TWO KENTISH HOSPITALS RE-EXAMINED:
S. MARY, OSPRINGE, AND SS. STEPHEN AND THOMAS,
NEW ROMNEY*
By S. E. RIGOLD, F.S.A.
THE hospitals here considered were both products of the great age of
medieval hospital-founding, in the late twelfth and early thirteenth
centuries. From that age fifteen out of the twenty-five known hospitals
in Kent originate, five being earlier and five later. Perhaps more than
any other of these (except the unfortunate house of Sweynester in
Sittingbourne), these two were unable to adapt themselves to the
changing conditions of the fourteenth century, yet they differed widely
in purpose and status: Ospringe had royal patronage and performed
several of the various functions later assigned to more specialized
institutions that have inherited the name of hospital; Romney was of
comparatively humble foundation and solely a refuge for lepers.
Both houses have already been the subjects of detailed studies in
Archceologia Cantiana, since when it has been part of the writer's official
duty to investigate their physical remams and he has taken the opportunity
to submit the limited, documentary evidence, as it were, to a
second pressing. I t is this, rather than any attempt to test the relevance
of two such divergent samples to the general problem of the social
history of the medieval hospital, that is the reason for considering them
together here.
THE HOSPITAIL OE ST. MAKY OE OSPRINGE,
COMMONLY GALLED MAISON DIET/
The late Charles H. Drake pubUshed a valuable paper on this house
in Arch. Cant., xxx (1913), pp. 35-78, followed by a shorter supplementary
paper in Arch. Cant., xxxviii (1926), pp. 113-21. He collected an
impressive amount of documentary evidence, some of it difficult of
access, and gave plans and other material descriptions of the buildings
as they were in his day, and particularly at the time (1922) of the
rescue and repair of the building now in Guardianship of the Ministry
* The Ministry of Public Buildmg and Works contributed to the cost of
printing this Paper.
31
TWO KENTISH HOSPITALS RE-EXAMINED
of Works. The historical part was ably summarized in V.C.H. Kent,
Vol. II, p. 222, by R. C. Fowler. The present writer was most indebted
to his predecessor when compiling the official guidebook to this building,
and here offers a second supplement, to be read in the light of Drake's
papers, incorporating: (i) further documentation that he has collected
and suggestions for the interpretation of the whole; (ii) further evidence
about the fabric, which has been repaired since it passed into Guardianship
in 1947; (iii) the discoveries occasioned by a drainage-trench dug
in 1957 across the line of the main range, on the north side of Watling
Street.
I. HISTORIOA4L EVIDENCE
Four questions seem worthy of re-interpretation or amplification:
(A) The precise conditions of the foundation of the Hospital.
(B) The prolonged and intimate connection between the Hospital of
Ospringe and that of St. John without the East Gate of Oxford.
(C) The constitution of the Hospital and the appointment of its staff
and inmates.
(D) The succession of the earlier Wardens.
A. The Foundation
The claim to a royal foundation need not be taken absolutely at its
face value. Henry I I I was fond of taking over and improving existing
rehgious foundations and arrogating to himself the Founder's privileges.
Netley Abbey had been colonized by donation of Bishop Peter
des Roches more than a decade before Henry adopted it,1 and, among
hospitals, the very house of St. John at Oxford (see Section B), had had
an existence of some forty years before Henry gradually refounded it,
commencing with a grant of land in 1231.2 About the same time, beginning
with a Charter of Liberties in 1229, the King assumed the patronage
and 'foundership' of the Maison Dieu at Dover,3 which Hubert
de Burgh had actuaUy founded some ten years earlier and gently
reUnquished, in anticipation of his fall. Hubert had also been Lord of
Ospringe, which he surrendered with his other honours in August, 1232,
having presented the Dover Hospital with the living, which was later
transferred to the Ospringe Hospital. He did not recover Ospringe;
instead, in 1234, the King gave it in dower to his betrothed Queen
1 Founded July, 1239 (Ann. Waverley), adopted by Henry III, March, 1251.
2 V.CH. Oxford ii, p. 158-9; Close Rolls, 1227-31, p. 600 and 1231-34, pp. 35,
74, etc.; Cal. Pat Rolls, 1292-1301, pp. 101-2.
3 V.C.H. Kent ii, pp. 217-19; Cal. Chart. Rolls, 1226-57, pp. 91 and 141, 191
(re rectory of Ospringe).
32
TWO KENTISH HOSPITALS RE-EXAMINED
during the term of his mother's life,4 after a short occupancy by one
Joldewin de Doe (Douai?).5
Drake prints in full (Appendix V) a list of private benefactions to
the Hospital, confirmed by royal charter in April, 1247,6 but in his
commentary he elaborates on one donor, Adam de Tamie of Sheppey,
giving an unwarrantedly precise date for the royal foundation, namely
1235, as though this were given in the preamble, or elsewhere in the
charter. I have examined the Charter Roll and the date is not there; it
is a mere gloss by Daly in his History of Sheppey. The royal donations
are in fact numerous in the years 1235 to 1240, there being confirmed by
charter, and all are noticed by Drake, as also is the earliest recorded
gift,7 in 1234. But the full implication of this earliest benefaction has
not been appreciated, since it grants all the surplus corn from the
Manor of Ospringe ad emendationem hospitalis, i.e. for the repair of
something already in existence. In any case, these months of crisis and
rapid change of tenure would hardly seem propitious for a new foundation.
The inference is that the Hospital had already stood in embryonic
form for some years (Drake's 'very soon after 1230' may well be correct)
and that the real founder may have been Hubert, possibly to compensate
himself for the loss of the Hospital at Dover. Again, the royal
adoption was gradual, commencing in 1234. The Charter of Liberties of
1246 (abbreviated by Drake, op. cit., p. 41), enlarged and confirmed in
1267, was evidently the consummation of the process: it, and no earlier
charter, is confirmed by an inspeximus of 1338, issued at the same time
as the confirmation of the charter granted to Dover in 1229.8
B. The Link with Oxford
Drake records how the errant Master, Nicholas of Staple, was sent
to the Oxford Hospital in 1314 and his place as a brother taken by an
Oxford man, William of Dewesbury;9 likewise, in 1332, the offending
brother Thomas Urre was sent to Oxford.10 But he does not notice the
4 Hasted, 1798, vi, p. 505; it was also granted to Queen Margaret of France
and the capital tenement is still called Queen Court; Cal. Chart. Rolls, 1226-57,
p. 218; Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1272-81, pp. 348-9 and 1292-1301, p. 453.
5 Not Dol, pace Drake. Joldewin, or Joldan, was a French knight who had
somehow forfeited his lands and was granted Wrestlingworth (Beds.) and Piddington
(Oxon.) for a term of three years from 1232, to defray his expenses on a crusade
(Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1225-32, p. 158); he probably held Ospringe on the same terms and
evidently died on active service, as his brother resigned any claim to Ospringe in
1234 (Close Rolls, 1231-34, p. 488 and 1234-37, p. 31).
6 Cal. Chart. Rolls, 1226-67, p. 315; Drake's appendix, no. 5; it is strange that
the careful Drake should not have checked Daly's obscure and journalistic little
book.
7 Close Rolls, 1231-34, pp. 488, 492.
s Cal. Chart. Rolls, 1226-57, pp. 91, 294-5, 1257-1300, p. 70, 1327-41, p. 44.
9 Cal. 01. Rolls, 1313-18, p. 55.
10 Cot. CI. RoUs, 1330-33, p. 551.
3
33
TWO KENTISH HOSPITALS RE-EXAMINED
numerous instances under Henry III, when the two hospitals are
mentioned in the Rolls simultaneously,11 and under precisely the same
conditions. The possible implications of this will be drawn below:
meanwhile a brief table of references follows in chronological order:
1. 1234—.Geoffrey, the Royal Almoner, is receiving gifts for both,
though named as custos of Ospringe only.12
2. 1237.—Injunction against over-taxation of both, eodem modo.13
3. 1238—Contribution to both, for infirmaries (£10 to Ospringe, £20
to Oxford).14
4. 1238—A chaplain at both, at £2 10s. Od, per annum, for the soul of
Wilham de Valence.15
5. 1241—Protection to both, not quite simultaneous.16
6. 1242—25,000(1) poor to be fed at each, at Id. per head.17
7. 1244—A silver cup to each.18
8. 1244—-Fifteen cows to each, from the goods of the vacant See of
Winchester.19
9. 1245—A chaplain at both, for William de Valence's widow, on the
same terms as her husband's (No. 4).20
10. 1246—Charters of Liberties to each, enrolled in sequence.21
11. 1253—-Three milliaria allecis (brine or salt fish) to both.22
12. 1253—William of Kilkenny custos of both, doubtless temporarily,
but concurrently.23
13. 1266—Six oaks to each.24
14. 1266—A robe for the Master of each.25
11 On occasion the house of conversi (converted Jews) in London makes a third.
12 Close Rolls, 1231-34, pp. 394, 488.
13 Close Rolls, 1234-37, p. 569.
" Cal. Lib. Rolls, 1226-40, p. 347.
16 Cal. Lib. Rolls, 1226-40, p. 436.
10 Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1232-47, pp. 248, 249.
17 Cal. Lib. Rolls, 1240-45, p. 124.
i8 Cal. Lib. Rolls, 1240-46, p. 268.
19 Close Rolls, 1242-47, p. 214.
20 Cal. Lib. Rolls, 1245-51, p. 10.
21 Cal. Chart. Rolls, 1226-57, pp. 294-5; the consolidation of private donations
by charter follows closely—ibid, pp. 296-304 (Oxon.), pp. 315-18 (Ospringe).
22 Close Rolls, 1253-54, p. 33.
23 Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1247-58, p. 185.
24 Close RoUs, 1264-68, p. 271.
20 Close Rolls, 1264-68, p. 278.
34
TWO KENTISH HOSPITALS RE-EXAMINED
Furthermore, Henry of Wingham, a royal clerk, became vicar of
Headcorn, a benefice of the Ospringe brethren, in 1251, and master of
the Oxford hospital in 1254.26
Oxford was the senior, both in original foundation and royal adoption,
and always the larger house,27 in matters of discipline she behaved
much as a mother-house to Ospringe, but 'elder sister' will better
symbolize the relationship. The names of the early masters of Ospringe
include too many Kentish ones to allow that all the first brethren under
the royal dispensation migrated from Oxford, but one or two at least
may have formed the cadre. Neither the Chaplain, Adam of Worcester,
admitted in 1243,28 nor the unfortunate Henry of Buckingham were
local men. Their origins suggest they may have possibly come via
Oxford.
C. The Constitution
The source of the account of the establishment given by Drake
(Arch. Cant., xxx, p. 36, note 4) is quoted more fully in V.C.H. It
comes from the registers of .Archbishop Warham29 and contains the
depositions of two who remembered the last time a proper convent had
existed, under Master Robert Darell (1458-70). At that time there were
the Master, three professed fellow priests, wearing the habit of the
Holy Cross,30 and two secular chantry priests, presumably successors of
those appointed, in the first instance, for the souls of the de Valences31
—no mention of the sisters, of whom we hear in the earlier records and
who seem to have been active members, not mere alms women.
Fortunately, though no early constitution survives for Ospringe,
there is one for Oxford,32 which, in the light of the preceding section,
may be relevant, allowing perhaps, in the case of Ospringe, for fewer
lay members. Again we have a Master (or prior) and three professed
brethren (or chaplains), besides six lay brethren and six lay sisters, to
attend the poor and infirm. This supports the inference that the
Ospringe sisters were attendants, or nurses of a primitive sort, no
20 Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1247-58, p. 121, and Macray, Notes from the Muniments of
Magdalen Coll., Oxford, p. 2; he was either the Henry of Wingham who died as
Bishop of London in 1262 or, more probably, his namesake who died as Archdeacon
of Middlesex in 1269; both apparently began as royal clerks and the
Bishop has an article in D.N.B.
27. Compare, for instance, item 3, above; Oxford even acquired a maternity
ward in 1240 (Cal. Lib. Rolls, 1226-40, p. 455)!
28 Close Rolls, 1242-47, p. 44.
29 Reg. Abp. Warham, f. 40b (not printed).
30 Reg. Abp. Robert Winchelsey (ed. R. Graham, Cant, and York Soc), p. 79,
contains an injunction that they should make their profession after the manner of
the Templars and Hospitallers.
31 v.s. section B, items 3 and 9.
32 Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1232-47, p. 38 (Oct., 1234).
35
TWO KENTISH HOSPITALS RE-EXAMINED
matter that one was bUnd.33 There were probably lay brethren at
Ospringe as weU. By the fifteenth century the lay establishment had
evidently lapsed: after the final retrenchment, under the last two
masters, only the secular priests remained.34
Though there may not have been an absolute distinction between
the working lay members and the 'enforced corrodians'—old royal
servants sent to the hospital for maintenance during their retirement,
no doubt in much better comfort than the local sick fokk—the latter did
not earn their keep and soon became a particular burden on the hospital.
Admittedly other houses had the same trouble without the excuse of
royal foundation.
The first 'enforced corrodian' we hear of, in 1258, is a nephew of a
royal waiting-woman, unnamed.35 Possibly she is the same as Juliana,
a former maid of Queen Eleanor of Provence, who was herseU already in
residence in 1278, when she received logs for her own private fireside.36
This Juliana is quite probably identical with Juliana of Wye, who had
recently died in 1307, when her pension was taken over by a man,
Robert of Ridware (Staffs.),37 at the King's nomination. If so, she had
lived here in comfort for nearly thirty years. I t is tempting to guess that
she may even be the same as the Juliana, sister of the Hospital, who was
rewarded for gifts of milk and butter (?for ointments) in 1241.38 Did the
young sister pass into the Queen's service at the Manor (Queen Court)
and then return to the Hospital as a privileged pensioner?
Ralph the Beadle, presented in 1292,39 was another of the Queen
Mother's men, probably from Queen Court. There were certainly two
pensioners at this time, and the two appointed in 1314, one from
Bedfordshire and the other, perhaps from Queen Court,40 may replace
these, but the number had risen to three if John Toght, recently
deceased in 1335,41 is correctly reported as having been presented under
Edward I and is not the same as John de Tot, presented in 1314. In
1330 it was agreed not to fill one vacant place.42
33 Helen of Faversham (Close Rolls, 1234-37, p. 48); Oxford had a blind
chaplain, William of Faringdon (Close Rolls, 1254-56, p. 44).
34 v.s. note 29; Drake quotes the relevant part of Abp. Warham's visitation,
Arch. Cant., xxx, p. 57.
36 Close Rolls, 1256-59, p. 337.
36 Cal. CI. Rolls, 1272-79, p. 445.
37 Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1307-13, p. 9; if it is the same Juliana she was admitted after
1272, i.e. under Edward I.
38 Drake, ibid., p. 39, without exact reference; it does not appear to be enrolled.
39 Cal. CI. Rolls, 1288-96, p. 250.
40 John de Tot, yeoman to Margaret the Queen Mother, possibly a Frenchman
—they first thought of retiring him to Evreux (Cal. CI. Rolls, 1313-18, pp. 83, 90)
and Henry le Lounge of Flitwick (Beds.) (Cal.Cl. Rolls, 1313-18, p.. 192); another
man was retired to Oxford.
41 Cal. CI. Rolls, 1333-37, p. 606; the calendar says Edward I.
« Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1327-30, p. 494 (Robert the Messenger, of Newington).
36
TWO KENTISH HOSPITALS RE-EXAMINED
D. The Early Wardens
The titles of 'Warden' (custos) or 'Master' seem generally to be interchangeable,
but the temporary custodes may not have been 'masters'.
'Prior' is not found (compare Oxford, above).
The lists given by Drake and by Fowler, including his appendix,43
as far as the mid-fourteenth century (after which they agree completely
and I, in turn, have nothing to add) can now be amended and enlarged.
Previously published evidence is briefly summarized.
1. GEOFFREY of SUTTON, the King's Almoner, occ. 1234.
Clearly a temporary appointment, to put the house in order.44
2. HERVEY of COBHAM, occ. 1235.45
3. WILLIAM GRACYEN, occ. 1237-47.46
4. WILLIAM of KILKENNY, appointed warden of Oxford and
Ospringe in 1253. An outside appointment and, it is to be hoped,
temporary. He was a royal clerk, archdeacon of Coventry and in
December, 1254, elected bishop of Ely. If these two custodies
were already being disposed of as life emoluments for a high
civil servant, like sinecure prebends, it speaks ill for the King's
solicitude for his Hospitals. William would have, in effect, to
appoint a deputy. Anyway, he died in September, 1256.47
5. ROGER of LYNSTED, Chaplain and apparently acting master
(called proctor) in 1253-55, would have succeeded to the title,
at latest, in 1256; certainly resigned in 1263, as his successor was
appointed in October of that year; still alive in 1268 when he
received a tenement as a pension.48
6. ELLIS (ELIAS) son of HERVEY, appointed 1263, previously
a chaplain, i.e. professed brother. Still in office late in 1267.49
43 V.C.H. Kent, ii, p. 242.
44 A Templar, Almoner from 1229, Keeper of the Wardrobe from 1236; an
efficient but rapacious official, deposed early in 1240; died soon afterwards,
certainly by 1244. See L. E. Tanner, 'Lord High Almoners' in Journal of the
British Archaeol. Ass., 3rd ser. xx-xxi (1957-58), pp. 72ff., where his colleague
John Lewknor is wrongly named as warden of Ospringe; also Tout, Chapters in the
Administrative History of England, I, p. 34. For his relations with Ospringe, Close
Rolls, 1231-34, pp. 488, 492.
46 Feet of Fines to 1272 (Kent Records Soc, 1956), p. 123.
48 Close Rolls, 1234-37, p. 493 (1237); Cal. Lib. Rolls, 1240-45, p. 96, F. Fines
to 1272 (v.s.), p. 172 (1242); Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1232-47, p. 496 (1247).
47 Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1247-58, p. 185; he is well documented and something of him
is entombed beneath a fine Purbeck effigy at Ely and an article in D.N.B.
48 Cal. Lib. Rolls, 1251-60, p. 118 (1253); F. Fines to 1272 (v.s.), p. 257, acting
on behalf of Brethren of St. John (1254); Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1247-58, p. 395—-for
'Reynold' read 'Roger'—(1255); Cal. Chart. Rolls, 1257-1300, p. 9, giving lands to
the Hospital (1258); Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1258-66, pp. 284, 304 (1263); Cal. Pat Rolls,
1266-72, p. 182 (1268).
49 Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1258-66, pp. 284, 304 (1263); Cal. Chart. Rolls, 1257-1300,
p. 70 and Lewis, History of Faversham . . . , p. 81 (1267).
37
TWO KENTISH HOSPITALS RE-EXAMINED
7. JOHN of STAPLE, appointed 1268, previously gate-keeper of
Hyde Abbey, but apparently a man of Kent and the first of his
family to be associated with the Hospital.50
8. HENRY OF BUCKINGHAM, professed brother in 1262,
master, at latest, by 1271 when he was receiving a pardon
(repeated in 1290), for trespasses—dilapidations and alienations
—committed in that office. If the grant to Roger of Lynsted
was the beginning of the rot, he may have become master in
1268. Apparently still misbehaving in August, but deposed by
September, 1272.51
9. WALTER of THANET (Taneth), appointed 1272. Occ. 1274-
81, in the latter year with Brother Roger (?R. of Lynsted still
active).52
10. PETER, occ. 1287-94.63
11. ALEXANDER of STAPLE, appointed 1295 and only ordained
acolyte that year(!). Occ. 1309(?).54
12. NICHOLAS of STAPLE, appointed 1310 (acolyte in 1296);
deposed and sent to Oxford, 1314.55
13. HENRY of TEYNHAM, appointed 1314. Died, at latest, 1319.56
14. ADAM of ASH (Esshe), appointed 1319. Died, at latest, 1330.67
15. JOHN of LENHAM, appointed 1330. Died 1349.58
The impression is one of a close community of local men, with more
than a hint of nepotism and conspiracy. The complaints about the
masters never come from the brethren, and, except in the appointment
of WiUiam of KiUtenny, the King shows a pathetic willingness to trust
yet another of the already compromised little group. Herein, above all,
50 Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1266-72, pp. 177, 232, 265.
81 Close Rolls, 1261-64, p. 152 (1261) and 1268-72, p. 384 (1271); Cal. Pat.
Rolls, 1266-72, pp. 683, 707 (1272); Cal. CI. Rolls, 1288-96, p. 83 (1290).
62 Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1266-72, p. 683 (1272); Feet of Fines, Kent, C.98, file 56,
no. 20—not yet printed (1274); Cal. CI. RoUs, 1279-88, p. 119 (1281).
e3 Cal. CI. Rolls, 1327-30, p. 480 (refers back to 15 Ed. I, 1286-87); Cal. Pat.
Rolls, 1292-1301, p. 117 (1294); Cal. CI. Rolls, 1330-33, p. 496 (posthumous).
64 Reg. Abp. Robert Winchelsey, p. 906; Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1292-1301, p. 148; the
reference of 1309, given in V.C.H. cannot be traced.
00 Reg. Abp. Robert Winchelsey, p. 910; Cal. Pat. RoUs, 1307-13, p. 285;
Cal. CI. Rolls, 1313-18, p. 55.
08 Cal. CI. Rolls, 1313-18, 55; Cal. Pat. RoUs, 1313-17, p. 105; Cal. CI. Rolls,
1318-23, p. 12; Placit. Abbreviatio. T.R. Ric. I-Ed. II, p. 322 (1316).
07 Cal. CI. Rolls, 1318-23, p. 12 (1319); Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1327-30, pp. 58 (appointment
confirmed for new reign, 1327) and 600 (1330).
08 Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1327-31, p. 600 and 1348-50, p. 260.
38
TWO KENTISH HOSPITALS RE-EXAMINED
rather than in the economic difficulties of the age, lies the sad failure of
the Hospital to maintain its originally ample endowments.
The inspeximus of charters, made in 1338 in favour of John of
Lenham and. his brethren, makes a point that non-user shall not have
rendered any liberties invalid.59 There bad already been a commission
to enquire into abuses in 1331,60 the forerunner of many others,
including three between 1414 and 1422.
II. THE PRESENT STATE OE THE FABRIC
Everything above ground of the main complex on the north side of
Watling Street has disappeared. The only upstanding relics of the
Hospital are the stone walls of two undercrofts on the south side. The
name 'leper house' has become attached to one of these subsidiary
buildings, but the tradition is most questionable, if only because, in a
well ordered semi-monastic plan, lepers should not receive the watercourse
before the uninfected.6011 They were, in fact, domestic undercrofts,
built either to carry first floor halls, or, as they were later used,
to carry solars of ground floor halls. They may have formed part of the
residences of the secular priests.
Drake published plans and elevations of both undercrofts, and,
subsequently, photographs and details of the sixteenth century additions
to the western building, which was preserved from destruction in 1922
and converted to a museum, in the care of trustees. When this building
(Fig. 1) came into Guardianship of the Ministry of Works (1947) it was
temporarily safeguarded, and then thoroughly repaired between 1952
and 1955. The north-east corner of the stone wall, removed in 1894 to
accommodate a shop, was restored, using a corner post from a demolished
wing of Temple Manor, Strood, and re-setting the original stone
door-case, which had fortunately been preserved. Several concealed
windows on the upper floor were re-opened. A more detailed analysis
of the buildings is now possible.
A4. The Eastern Undercroft
This remains in private hands. I t probably occupies a plot of land,
the conveyance of which was confirmed to the Hospital in 1255.61 The
well coursed, knapped flint rubble, and the accurate ashlar are consistent
with this date. The door arch has many short voussoirs and a
simple chamfer. The moulded corbels for the jetty seem to be original,
but not the present upper storey.
69 Cat. Chart. Rolls, 1327-41, p. 444.
89 Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1330-34, p. 207.
ooa Xhere is no evidence for the presence of lepers at Ospringe, the idea of a
leper-house seems to originate with J. Lewis Hist, and Antiq. of Faversham, p. 81.
81 Cal. Pat. Rolls, 1247-58, p. 393.
39
FIRST
FLOOR
MAISON DIEU
Osprinae
G r e a t
crotim-post~i
Chamber
(d)
§ T f «—*.
* o
I f e e t 4 metres
GROUND
FLOOR
• Titahar Upright
C (3oo
16 th Centuru
*i ED c )7oo
Restored or
.window a t '. R e s e t
touer level v
Under
Croft
;7vw
:h$
1*
Fia. I.
40
TWO KENTISH HOSPITALS RE-EXAMINED
B. The Western Undercroft
This is a deep cellar, floored over at the rear at ground level but open
to the first floor at the front. The intact walling is of rougher rubble
than in A.—the flint often unbroken, and the ashlar of inferior ragstone.
The depressed door arch has long voussoirs and a coarse ovolo
within the chamfer. The narrow slit lights have less internal splay than
those in the other undercroft, and are grilled and rebated for shutters
within. A window, not shown on Drake's plan, opens below street level,
between the other two surviving windows, and shows that the flood-line
was formerly lower than at present. Everything points to a date not
earlier than c. 1300, when the fortunes of the Hospital were already in
decline.
C. Post-Dissolution Work
The rest of the building is entirely subsequent to the dissolution of
the Hospital in 1516, but it is not much later. The inserted plaster
ceiling indeed dates from the later sixteenth century, to which Drake
ascribed the whole, and there are also modifications of c. 1700, but,
substantially, the work represents part only of a large house of the
early sixteenth century, incorporating the older undercroft. (Plate IB;
plans on Fig. 1.)
The method of framing may be compared with a doubly jettied
block in Canterbury, Nos. 40-44 Burgate, at the corner with the Buttermarket,
62 or, in less sophisticated form, No. 39 Strand Street, Sandwich.
It is still allied to the earlier 'open frame' type, having exposed braces
and widely spaced studs, but the braces are set very low,63 foreshadowing
the small quadrant braces of the late sixteenth century; taken in
pairs they form four-centred arches. This fashion is both cheaper and
more conservative than the more widely distributed close-studded
form, with which it runs concurrently in east Kent, both forms having
their derivatives late in the century. This example may be conveniently
contrasted with the buildings, including Arden's House, built on the
site of the approaches to Faversham Abbey, probably immediately
following the dissolution of 1538; these are close-studded and generally
more elaborately finished, having heavily moulded fascias to the jetties,
but have small four-centred windows like those in the south extension
at Ospringe.
The moulding on the tie, braces and wall posts spanning the Great
Chamber is of usual late Gothic form—a hollow-chamfered fillet flanked
by cymas (a more elaborate form would have a roll on the fillet); the
82 The frame recently exposed; on the site of the 'Great Stone House' identified
by Dr. Urry from early rent-rolls.
03 Low-pitched tension-braces are laiown in Kent on rather earlier buildings,
e.g. no. 124 High Street, Tonbridge.
41
TWO KENTISH HOSPITALS RE-EXAMINED
crown-post64 they support is again of a typical late form, with high
octagonal bell-base and plinth, a long cavetto above the neck-roll
(Fig. 2 and Plate IIA). It is typologically less advanced than the
o-'--
^*W_! •-.•'^
^ t '
^^
V ':'-..
1 1
• •
1 1
' 1 1 1
I
i>' f
;',*/ j^Jii^^
t r r O i z
Fecit
% o K
', '
Detail of
Groir^Ti Vo Regi s / rmoe
A t 50 3° F«W
to 19 u> JO
JH*r«#
•Kl ">• u
*e
°AP
/////;//; /z
oor „..-*£. o\ «• \ V : Y : > .
n
B B'
'///fates/ AS-//'A
.:swv\' "J>p trench ,v ^ - ..A Soil Mtirh Slate
i"VY")Tvrt:rTrj'ry
"Period II Floor
Period I Floor
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
feef
/////A Topsail-With
.0 ^
sfemefy
Pzhhle
Base
O
Wfl lAac\e-xip [/;
"Puggy soil
Met
2
iii
T)olnris
Dark, Soil
•with. Slate-
•res
"Litne floor
or Base
Gravel
Floor
Graves or other
Disturbances
Fia. 7.
over a 'lens' of small beach pebbles set in the 'pug' and loam that
composed the embankment, tapering into a thin layer of pebbles which
was traced for at least 3 ft. within the building and 2 ft. externally, a
feature which remained even where the solid footings had been robbed.
Above the pebbles two clear horizons were detected, both within the
wall and without—internafiy some 9 in. in the thickness of clean sandy
loam covered the pebbles and were capped by the broken lime floor,
about 2 in. thick, found by the previous excavators (M-Bii); externaUy
there was up to a foot in thiclaiess of dirty, loamy soil, mixed with the
debris of a slate roof, but absolutely free of tiles and covered by a layer
containing tile of the harder, later fabric.
55
TWO KENTISH HOSPITALS RE-EXAMINED
The loam clearly represented a raising of the floor-level at a time
when a tile roof replaced the slate roof. Features clearly belonging to
the second phase (e.g. the brick grave) are at the horizon of the upper,
lime, floor. Historically, the re-roofing in the harder tile would fit
the re-foundation of 1363, but the two pieces of glazed jugs sealed
below the slates in the loamy soil would permit an earlier date for
the work. The wall-footings, which were unbuttressed and the slate
roof would appear to be contemporary. The slate roof was certainly the
earliest roof detected on the site. On the analogy of similar roofs at the
period,23 it is unfikely to have lasted for two centuries without extensive
replacement. This confirms the hypothesis that both roof and waUing
date from weU back into the thirteenth century, but hardly into the
twelfth.
Six feet south of the internal angle the pebble floor was interrupted
by a line of mortar sandwiched by lines of dark soil and curving round
to a slight nib projecting from the Ume footing of the east wall. This
might indicate the beginning of an arcade, perhaps of timber, and/or
a parclose screen, 8 ft. within the north wall. If it was aisled on this side
only, the nave would then have had the reasonable space of 20 ft. The
junction is visible on Plate IIIC.
The east wall showed the same section wherever examined, except
that the internal pebble spread was absent in the south-east corner.
Only the mortar footing remained and that had been robbed in the
angle, but it indicated a primary building precisely 32 ft. wide externally.
The distribution of the upper (tile) debris already reported (M-Bi)
confirmed the same general width for the secondary building.
This relatively wide building, as the presence of graves (see below)
within it showed, was clearly the chapel in the second period of the
hospital. In order to test the possibility that it may only have been the
hall, or ward, in the earlier phase, an 8-ft. trench, north-south (x),
was opened 6 ft. east of the east wall. This showed no indication of any
eastern extension like a structural chancel, as the more usual hospital
plan would have had, at least in the twelfth century. This again points
to a thirteenth century date for the lay-out. The mortar footing of the
primary north wall was traced, with interruptions for over 44 ft., as
already found at this lower horizon in 1935. A gap between 37 and
41 ft. from the east was apparently intentional, suggesting an entrance.
The south wall was only a little less certain; the pebble spread was
found on the right ahgnment up to 27 ft. from the east, and the primary
23 The writer's exoavation at Carisbrooke Castle revealed a succession of five
slate roofs between the late twelfth and early fourteenth centuries. Eor the distribution
of medieval slate roofs see E. M. Jope and G. C. Dunning, Antiq. Journ.,
xxxiv, p. 209; the most easterly examples, Stonar, Dover (Arch. Cant., lxix (1955),
p. 152) are mid-late thirteenth century and as far as is known the trade declined
thereafter.
56
TWO KENTISH HOSPITALS RE-EXAMINED
mortar footing was encountered between 25 and 27 ft., the secondary
tile debris approximately overlying it.
Towards the west end the pebble lens increased in depth up to a
foot; apparently the wall had been demolished before the reconstruction,
as a lime footing occurred on the right ahgnment but separated from the
pebbles by the loam stratum.
The west wall was more complex. The pebble spread, presumably
primary, was traced irregularly, between 40 and 50 ft. from the east
with the latest debris directly over it. This is consistent with a square
set west waU just short of 50 ft. from the east and maintained in the
second phase. But west-end lay over what looked like earlier footings
on a different line. A line of massive, water-worn boulders (M-Cii) set
in the clay (Plate IIIA), at the north-west angle and running slightly
east of south, was picked up again between 10 and 12 ft. from the angle,
and again, with a projecting 'batter', between 16 and 18 ft. These hardly
suggest a buttress, as the earlier excavators thought, but could be
remains of an earlier structure, on a different alignment, but still on top
of the embankment and retained as reinforcement against the slope of
the land. This conflicts with the slight indications that the original
buildings lay below the embankment, and it may be an uncompleted
lay-out. No other sign of it was found. The general picture remains of
a unitary but probably aisled chapel, without a structural chancel,
about 49 ft. long and exactly 32 ft. wide covering the latter part of the
primary phase and the whole of the secondary. It was impossible to
strip the area required to discover traces of the suspected aisle-posts.
Graves
Burials were found immediately outside the north and south walls
of the main building, both during the excavation and in subsequent
drainage trenching. The only grave found within the church (Fig. 7, I;
Plate IIIB) had a brick lining which was traced down for 2 ft. and it
was sunk from the level of the later lime floor. On the assumption that
the building had a north aisle only, it would have been practically in the
centre of the assumed chancel, a position that would be appropriate for
the burial of the re-founder (Fraunceys). This grave was not the brick
grave found and photographed in 1935, which had a solid capping; in
spite of its massiveness, this grave escaped both the trenching and a
fairly extensive probing of the eastern half of the building and all
subsequent operations; it is possible that it had been robbed for its
materials during the war. The bricks, mainly broken, of irregular yellow
fabric were probably imported; they are similar in texture to those used
on the inserted vault at Homes Place Chapel, Appledore.
A headstone cross, described in the next section, was found in the
area north of the main building during the building works and has been
57
TWO KENTISH HOSPITALS RE-EXAMINED
set up in a wall near its find-spot by Mr Balchin, Clerk to Komney
Marsh R.D.C.
FINDS
(I) BUILDING MATEKLADS, ETC.
(a) Slates. Of the 'Cornish' variety (in fact very likely from Devon),
usual in such contexts. The standard size was apparently about 4 in.
wide, over 7 in. (probably 9 in.) long and relatively thick, with a single
tapped hole and some trace of lime torching.24
(b) Rooftiles?i& Three types of plain tile were found: (i) soft red fabric;
(ii) similar with the exposed half thinly covered with orange or olive
glaze (both (i) and (ii) were found in the lower part of the East Midden
and were evidently in use at the same time as the slates); (iii) harder,
pale pink-buff (confined to the late horizon but stiU associated with
medieval pottery). No tile was complete enough to ensure full dimensions
but types (i) and (ii) were of the normal breadth (6J-7 in.) and
probably of the normal length (10-11 in.) for tile of similar date. They
differ from those found at Joyden's Wood,25 Eynsford and other north
Kent sites, in that the holes were closer together (If in. apart). Ridge
tiles, as usual in Kent, were glazed but not crested.26
(c) Floor tiles. As previously reported, from the upper floor-level
only; thick—up to 1£ in., with yellow or dark green glaze. The largest
fragment suggests they were 11 in. square and divided into quarters
by an incised cross.
(d) Hearth Louver (Fig. 8). A fragment from the East Midden,
therefore probably from the northern building. The following note is
kindly supplied by Mr. G. C. Dunning.
The sherd is of hard grey sandy ware, brownish-red on the inside, the
outside glazed dark green. It shows the lower edge of an aperture, with
part of a projection on the left side. Enough is present to give the slope
and for the diameter just below the aperture to he estimated at about
33 cm. (13 in.). The fragment is part of a large conical ventilator provided
with several openings in the side.27 These usually have flanges or baffleplates,
projecting outwards, as restored in the drawing. The apertures
were probably triangular, as on large pieces of a similar louver from
Canterbury.28 It is not possible to say how many apertures there were
at this level; there is ample space for four or even for six.
24 But they seem to have been narrow and single-holed, like that shown in
Arch. Cant., lxix (1955), p. 153.
24a jror a possible source, the productive file-kilns at Wye, see L. F. Salzman
English Industries p. 177.
28 Arch. Cant., lxxii (1958), p. 28, Pig. 3, item 3.
28 Ibid., item 1. The glaze varied from
27 Arch. Journ., cxvi (1959), p. 176, Figs. 16-17.
28 Unpublished; from Prof. S. Erere's excavations.
58
TWO KENTISH HOSPITALS RE-EXAMINED
/ /
/ / I
1
1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 j
1
1 I
1
1
1
1
I i
FIG. 8.
The diameter of this fragment suggests that the louver belonged to
Dunning type 1, a separate structure fitted over an opening left in the
roof. Louvers of type 2 are made in one piece with the ridge-tile and. in
consequence, are smaller in size ;29 this type is not yet represented in Kent.
(e) Windowglass. Only three small pieces of painted glass from the
final building debris to add to those reported in 1938,30 and of precisely
similar character (M-E). No glass whatever from the lower horizons.
(f) Headstone Cross (Fig. 9). Of calcareous sandstone, with fairly
Fia. 9.
29 'The Pottery Louver from Goosegate, Nottingham,' Trans. Thoroton Soc. of
Notts., lxvi (1962), p. 20.
30 Arch. Cant., xlvii (1935), pp. 201-3.
59
TWO KENTISH HOSPITAALS RE-EXAMINED
precise horizontal toohng; circular head, 10 in., diameter 4£ in. thick,
incised on both sides, with plain open cross extending to edges of circle,
l£ in. wide; shaft 5 in. wide with pointed foot; about 2 ft. 4 in. overall
length. The design is elementary but would hardly be appropriate after
the early thirteenth century: its appearance on this site is valuable as
indicating that the type is not in fact earlier than c. 1200. There are
similar crosses in the churches of Chislet, Barham (re-used as a bracket),
Lyminge (several sizes and varieties), Lympne (three, very hke the
present example).
(g) Whetstone. A fragment of the usual type of schist whetstone
came from the lower deposits of the East Midden.30a
(h) Iron Nails. Not well preserved, apparently lath nails with small
squarish heads.
I I . POTTERY
The house was a going concern from the 1190's until at least the
1320's, and again, from the 1360's until some time in the middle of the
fifteenth century. The later limits of either phase are uncertain. I t is not
certain that the Hospital was completely extinct in the interval: no
obvious break is detectable in the pottery sequence or the accumulation
of middens but certain types that on other evidence would be assigned
to the mid-fourteenth century are rare or absent. For the latter end we
know of the appointment of a master in 1458 and the grant of an
indulgence in 1451, but most of the documentation concerns the first
two generations after 1363. From this and the state of ruination in 1481
we may posit an effective terminus ad quern for everything on the site
in the second-third of the fifteenth century. This would be most useful
if the pottery were more abundant, since all the other late medieval sites
known to the writer in Kent carry their deposits into the sixteenth
century. At Romney the fully developed late medieval, ringing, hard
wares are absent, though the texture of some of the latest jugs approaches
them.
Very little of the pottery was firmly stratified. However, beside the
smaU quantity (A) sealed beneath the debris of earlier, slate roof of the
main buUding, and (B) that just above the floor that overlay the debris
of the earlier, slate roof of the northern building, the East Midden
deposits can be divided into (C) lower samples, associated with fragments
of slate and soft tile roofing and (D) upper samples associated
with harder tiles, Uke those from the second roof of the main building.
The north-east midden material (E) was unstratified, but fairly
uniform in content and similar to (C). The West Midden was not
SOa Arch. Cant., lxix (1955), p. 155 for Kentish examples of this commonest
type of medieval hone
60
TWO KENTISH HOSPITAALS RE-EXAMINED
properly sampled. In view of this uncertainty of association, the
principal wares will be treated in one series, but varieties (f) to (i) are
practically confined to (D).
(a) Pink-buff sandy coarse-wares, often with a greyish core, with
some shell-filling and usually a little flint grit; some are exactly
paralleled from Potter's Corner near Ashford31 (brighter pastes) or
Pivington32 (duller pastes), in late thirteenth century or c. 1300 contexts,
and are therefore almost certainly east Wealden wares;33 a third
variety, in colour much like the Pivington ware (?made at Egerton),
contains pounded chaUc rather than shell and may represent another
Wealden pottery nearer the Downs, possibly in the Wye area. Taken
together, these wares constitute about 60 per cent, of the material from
(E) and about 40 per cent, of (C), and comprise:
(i) Cooking pots of various diameters, having flat rims with little
or no upper bevel (Fig. 10, nos. 1, 2), as from Pivington34 and
Ashford,35 but the inward inclination of the flat rim on no. 1
seems more usual in east Kent.36 A very neat textured pot
(Fig. 10, no. 12) has a rim-form suggestive of examples from
Eynsford of the mid thirteenth century.
(ii) One or two pots with more archaic clubbed outlines and more
noticeable chahk filhng (Fig. 10, nos. 3, 4). Rather eroded, these
may simply be the predecessors of the flat-rims, but another
source, possibly in Sussex37 should be considered.
(iii) Bowls: one (Fig. 10, no. 5), in the brighter paste, has a flat rim
with pronounced moulding underneath. A later example from
(D), in grittier ware, has a slightly concave rim-flange. Both
are straight-sided.
(iv) Skillet (another was found in 1935), also from (D); the paste
contains a good deal of grit but little shell. Tapering, pricked
handle, turned down at the tip (not the commoner form with
hole for insertion of wooden handle), and concave rim (Fig. 10,
no. 6).
(b) Grey sandy wares, resembhng those from west Kent and east
Surrey, and of finer and darker texture than is usual in the grey wares
31 Arch. Cant., Ixv (1952), pp. 184, 187.
32 Arch. Cant., lxxvii (1962), pp. 38, 40.
33 Such ware is already noted from Brookland: Arch. Cant., Ixv (1952), p. 191. 34 Esp. nos. ii and iii.
30 Esp. Nos. 8, 9, 10, 13.
30 e.g. Tyler Hill, Arch. Cant., Iv (1942), p. 57, no. 10; Dover, Arch. Cant.,
lxix (1956), p. 157, nos. 5, 6.
37 No. 4, with its triangular rim-section, resembles a form common, in a very
different paste, at Pevensey Castle in layers associated with the reconstruction of
c. 1240.
61
"-V l\- u
V-i
K
TWO KENTISH HOSPITALS RE-EXAMINED
from e.g. Tyler HiU37a or Reculver.37b But since the Romney sherds are
predominantly from cooking pots and the, generally more transportable,
jugs so common, e.g. at Eynsford, are missing, the source would seem
to be nearer than the Kent-Surrey border. They constitute about
15 per cent, of (E) and 30 per cent, of (C). The cooking-pot forms
(Fig. 10, nos. 8, 9), flat-rimmed, usually with concentric wheel-marks
on the flange, and without upper bevel, generally agree with those
found c. 1300 at Joyden's Wood38 and Eynsford. Compare also Group
(h).
(c) Fine pale buff sandy wares, moderately hard, nearly all with an
olive or yellow-green glaze but one or two with a plain white slip. A
small jug (Fig. 11, no. 6) is glazed on both sides. All or most are certainly
Rye wares;39 one of the embossed rosette patterns (Fig. 11, no. 7)
found at the Rye kilns40 occurs, but other varieties found there particularly
the elaborate incised designs, are absent. One jug, with wavy
comb-marking and a red inner slip (Fig. 11, no. 3) probably belongs to
this group. Numerous fragments—this is the commonest jug-ware from
the site, constituting about 20 per cent, of (E) and rather more of (C),
but hardly anything can be reconstructed.
(d) Other fine jug-wares from the earlier deposits: various unplaced
sherds, including a rather thick sandy ware with a buff lining and a
bronze green glaze, striped with yellow bands over a white slip. The
following can be described or identified:
(i) A taU non-bulbous41 pitcher from the London area: wall-sherds
only, of grey ware with cream shp, speckled green glaze and
purpUsh stripes.
(ii) Jugs with simple rims in soft, sandy buff paste containing a
little chahk, with grey core and pale green glaze without slip.
All are associated with the debris of the slate roofs, i.e. context
(A) or similar. Fig. 11, no. 2, from the foot of the walls of the
main building, has continuous vertical furrows on the handles,
a treatment not found on anything published from Kent but
known in Wessex and the south Midlands. Fig. 11, nos. 4 and 5
show robust squared rims, pricked handles and bold scoring on
neck or rim, a treatment found at Rye and also at Tyler Hill,
S7a Arch. Cant. Iv (1942) p. 57; a minority of wares from this site is grey
rather than pink-buff.
37b Unpublished, from Mr. B. J. Philp's exoavations. 38 Arch. Cant., lxxiv (1958), p. 18—most examples in Fig. 5, p. 32; the Eynsford
material is essentially similar.
30 'Medieval pottery and kilns found at Rye', Sussex Arch. Coll., lxxiv
(1933), p. 45.
40 Ibid., PI. iii, p. 48. .An original in Lewes Museum is rather different in colour.
41 Either a baluster, as Antiq. Jour., xii (1961), p. 2, Fig. 1 (from Lesnes
Abbey), or the more conical form, as B. Rackham, English Medieval Pottery,
PI. 25.
63
1/
h
r
r
^
f (•
~~»- M^-SM
FIG. 11.
64
f . 13
TWO KENTISH HOSPITALS RE-EXAMINED
but not on wares of this colour. Seems to be allied to the finer
and moderately chalky members of Group (a).
(iii) Rim of a large (at least 14 cm. at neck) jug, in pink ware with
cream body and thick orange glaze (Fig. 11, no. 1).
(iv) One thin sherd of fine cream paste with overall green glaze,
from (C), has been identified by Mr. G. C. Dunning as west
French, c. 1300.
(All the foregoing wares can be assigned to c. 1300, or in some cases
to an earlier, but not very early, thirteenth century date, i.e. certainly
to the first or leper' phase of the hospital.)
(e) Pink-buff sandy wares, probably from the east Weald, as (a) but
with shell-filling eliminated: only fifteen sherds including one small,
flat-rimmed bowl (Fig. 10. no. 7). A comparable ware was much
commoner at Pivington, where it was assigned to the first threequarters
and particularly the middle of the fourteenth century, the very
period when the hospital was depopulated. This at least reinforces the
dating at Pivington.
(f) Extremely fine, red, sandy jug-wares; from a probably late
fourteenth century context but in the best thirteenth century tradition;
origin unknown but probably the same in each case:
(i) From above the lime floor in the north building; a tall (baluster?)
pitcher; greyish core with a little grit and mica, coppery
red slip, green and vermilion glaze; pricked handle, slight inner
bead (Fig. 11, no. 9).
(ii) Parts of a broad jug in identical ware with overall green glaze
and horizontal striations (Fig. 11, no. 8).
(iii) From (D), associated with tile, not slate; a broad jug with a
carinate rim, similar ware and slip but even finer; orange
speckled glaze (Fig. 11, no. 12).
(iv) .Another squat jug from same context as (iii); similar but red
core; rounded rim; orange glaze on strip of red slip down
pricked handle (Fig. 11, no. 10). The thumb-pressed base
(Fig. 11, no. 11) would fit, but the core is greyer, though the
slip is identical.
(g) Pale cream-buff sandy wares, progressively harder. A small
(17 cm.) cooking-pot (Fig. 10, no. 14) has a delicate, flat, turned down
rim with an inner bead. Many wall-sherds show rilfings or striations.
Two bowls, one very large (56 cm.) (Fig. 10, nos. 10, 12), have a pale
red slip, traces of external orange glaze and stabbings on the side and
on the flat, slightly upturned flange. Quite numerous in (D). The paler
may be later Rye wares, but the majority, often with a little flint grit,
5
65
TWO KENTISH HOSPITALS RE-EXAMINED
seem to derive from the Wealden style, though not paralleled at
Pivington.
(h) Later grey sandy wares, in the tradition of (b); a cooking pot
fromtheupper level of the East Midden (Fig. 10,no. 11) has a simple rim
not unlike the more conservative late medieval pots from Pivington,
and schematic ornament; a jug (Fig. 11, no. 13), broad, squat and
equally simple in profile, has a deep internal thumb-press at the junction
of the handle, a type that has occurred at Whitefriars, Sandwich.
(i) Hard, dense jug-wares, approaching the late medieval style;
vermilion body (in two cases dark red with a grey lining), or grey body
with vermilion lining; red external slip, usually with stripes (as Fig. 12,
no 3) or trellis-pattern in white slip; rather metallic glaze, sometimes
internal, which appears red or olive-green according to the slip. No
profile is reconstructable. Fig. 12, no. 1 is a large jug with normal ver-
FT^ r
2 i
/
i i
4 / /
V \ \
Li \ \ \" • ^
\
FIG. 12.
milion lining, red core, softer than most, overall deep olive-green glaze
and vertical strips, repousse" rather than applied. Fig. 12, no. 5, is a
sagging-based vessel, possibly a cistern, glazed internaUy; Fig. 12,
no. 4, shows a spread foot, of which no. 2 may be the relatively narrow
neck. Most of the sherds seem to have come from large pots.
None of the sherds reported in 1935 calls for special re-appraisal.
The pottery is consistent with a division into two general categories:
66
TWO KENTISH HOSPITALS RE-EXAMINED
(a)-(d) within 40 years on either side of 1300, and (e)-(i) within 40 years
on either side of 1400.42
I I I . JETTON OR COUNTER FOUND IN 1935 RECONSIDERED
This (Fig. 13) is a relatively early Tournai jetton, diameter 27 mm.,
pellet stops; the type (obv. sacred monogram ihs, in gothic letter:
rev. cross paty, fleurs-de-lys in angles; as always, with crown as initial
mark) though not exactly paralleled in Barnard, The Casting Counter
and the Counting Board,iS has been noted from Rievaulx44 (two, one on
9
* W
FIG. 13. Sc. 3/2.
the footing of fifteenth century fireplace) and King John's Palace,
Writtle, Essex45 (two from an early fifteenth century level, certainly
antedating a late fifteenth century rebuilding), etc. The legends vary:
e.g. MISIT.DNS.MANVM.SWM/XPE FILI DEI VIVI MISER
[ere nobis] (here and Rievaulx); [IHC] AVTEM.TRANSIENS.P/
MEDIVM.EORVM.IBAT (Writtle). The early or mid fifteenth century
dating is confirmed.
CONCLUSIONS FROM EXCAVATION
(a) The two buildings described in 1935 were rediscovered, lying on
the northern part of the southern and higher end of the embanked
platform. No other buildings were found.
(b) Occupation of the platform and buildings can be traced to the
second half of the thirteenth century, i.e. during the functioning of the
42 No exact published parallels for the later material, but see Sussex Arch. Coll.,
Ixxvi (1935), p. 222 (Bodiam, all after 1386), Fig. 5 (parallel lines of stabbing)
and Fig. 4, 29 for a simple-rimmed cooking pot in grey ware (cf. Fig. 10, no. 11).
43 There is a full discussion of this class of jetton ('Le nom de Jesus') in Revue
Beige de Numismatique, 1897, p. 185, and PI. IX ff.
44 Found in H.M.o.W. excavations in the 1920's. 45 Unpublished excavations by Mr. P. Rahtz.
67
TWO KENTISH HOSPITAALS RE-EXAMINED
leper hospital as such, but the hypothesis stands that the primary
occupation may antedate the embanking of the area.
(c) The thirteenth century roofs of both buildings were of slate; one
at least of the two successive tile roofs (but no significant modification
of plan) can be attributed to the fourteenth-century refoundation.
(d) A small bank to the west was perhaps the base of the precinct
wall.
ANALYSIS OF PLAN
(a) The main, east-west, building survived through both phases as
a single- ceUed structure, probably aisled on the north only, but was
re-roofed and re-floored at the foundation. All evidence shows that it
was a chapel and never anything but a chapel.
(b) The northern, north-south orientated, building likewise had the
same position, if not the same plan in both phases. Evidence of occupation
suggests that it was a haU for the master, and probably for the
other clerks. I t approached, but did not touch, the chapel, on the north
side. The north aisle of the chapel was perhaps for the clerks' private
devotion; the main body of it for the inmates.
(c) These buildings bisected the embanked area; the level space to
south of them, in particular, would have been suitable for other structures,
though none were detected.
In the usual basic plan of hospitals (e.g. St. Mary's, Chichester;46
St. John's, Winchester47), and of monastic infirmaries, there is a chapel
and a common hall in series. At Romney there was, in effect, only the
eastern half of this arrangement. But in most hospitals there would also
have been a hall for the master and staff, and, in certain cases (e.g.
Eastbridge, Canterbury48) also for more privileged guests or pilgrims.
This was commonly at right angles to the chapel, and in cases (e.g.
Kersey, Suffohk), where a hospital with staff following the Augustinian
rule was enlarged into a proper priory, it would remain as the west range
when a conventual frater and east range were added to complete the
claustral plan. A hall of this type is represented by the north building
at Romney.
In this case a common hall would have been inappropriate both for
the later phase, without inmates, and the leprosery. The one known
overaU plan of an EngUsh leper-house, St. Mary Magdalene's Winchester,
49 where buildings from the late twelfth century survived until 1788,
40 R. M. Clay, The Medieval Hospitals of England, p. 113 and Fig. 19; W. H.
Godfrey, The EngUsh Almshouse, p. 35, Fig. 3 and PI. 2. 47 Godfrey, op. cit., Fig. 17. 48 Ibid., p. 43, Fig. 26. 40 Clay, op. oit., pp. 118-19, Fig. 22 and PI. XXI; and Godfrey, op. cit., Fig. 1,
with .some conjectural restoration.
68
TWO KENTISH HOSPITALS RE-EXAMINED
shows, within a precinct-wall, an arrangement precisely as at Romney,
an aisled, single-cell chapel (originally with a projecting chancel) and
a master's hall at right angles to it; there was a storehouse beyond the
hall and a row of cells for the inmates lay (the precise position is uncertain)
roughly parallel with the precinct wall. Already Lanfrane had
stipulated individual timber dwellings for the lepers at St. Nicholas of
Harbledown.50 The practice then was to accommodate lepers in cells
and at Romney the obvious position for these was around the effective
courtyard south of the chapel. They were probably of timber and
demohshed without trace at the refoundation. The area north of the
Master's hall would doubtless have held a storehouse.
80 Eadmer, Hist. (Rolls Ser.), p. 16.
69