSEMBLAGE 16

Fabric	Jars	Bowls	Dishes	Beakers	Store-jars	Others	Total	%
R1 R5 R14 R16 R43 R64 R65 R75 LR2,1 LR2.2	1.35 0.39 0.56 1.03 0.32	1.43 0.05	0.13 0.23	1.10	mortaria unguentaria flagons	0.42 0.15 0.54	1.35 0.39 2.12 1.10 0.28 0.42 0.15 0.54 1.03 0.32	17.5 5.1 27.5 14.3 3.6 5.5 1.9 7.0 13.4 4.2
Total (%)	3.65 (47.4)	1.48 (19.2)	0.36 (4.7)	1.10 (13.3)		1.11 (14.4)	7.70

TABLE 8. QUANTIFICATION BY EVES OF ASSEMBLAGE 17

Fabric	Jars	Bowls	Dishes	Beakers	Store-jars	Others	Total	%
R1 R5 R14 R16 R17 R42 R43 R46 R56 R65 R88.93 LR2.1 LR2.2	1.17 0.08 0.22 0.48 0.46	1.73 0.20 1.00	0.22 0.05 0.20	1.22	lid flask flagon cup amphora mortarium flagon	0.07 0.37 P 0.20 P P P	1.17 0.15 2.17 1.59 P 0.25 1.20 0.20 P P P 0.48 0.46	15.3 2.0 28.3 20.7 3.3 15.6 2.6 6.3 6.0
Total (%)	2.41 (31.4)	2.93 (38.2)	0.47 (6.1)	1.22 (15.9)		0.64 (8.3)	7.67

TABLE 9. QUANTIFICATION BY EVES OF ASSEMBLAGE 19

Fabric	Jars	Bowls	Dishes	Beakers	Store-jars	Others	Total	%
B2/R1 B6 R5 R6.1 R6.3 R14 R16 R17 R43 R64 R65 R75 R99 LR2.1 LR2.2 MISC	4.32 1.43 1.20 0.32 0.68 0.10	0.67 0.05 3.38 0.02	0.78 0.17 0.17 0.41	2.91	0.46 lids P mortaria mortaria flask flagons cups mortaria mortaria mortaria	0.35 0.15 0.08 0.14 P 0.25 0.15 P 0.20	5.80 P 0.05 0.15 0.08 5.59 4.42 0.17 0.66 0.15 P 0.02 0.20 0.32 0.68 0.10	31.5 0.3 0.8 0.4 30.4 24.0 0.9 3.6 0.8 0.1 1.1 1.7 3.7 0.5
Total (%)	8.05 (43.8)	4.12 (22.4)	1.53 (8.3)	2.91 (15.8)	0.46 (2.5)	1.32 (7.2)	18.39

TABLE 10. QUANTIFICATION BY EVES OF ASSEMBLAGE 20

Fabric	Jars	Bowls	Dishes	Beakers	Store-jars	Others	Total	%
B6 R1 R5 R6.1 R14 R16 R43 R46 R61 R63 R64 R64.7 R65 R75 LR2.1 LR2.2 LR11 MISC	5.26 0.52 6.23 0.93 2.29 0.87	1.14 0.17 7.00 0.08 0.08 0.46	1.03 0.43 1.58 0.42	0.07 2.36 0.17 0.42	0.15 lid flagon cups cups mortaria mortaria mortaria mortaria mortaria flagons flagons lagenae	0.21 0.42 0.41 0.54 0.64 0.56 0.17 0.12 0.05 0.34 1.28 0.36	0.15 6.61 0.69 0.42 14.33 3.72 2.07 1.04 0.64 0.56 0.17 0.12 0.05 0.34 2.75 1.04 0.42 1.64	0.4 18.0 1.9 1.1 39.0 10.1 5.6 2.8 1.7 1.5 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.9 7.5 2.8 1.1 4.5
Total (%)	16.10 (43.8)	8.93 (24.3)	3.46 (9.4)	3.02 (8.2)	0.15 (0.4)	5.10 (13.9)	36.76

Fig. 1 Assemblage 1, 1-10. Scale 1:4.

Fig. 2 Assemblage 1, 11-16; Assemblage 2, 17; Assemblage 4, 18. Scale 1:4.

Fig. 3 Assemblage 5, 19-26. Scale 1:4.

Fig. 4 Assemblage 5, 27-33; Assemblage 7, 34-35; Assemblage 10, 37-39.

Scale 1:4.

Fig. 5 Assemblage 10, 36, 40-43; Assemblage 12, 44-45; Assemblage 13, 46-47. Scale 1:4.

Fig. 6 Assemblage 13, 48-51; Assemblage 14, 52-63. Scale 1:4.

Fig. 7 Assemblage14, 64-66; Assemblage 15, 67-74. Scale 1:4.

Fig. 8 Assemblage 15, 75; Assemblage 16, 76-79; Assemblage 17, 80-87.

Scale 1:4.

Fig. 9 Assemblage 17, 88-94; Assemblage 19, 95-98. Scale 1:4.

Fig. 10 Assemblage 20, 99-112. Scale 1:4.