Sandgate Castle

( 244 ) SANDGATE CASTLE.* BT WILLIAM LOPTIE RUTTON, P.S.A. History.—The Castle had but httle history, and as the nation similarly deficient is proverbially said to be happy, so here through three centuries tranquillity might have reigned had it not heen for the assaults of one persistent and powerful enemy. We do not know that a gun of its battery was ever fired against the foreign enemies whose threatened attack it had been designed to repel; the sea has been the one fierce adversary which the Castle, alike with its fellows of the southern coast, has had to withstand, and severe and frequent have been the injuries suffered. But before reference to such disasters a few historical incidents have to be related. Henry VIII. at Sandgate.—Hall—contemporary with Henry VIIL—has in his Chronicle, that in 1539 when invasion bj France and Germany was apprehended, " His Majesty in his own person, without any delay, took very laborious and painful journeys towards the sea-coasts," for the purpose of determining with his counsellors the fortifications necessary, and, as may be inferred, for the inspection and hastening of their construction. It can scarcely be doubted that the King at that time visited Sandgate. The municipal records of Folkestone, as quoted by Mr. S. J. Mackie, show in the following entry that Henry visited that town on the 2nd May 1542: " For wine given unto the company coming with the King's Grace to the Town of Folkestone upon Tuesday the second day of May anno regni reg. Henrici octavi xxxiiij." Mr. Mackie has conjectured that the King's object was to inspect the harbour at Folkestone or Dover, but being at Folkestone it is highly probable, though not recorded, that he extended his journey a short two miles to see his Castle of Sandgate which had been completed nineteen months previously, and this without prejudice to the probability of his having visited it during construction. Queen Elizabeth's Visit.—The visit of his august daughter, Queen Elizabeth, stands on record, and indeed the name which before their destruction distinguished certain apartments of the Castle sufficiently attests the fact. It has been already shown that in a Survey of 1616 "the Queen's Chamber" is referred to, and that in another Survey, 1623, there is mention of "the Queen's Lodgings." The writer of the Sandgate Guide of 1823 tells also of " the Queen's Eoom " in the part of the building demolished earlier in the century, and that in the chamber he, in 1785, had seen the old bedstead with * Continued from Yol, XX., p. 257. • •k. SE SANDGATE CASTLE. 245 tapestry hangings on which Her Majesty had rested. The visit moreover is noticed in Nichols's Progresses, the account apparently taken from the record left by Sir James Croft, Comptroller of Her Majesty's Household, which is quoted by Mr. W. D. Cooper in Sussex Archceological Collections, v., 191. The Queen had set out from Greenwich 14 July 1573, and having visited several of her nobility at their seats " reached her own house at Westenhanger 21 August On the morning of Tuesday the 25th she left this house, dined at Sandgate [Nichols erroneously has Sandown Castle], and was at Dover for supper." Tradition evidently errs in representing that the Queen tarried the night at Sandgate, but not robbing the tapestried bed of its honours we may think that Her Majesty on that summer day having ridden five miles from Westenhanger, and partaken of the liberal mid-day repast provided for her at the Castle, may well have reposed awhile on the stately bed before resuming her journey to Dover. Eeference to the apartments used by the Queen was made Vol. XX., 253—255. Nichols makes it appear that Elizabeth made two visits, for in a note p. xii of Preface to Progresses (1788) he says that in 1588 " she lodged one night at Sandgate Castle;" he gives no authority, but I trace the error to Harris (Hist, of Kent, 1719), whose very words Nichols uses. Harris mentions but one visit, and wrongly dating it originated an error which prevails to this day; and there is some excuse, for 1588 being the year of the Spanish Armada the Queen's well-known solicitude for the safety of her realm points to her inspection of the coast defences in that year; I do not find, however, that her review extended beyond that of the troops at Tilbury. Thomas Keys, the Queen's Serjeant Porter.—An incident of historical interest, which preceded the visit of Elizaheth, was the detention at the Castle of Thomas Keys. This unfortunate gentleman had deeply incurred the Queen's wrath by clandestinely marrying Lady Mary Grey, the youngest sister of Jane the unhappy ten-days' Queen. She was a diminutive little lady, yet marriageable, and on that account had, with her elder sister Lady Katherine, been jealously kept under the Queen's eye at Court; for being great-granddaughters of Henry VII. (granddaughters of Mary Tudor widow of Louis XII. of France, afterwards wife of Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk) their claim to the Crown came after that of the Stuart family. Both ladies, however, eluded the Queen's watchfulness, though not her vindictive punishment. Lady Katherine married Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, in 1561, and having been imprisoned (as was her husband) two years in the Tower, was placed latterly in the custody of Sir Owen Hopton, at whose house at Yoxford in Suffolk she died less than seven years after her marriage.* The little Lady Mary, undeterred by the punishment of her sister, at the time a prisoner, married Keys in August 1565. The Queen may have been the more incensed by the unsuitableness * Charles Knight oorreots the ouvrent error that the Countess died in the Tower (Popular Sist. of Bng., iii., 164). 246 SANDGATE CASTLE. of the match, for although such offices as Queen's Serjeant Porter, Porter of Calais, and the like, were honourable and held by gentlemen, yet the rank of Keys was greatly inferior to that of the Queen's kinswoman.* "The head and front of the offending," however, was probably that the little cousin had married at all, the virgin-queen failing matrimony herself being ill-disposed to it in others. So Her Majesty's wrath fell upon the rash couple. Keys was hurried to the Fleet, and there suffered imprisonment with illtreatment between two and three years. In 1568 the Calendar of State Papers (Domestic) shows him to have been at Lewisham, perhaps as a prisoner on parole, and in May 1570 he is at Sandgate Castle writing to Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury, praying him to intercede with the Queen " for mercy, and that according to the laws of God he may be permitted to live with his wife." Needless to say his prayer, though forwarded by the Archbishop, was not granted, and the next year, September 1571, he died, whether or not at Sandgate is undiscovered. He appears to have been " a Man of Kent," and possibly nearly related to Eichard Keys, Commissioner and Paymaster during the building of the Castle, who also was tenant of St. Eadegund's Abbey lands, neaT Dover (Hasted). It must be added that httle Lady Mary, too insignificant perhaps for incarceration in the Tower, was latterly detained in the safe keeping, for nearly three years, of Sir Thomas Gresham, the great London merchant, whose frequent letters to Lord BurgMey evinced his desire to be freed of the charge. She was with Sir Thomas when it became his duty to acquaint her with her husband's death, "which" [tidings], he writes, " I have broken unto my Lady Mary, whose death she grievously taketh." She craved the Queen's leave to keep and bring up Keys's children by a first wife, and further showed her attachment by signing " Mary Keys " after his death, having previously used her maiden name. Elizabeth's treatment of her poor httle kinswoman must have been harsh indeed, as Sir Thomas had to inquire " whether it was Her Majesty's pleasure that he should suffer Lady Mary to wear any black mourning apparel, or not." The year following Keys's death she was released, and afterwards seems to have lived as a widow in London, where she died at the age of thirty-three, 20 April 1578. With her terminated the sad history of the three Ladies Grey. The * Burke designates Keys aa " Groom Porter;" by other writers he has been described as " Gentleman Porter of the Queen's Household, and Master of the Revels at Court." The definition of " Groom Porter " is, in Hunter's Dictionary, " An officer of the Royal Household whose duty it was to see that the King's lodging was furnished with tables, chairs, stools, and firing, and also to provide cards, dice, etc., and to decide disputes arising at cards, dice, bowling, etc. He was allowed to keep an open gaming-table at Christmas. The office was abolished by George I I I . " The Calendar of State Papers {Domestic) shows that in January 1558, on the eve of the fall of Calais, " Thomas Keys, the Serjeant Porter," was at Dover to receive levies for the relief of the place. Thus we learn he held his office at Court in Mary's reign, and his commission at Dover is an indication of his ability and position. .SANDGATE CASTLE. 247 above particulars are found in Dean Burgon's Life of Sir Thomas Gresham, or in the Calendar of State Papers (Domestic) .* History, continued.—Looking through the Calendar we find many references to the Castle, and the information is extended on examination of the Papers themselves. They contain muster-rolls of the garrison made yearly for the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, who had supreme authority over the forts, several inventories of the armament and stores, reports and surveys of the Castle's condition from time to time, with relation of disasters caused by the sea and urgent appeals of the commanders for renovation, and letters in reference to appointments and personal grievances. Of the latter class is the petition of Lieutenant Gibbs, in 1618, to Lord Zouch the Lord Warden, to the effect that he should he confirmed in the possession of a pew in Folkestone Church assigned to him by the churchwardens, but "from which he had been ousted by John Eead, a bachelor and no housekeeper, who had intruded himself very impudently thereinto, and by force kept out the officer's wife and daughters; and being wilful vaunted that with his purse and pocket full of pieces, an action at law having been commenced, he would waste and weary out " the poor Lieutenant. We hope he had redress, but fear there must have been something amiss in the nature of our friend, or at least that he was unfortunate generally, for five years later he makes his plaint against Eichard Harris, one of his gunners, as " a proudly conceited neighbour, who kept scholars in the Castle, and refused to show his authority for so doing." The letters are amusingly quaint, but are of too great length to be fully quoted here. Garrison, 17th Century.—Although several muster-rolls are found with the State Papers they do not cover a longer period than from 1609 to 1626. The earliest, in 1609, shows that the garrison numbered 19 individuals, viz. the Captain, his four soldiers, the Lieutenant, his soldier, the Chief Porter, the TJnder Porter, and ten Gunners or soldiers; all are named. The wages per diem were to the Captain 20d., to the Lieutenant and Chief Porter 8^., to the Gunners Qd. The other musters exhibit so little variation that it is not necessary to particularize them, and it may be understood that the garrison continued as above enumerated until the Commonwealth. Dated 12 July 1655 is found " an establishment made and concluded upon by His Highness the Lord Protector and the Council for the foot-forces and garrisons in England and Wales." The garrison apportioned to Sandgate is a Governor, two Corporals, twenty soldiers, a Gunner and two matrosses [assistant gunners], in all twenty-six. Here is an increase of seven on the Stuart garrison, and the pay also is augmented. The Governor has 3s. a day, the Corporals 14c?., the Gunner, superior to the Corporals, has 20*?., his assistant matrosses 12d. each, aud the soldiers l§d.; 8d. a * Lady Mary Grey's will, with my inquiry as to her probable burial at St. Botolph's without Aldersgate, London, in whioh parish she resided at the time of her death, is printed in Notes and Queries, October 20,1894. 248 SANDGATE CASTLE. day is allowed for fire and candle for the guards, and the whole monthly allowance is £36 17s. 4id. (double the amount provided in 1626), while, for comparison sake, Walmer and Deal Castles have respectively £39 13s. 4