Front matter, Volume 8

CONTENTS. l'AGE RULES .A.ND LIST OF lllEMilERS ix LIST OF OONTRIBU'l'lONS TO lLLUS'l'nA.'l'ION FUND, ETO. BALANCE-SHEET FOR 1868 ll.A.LANOE-SBEET 1:'0lt 1869 BALANCE-SHEET l'Olt 1870 DALANCE•SHEET .FOlt -1871 xxxiv XXXV x.xx,•i xxxvii xxxviii AilS'.l'RAO'r OF PROCEEDINGS, 1868, 18G9, AND 1870 xxxix AOOOUNT OF ·rn:i,; soorn•ry's RESEARCHES IN THE :RO?.IAN CASTRUl\1 A'l' ItIOJIBOROUGH. llY G. DOWKER, ES~., F.G.S. l ON TllK JU'.rE, ANGLE, AND SAXON ROYAL J?EDIGREES. llY THE REV. DANI.EL HENRY HAIGH 18 DOCUMENTS DISCLOSING A l'ASSAGE 1N THE HISTORY OF '!'HE 'fWYSDlsN FAMILY. COMMUNICATED BY 'rllE LATE ·1mv. L. B. LARKING-, AND ILLUSTRATED BY TflE ltl!lV. Jt. C. JENKINS, RECTOR OF LYltINGE, AND HON, CANON OJ!' CAN'fERBUltY 50 INVENTORIES OF PARISH CHURCH GOODS lN KEN'l', A.D. 1552. COMl\IONICAT.l!.D BY THE REV. MACKENZIE E. C. WALCOTT, THE ltEV. R. P. COA.TES, AND 'l'llE REV. W. A. SCOT'l' ROBERTSON • 74 vi CONTENTS. l'AC!Jl NO'l'ES ON THE RUNIC i'l!ONUMENTS OF J{ENT, DY TI-IE REV. DANIEL H. HAIGH 164 CHAJtTEltS OF CUMBWELL PRIORY. PART III. MISCELLANEA :- 271 TOMB OF :KlNG HENRY IV. JN OAN'rEllBUltY CATHEDRAL 294 DOCUJ\IENTS RELATING TO A DISPUTE BIITW.EEN THE SEVEN 1lUNDllEDS AND LYDD, CONCERNING THE WATCH AT DENGE MARSH. C0111l\1UNICATED BY 'W. J. LIGHTFOOT, ESQ.. 299 NOTES ON RUCKINGE CHURCH. BY THE REV. EDWARD l\1URIEL, RECTOR 310 G:E"N'Ell.A.L lND'EX . 317 PLATES. Plan of Platform, Riohborough Castle . . . . . . . . to face p. Map of Coast round Richborough, representing its probable appearance at the time of the Roman occupation of Britain . . : . . . . . . . . . . . Runic .Alphabets . . . . . . . . . . . . Wadstena Golden Bracteate, and Bucharest Ring . Muncheberg Speo.r-het1Cl . . . . . . . . . Golden Bmcteates and Ring . . . . . . . Himlingoie Brooch, and Dalby Golden Diadem . Thorsbjerg Sword-chape, and Vi Comb Skodborg Golden Bracteate and Golden Brooch; Golden B1·east Jewel . . . . Golden Braoteates . . . . Top of Runic Golden Hom . Lindholm Amulet . . . Etelhem Brooch Etelhem Broocl1, Reverse Vi Arrow-head . . . . Ostophen Brooch, and Charuay Brooch Brooches and Pendants . . N ordendorf Brooch N ordenclorf Brooch, Reverse Tau-sh11,ped ~rooches . . . Pierced '\Vheel-like Ornaments Swords and Hilts . . . . Sword-hilt from Bildso Moss . Zoomorphic Inscriptions . Sclavonic Alphabets WOOD-ENGRAVINGS. Small Bronze Steel-yard, from Richborough . Flat Square piece of Ivory, from Richborough Bronze Pin, from Richborough . . . . . .Oircular Bronze Fibula, from Richborough Iron Axe-head, from Richborough Two Sceattre found at Sal'l'e . Tombstone in Dovex Museum . . " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " 1 14 164 183 189 100 102 108 105 190 200 205 209 209 221 238 250 250 250 251 252 262 262 2M 267 PAOl! 11 11 11 11 12 171 l 'l-1.. Vlll ILL USTRA.TIONS. Gold Triens in British Museum • Runic Inscription on the Duke of Bnmswick's Casket Runic Inscription on Stone Pillar at Istaby, Sweden . Runic Inscription on Stone found at Bratsberg, Norway . Runic Inscriptions on Stone Pillar at Berga, Sweden . . Runic Inscription, found in a Barrow at Stenstad, Norway Runic Inscription, found in a BalTOW at Tomstad, N01·way . Bracteate Pendant, found in Bi£rons Cemetery . . . . . Runic Inscription on Stone Pillar at Solvesborg, Sweden Runic Inscription on Stone Pillfl,r at Tun, Norway . . Runic Inscription on Stone at Vanga, Sweden 'Runic Inscription on Stone Pillar at Gudsberg, Sweden Runic Inscriptions on Stone Pillar at Orstad, Norway Runic Inscription on Stone Pillar at Bo, Norway . . . Runic Inscription on Stone Pillar at Tanum, Sweden . Runic Inscription on Stone Pillar at Reistad, Norway. Runic Inscription on Stone Slab at Sigdale, Norway . Runic Inscription on Stone Pillar at Mojebro, Sweclen Runic Insc1iption on Stone Piila1· at Krogstad, Sweden Runic Insc1iption on Stone at Skaane, ·sweden . . . Runic Inscliptions on Plane, found at Vi Moss, Denmark Runic Insc1~ption on inside of Shield-boss, from Thorsbjerg Moss Monument from Sandwich, in Canterbury Museum Runic Inscription found at Ebersheim Runic Inscription found at Mainz . . . . . . Runic Inscription on Buckle at Macon . . . . . Coin found in St. Martin's Churchyard, Canterbury Runic Inscriptions at St. Acheul . . . . . . . Runic Inscription on Scramasax, found in the Thames Runic Inscription among the Papers of M. Arendt . . Runic Insc1iption on Kentish Swol'd-hilt from Gilton . Gold Solidus . . . . . . . The Sibertswold Sceatta . . Seal of Eustace de Mereworth. . _PAGE 175 170 191 192 192 194 194 196 190 201 204 205 205, 206 206 207 207 208 210 211 213 214 216 226 231 232 232 233 . 234,235 236 258 259 263 264 272 Seal of William de Detling . . 274 Seal of Eylnoth, son of Ordmar Cuparius 277 Seal of John de Goclintone . . . . . 270 Seal of Geoffrey de Racchel . . . . . 282 Seal and Couuterseal of Richard (Magnus), Archbishop of Canterbtu·y 28'1 Seal of William Wyneman . . . 288 Seal and Counterseal of Roesia de Dovor 200 Seal and Counterseal of Walter de Dene 2!J2 1. The Society shall consist of Ordinary Members and Honorary Members. 2. The affairs of the Society shall be conducted by a Council consisting of the President of the Society, the Vice-Presidents, the Honorary Secretaries, and twenty-four Members elected out of the general body of the Subscribers: one fourth of the latter shall go out annua'ly by rotation, but shall nevertheless be re-eligible; and such retil'iug and the new election shall take place at the Annual General Meeting: but any intermediate vacancy, by death or retirement, among the elected Council shall be filled up either at the Gene_ral Meeting or at the next Council Meeting, whichever shall first happen. Five · Members of the Council to constitute a quorum. 3. The Council shall meet to transact the business of the Society on the second Thursday in the months of March, June, September, and December, and at any other time that the Secretary may deem it expedient to call them together. The June Meeting shall always be held in London: those of March, September, and December, at Canterbury and Maidstone alternately. But the Council shall have power, if it shall deem advisable, at the instance of the President, to bold-its meetings at other places within the county; and to alter the days of meeting, or to omit a quarterly meeting if it shall be found convenient. 4. At every Meeting of the Society or Council, the President, or, in his absence, the Chairman, shall have a casting vote, independently of his vote as a member. • 5. A General Meeting of the Society shall be held annually, in July, August, or September, at some place rendered interesting by its antiquities or historical associations, in the eastern and western divis~ons of the county alternately: the day and place thereof to be appomted by the Oouncil, who shall also have power, at the instance of the P1·esident, to elect some member of the Society, connected with the district in which the Meeting shall be held, to act as Chairman of such Meeting. At the said General Meeting, antiquities shall be exhibited, and papers read on subjects of archreological interest. The acc0unts of the Society, having been previously allowed by the Auditors, shall be presented ; the Council, through the Se-· cretary, shall make a. Report on the state of the Society; and the Auditors and the six new Members of the Council for the <::nsuing year shall be elected. 6. The Annual General Meeting shall have power to make such alterations in the Rules as the majority of Members present may approve ; provided that notice of any contemplated alterations be given, in writing, to one of the Honorary Secretaries, before the ht June in the then current year, to be laid by him before the Council at their next Meeting ; provided, also, that the said contemplated alterations be specifically set out in the notices summoning the Meeting, at least one month before the day appointed for it. 7. A Special General Meeting may be summoned, on the written requisition of seven Members, or of the President, or two Vice-Pre- . • b 2 :xii KENT ARCH~OLOGICAL SOCIETY. sidents, which must specify the subject intended to be brought forward at such Meeting; and such subject alone can then be considered. 8. Candidates for admission must be proposed by one Member of the Society, and seconded by another, and be balloted for, if required, at any Meeting of the Council, or at a General Meeting, one black ball in five to exclude. 9. Each Ordinary Member• shall pay an Annual Subscription of • Ten ~billings, due in advance on the 1st of January in each year; or £5 triay at any time be paid in lieu of future subscriptions, as a composition for life. Any Ordinary Member shall pay, on election, au entrance fee of Ten Shillings, in addition to his Subscription, whether .A.nuual or Life. Every Member shall be entitled to a copy of the Society's Publieations; but none will be issued to any Member whose Subscription is in arrear. The Council may remove. from the List of Subscribers the name of any Member whose Subscription is two years in arrear, if it be certified to them that a written application for payment has been made by one of the Secretaries, and not attended to within a month from the time of application. 10. All Subscriptions and Donations are to be paid to the Bankers of the Society, or to one of the Secretaries. . 11 . .A.11 Life Compositions shall be vested in Government Secur ities, in the names of four Trustees, to be elected by the Council. The interest only of such funds to be used for the ordinary purposes of the Society. 12. No cheque shall be drawn, except by order of the • Council, and every cheque shall be signed by two Members of the- Council, and one of the Honorary Secretaries. 18. The President and Secretary, on any vacancy, shall be elected by a General Meeting of the Subscribers. 14. Members of either House of Parliament, who are landed proprietors of the county or residents therein, shall, on becoming Members of the Society, be placed on the list of Vice-Presidents, and with them such other persons as the Society may elect to that office. 15. The Council shall have power to elect, without ballot, on the nomination of two Members, any lady who may be de~irous of becoming a Member of the Society. . . 16. The Council shall have power to appoint as Honorary Member any person likely to promote the interests of the Society. Such Honorary Member not to pay any subscription, and not to have the right of voting at any Meetings of the Society ; but to have all the other privileges of Members . . 1 '7. The Council shall have power to appoint any Member, Honorary Local Secretary, for the town or district wherein he may reside, in order to facilitate the collection of accurate information as to o~jects and discoveries of local interest, and 'for the receipt of ·subscriptions. 18. Meetings for the purpose of reading papers, the exllibition of antiquities, or the discussion of subjects connected therewith, shall be held at such times and places as the Council may appoint. 19. The Society shall avoid all subjects of religious or political controversy. . 20. The Sem·etary_ shall keep a record of the proceedings of th~ Society, to be commmucatod to the Members at the General Meetmgs: Xlll HONORARY LOCAL . SECRETARIES .. Sfsljfarll IHsttict. THOMAS THURSTON, EsQ. . . . · . ; . ·. · A.sliford. ~I«ck'!Je11f!J nnb 1Lefuisi!Jnm ll!listtict. Mn. J. S:romi SllULLFillLD . . •. •. . 10, Little Queen Street, Lincoln's Inn J!'ields, w.o. t3tomlc!! IH.stticf . . J. W. ILoTT, Eso. . .... Bromley. Qtnntethuty lli.sttict. G. T. ToMLIN, Eso. . . . . . Oonibe House, 00//iterbury:. (11:;-ranbtaalt misttict, REV. T. A. CAitR . . . . . . Vicarage, Oranbrool;, ll!111d£otb 3i!li.sttlct. FLAXlllAN 0. J. SP~IlRELL, Es<{ . . .. . Lessness Heath, Dartjonl. mo!m mi.sttlct. EDWARD FmmAND .AsTLEY, Eso., M.D.- • Marine Parade, Dovei-. ®'a,sttl! mis·trict. Sm WALTER JAnms, BART.. , . . •. •. Bettesltanger Pa·rlc . F. F. GmAuD, EsQ. . .:ffnbmiliijm miiitrict. . . . . . . .' Soutli House, Fr. 1871. Balance i'l'om Dec. 31, 1870 :Messrs. Wigan and Co. . Messrs. Hammond and Co. £ . s. d. £. s. d. . 299 6 5 . 55 8 6 --- 3541411 Dividends on Stock, one year. . . . . . . . . . . . • 12 6 10 Subscriptions, Life Compositions, Contributions to Illustration Fi.ind, Payments for Royal 8vo, etc. . . . . . . . . . 306 0 10 / 1871. Assistant Secretary :Salary, three quarters . Postage, small bills, etc . Keeper of Rooms, three quarters . . . . Further Expenses of General Meeting, 1870 . Printer, for Circulars, etc. . . . . . . • Tent, etc., for General Meeting . . . . . London Local Secretary, petty cash expenses. Part cost of Arch. Cant. Vol. VIII.:- Lithographer . . . . . . . . . . Messrs. Theile, of Copenhagen, printers Honorary Secretary, petty cash expenses . Balance in hand, Dec. 31, 1871 :- Messrs. Wigan and Co. . Messrs. Hammond and Co. -:; Cr. £. s. d. £. s. d. 30 0 0 11 5 9 41 5 9 7 10 0 . . 3 16 6 . • 12 11 0 21 0 0 3 9 0 25 4 6 7 IO 0 32 14 6 36 17 0 . 444 17 4 69 . 1 6 ---513 18 10 £673 2 7 £673 2 7 .Audited and allowed, RICHARD ORAS. HUSSEY, } .d.uditr>rs. GEORGE T. TOMLIN, . xxxix ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS. A MEETING of the Council was held on .A.pril 24, 1868, at the house of the Honorary Secretary in the Precincts, Cantei:bury . .A. Local Committee was appointed to arrange the General Meeting at Canterbury. The sum of £5 was granted towards a scheme for cataloguing, arranging, and reporting on the documents of tlie Corporation at Hythe, the scheme to be arranged between Mr. Mackeson and the Honorary Secretary. The Honorary Secretary reported the close of his excavations in the Saxon cemetery at Bifrons, where he had been kindly assisted by the Rev. H. M. Villiers and :j\fr. J. Brent; about 250 graves in all having been opened either by himself or by men at work for the Marquis Conyngham. Many of the speci~ mens found were exhibited to the Council. Sixteen new members were elected, and one Hon01·ary Member,-the Rev. Thomas Hugo, F.S.A. THE NEXT Meeting was at the house of the noble President in Grosvenor Square, on June 11. It was agreed that the General Meeting at Canterbury 13hould be held on Thursday and Friday, the 30th and 31st of ~- • • Two new members were elected. xl KENT ARCHlEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. T.s:E GENERA.L MEETING for the year 1868 was }leld at Canterbury on the 30th and. 81st of July, there being present,- The Earl Amherst, President; Lord Fitzwalter; Sir Walter James, Bart.; Sir Walter Stirling, Bart.; S. M. Hilton, Esq., High Sheriff, and Mrs. Hilton; J. G. Talbot, Esq., and the Hon. Mrs. Talbot; C. Wykeham Martin, Esq., M.P.; the Dean of Canterbury and Mrs. Alford; Sir Charles Wingfield, Bart.; G. W. Norman, Esq.; l\1 rs. and Miss Norman; G. Dering, Esq., and Mrs. Dering; A.rchdeacoi; i. Harrison and Mrs. Harrison; C. Powell, Esq. ·; MajorGeneral McQueen and Mrs. McQueen; Rev. Canon Stone and Miss Stone; Rev. Canon Robertson, Mrs. and Miss Robertson; Rev. Canon Blukesley and Mrs. Blakesley; Rev. J. Hughes-Hallett, Mrs. and Miss Hughes-Hallett; Rev. H. Godfrey Faussett; Rev. Professor Willis and Mrs. Willis; C. Knight Watson, Esq., Sec. S.A.., and Mrs. Watson; Rev. H. M. Villiers; G. T. Tomlin, Esq., and Mrs. Tomlin; R. C. Hussey, Esq.; J. Brent, Esq:; J. Kirkpatrick, Esq.; the .Honorary-Secretary, and about fout· hundred others. The Business Meeting was held in the Cathedr-al • Library lately completed, which was kindly lent for the purpose by the Dean and Chapter. The President having taken the chair, called for the Report, which was read as follows :- In delivering at Canterbury the eleventh annual Report of our .A.rchieological Society we seem to have completed a cycle of ten years, and to have returned to the place from which we set out. Our first annual meeting was held here on this very day in 1858, when we numbered about 500 members, and were feeling our way for existence. The success of that first meeting confirmed all our hopes, and started us· in a course of prosperity and increase which still continues. • Since that time we have issued six volumes, which we believe may compete in value, interest, and general excellence with any similar publications in England. Our members have increased to nearly 1,100. Our funds have further been usefully employed in opening two very considerable Saxon Cemeteries and parts of others, and in discovering and preserving antiquities of various kinds-·throughout the county. :By the kindness of friends and our own exertions we hiwe collected at Maidstone a very valuable museum, illustrative of every period of Kentish history. .And we believe we may say that we have very sensibly contributed to that spirit of interest in and reverence for the pa.\lt which is everywhere, and not least in Kent, ELEVENTH 'ANNUAL :MEETING, xli showing itself in preservation of churches and other monuments, and in increas·ed •4istorio.1 research and a9cu1·acy. We. have agreed with the Tr:uste~s ·of the Oharles Museum at1 Maidstone for the .hire of separate rooms at Chillington House, at a rent of £20 a year. We are now i.n possession of these rooms, a.nd, our valuable collection, incirea.sed as it has ~een, this year, is in course of being disposed in th~~ in a manne1: • available for the inspection and, study of our members. • We have to lament the loss during the past year of Sir• Norton Knatchbull and some other· valued members of . ou:r ··society. On • the other hand we hail the accession to our ranks of about 50 new members, more than the usual proportion of whom are eminent in the world of science. Several more are waiting tQ be elected to0day. Our seventh volume has been unus.ually and unfortunately delayed. The Council, however, feel justified in saying that it will form the richest and most interesting of our s~:ries1 and in ~oping that a delay caused by the very value and elaborateness of the work will not be ultimately regretted by the Society. A foretaste of the treasures contained in. one of its principal papers bas ·been most kindly offered to us to-day, and this our eleventh meeting will be rema:rkable in our annals for the valued assistance of Professor Willis . . The opei:iing of the Saxon burial-ground at 'Bifrons, kindly per- 3m.tted to the Society by Lord Oonyngbam, has been completed. Your Secretary, with the assistance of two other honoured members, lias_ explored 107 gr.aves, Lord Oonyngh.am at the same time opening for himself about as many more,· and these, with the few dj.scovered at first, appeadng to complete the cemetery. The proce ·eds have been even more than usually interesting. Many of the specimens found- are exhibited here to-day. .. In conclusion we would only urge upon you that ours is a cooperative Society, and that its welfare and usefulness depend very mainly for their continuance upon the union of all its members in promoting and fostering it. It was resolved, due notice having been given, to add the following words to Rule 3,- • " - and to alter the days of meeting, or to omit a quarterly meeting if'it shall be found convenient." • The two Auditors and the si:x retir.ing members of Council were re-elected. VOL. VIII. d xlii KENT . ARCH.2EOLOGICA.T.;~socrETY . . •• Eleven new· memb'ers were elected. • • • • •• The Chairman then introduced to the meeting the· Rev. Pro.: fessor Willis, who proceeded to· give a lecture of great•interest ~nd value • on. the remains of the Benedictine monastery ofChrist Church, · Canterbury, afterwards conducting the party ;ver. the more interesting spots, and concluding his rema!~S on each in situ. His lecture, in an· enlarged form, is in our; Seventh Volume. , . • Dinner was at four o'clock in the Music Hall, the noble President in the _chair. .After which the company, by kind invitation of the · Dean, were entertained at a musical ~oiree iμ the Deanery· Garden. A smaller party afterwards visited the interior of theCathedral by moonlight, and while lingering in the nave enjoyed the·unexpected effect of music issuing from the Choir,· which those who heal'd it will not soon forget. • • . ON THE second day the party assembled at St . .A.ugustine's.• College, where they were kindly received by the Warden and: Fellows. The Warden described the remains of the Abbey,; and the .present details of the College, and also conducted th~ company to St. Pancras' Church adjoining. St; Martin's Church was next visited, and the Rev. T. Hirst, the Vicar, recapitulated the well-known points of interest in: it~ structure and history. Thence the party proceeded, under, the guidance of J. Brent, Esq., to v.isit the Walls and the Donjon . Mound, the Castle, the Poor Priests' Hospital, and, tlie remains of the Grey Friars, ending at Eastbridge Hospital, where the Rev. W. '.remple, the Master, described the points_ of interest. •. : The afternoon Cathedral Sl=l:rvice being now over, the ·Dean 99nduct!')d the company through the Cathedral~ taking for his text the visit of Erasmus and Dean Colet, as described by the former in his 'Peregrinatio religionis ergo,' and illustrating the condition of the Cathedral . at that date in the most interesting manner. . The Cathedral Services throughout the two days were fr(?m the· works of Kentish composers, an arrang·ement kindly made. by the Precentor. • ; . . 'l'he· temporar-y Museum was in the Cathedral Library, .. and was unusually rich. • PROCEEDINGS, xliii _- THE· THIRD Council ·Meeting for this year was held· at _the house of_ the Honorary SecretMy iri. the Pre.cincts, . . Oanterbury; on the 25th of September, the Rev. Canon Robertson.in. the chair .. ·It was resolved that : The Council of the Ke11t Archreological Society ·cannot hold their first meeting since the death of the llev. Lambert Blackw·en Larking without expressing and ·desiring to record their sincere ·grief at his loss, their deep sense of the void thus created in the Society, and the respectwhich they cherish for his memory. • As the Founder of th_e Society, its_ Secretary during its first and most ~nxious years, and its foremost counsellor · since his resignation of the -secretary- . ship, Mr. Larking was so intimately connected with its closest interests that liis removal cannot but be felt as no ordinary blow to ittJ welfare. . The Council--. will always remember. with ple1ls"4re his constant kindness, and eagerness to assist with all his w~mderfi~J antiqu!l,rian lore, and are sure that his name and fame ~ill never be forgotten in a Society whose very existence is a. monument of hi-& energy and. learning, and to scarcely a member of wl1icb he had not endeared himself by some act of kindness. • • • The Council are desiroil.s of expressing their deep sympathy with • •Mrs.- Larking in her bereavement, and request that ~-copy of this Resolution be forwarded to her by the Secretary. • . Thanks were voted to the Dean and Chapter of Cal).terbury, and to the Mayor and Corporation of Canterbury, for thei.~· assistance and hospitality at the. late General Meeting ; to Professor Willis, for his invaluable lecture; to the Dean of Canterbul•y, the Warden of St. Augu~tine's College, the Rev. T. Hirst, the Rev. E. Gilde1; the Rev. W. Temple, and John ·Brent, Esq., for their assistance on the same occasion; and tC? ·M. Bell, Esq., Godfrey T. Faussett, Esq., the Governori.:i of.the Kent and Canterbury Hospital, the Rev. E. Sandys-Lumsdame, JMxs. 'Chesshyre, C. K. Watson, Esq., J. R. Scott, ;Elsq., the 'Rev. A. Eden;. the Rev. R. P. Coates, and others, for their ~contributions to the temporary Museum. • Thl'ee new-members were elected. , TH:& FIRST_ Meeting,- of the Council for the year l869 was .held ,at Ohillington House, Maidstone, on the 16th of April, .t'he hobie· President in-the· cli.air; • • • :xliv. KENT .ARCH.lEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. It was resolved to hold the General Meeting · this year at West Malling, and a Local Committee-. for the ,purpose was appointed.· . ' • . .Also to purchase seven Celtic Torques lately discovered near Maidstone. J. F. Wadmore, Esq., was elected Honorary Local Secretary for the Tuhbridg~ District, and G . . T .. Tomlin, Esq., for the Canterbury District, in tb,e roon;i. of Major Luard-Selby and J; Brent, Esq. And thanks were voted .to these two retiring Secretaries for their services. The Rev. H. M. Villiers was elected to the Oo_uncil in th~ • room of John Brent, -Esq., .resigned, : Hewett, servant at the Charles Museum, Maidstone, was appointed to take care ·of the Society's rooms there, at a yearly salary of £10. • • Sixteen new members, including His Grace the .Archbishop ?f _Canterbury; were elected. . THE SECOND Council for this year was held on June Hl, at ,the -house of the President· in Grosvenor Square, -himself in the • chair. • • It was resolved that the days for the General Meeting at :West Malling be Thursday and Friday, the 5th -and 6th of ·!A:.ugust. • • • Twelve new members were elected. • THE GENERAL MEETING *~s held at ·west Malling on August ·5 and 6, under the chairmanship of Sir Walter Stirling, Bart., in the unavoidable absence of the noble Prei;,ident. There were also present,- :. . • • ~h~ Countess Amherst ; the Lady Augusta Mostyn; the Lady Caroline Nevill; the Hon: and Rev. E. Bligh and Lady Isabel Bligh; the Ron. and Rev. H. Bligh; the Hon. Ralph Nevill and Mrs. Nevill; E. Hussey, Eflq,, and the Hon. Mrs. H"\.lssey; _G. W. Norman, Esq., Mrs. and Mias Norman; Colonel Pinney, M.P.; J. Wingfield Larking, Esq.; Bertie P. Cator, Esq.; the Rev. J. J. Marsham ; C. Roach Smith, Esq.; the Rev. O. Lane; R. 0. Russey, Esq. ; the .:Rev. J';' H; Titnins ; 0. Powell, Esq. ; Coles Child, Eaq. ; J. Fremlyn Streatfeild, Eeq.; the Rev. A. Eden; the Rev. R. ·F. TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING. xlv Coatea ; the Honorary Secretary, and upwards of three hundred others. ~ · The Business :Meeting was held in the .Assembly Rooms at ·12 o'clock on the 5th, when G. Gilbert Scott, Esq., was e1ectec;I. a~ Honorary Member, in company with twenty-seven ordinary members. The Auditors and the retiring· members of the Council were re~el_ected, and the following Report was read :~ . The Council has the pleasure of presenting to the Society its -twelfth annual Report, now as always one of ·material advan(!e and 1>rosperity. . . • . We must, ho"'ever, give the first place in our retrospect to om; losses,-heavy and irreparable, for among other valued_ members we have lost Archbishop Longley, always a firm and liberal friend to the .~ociety,_ and also second in mention, but even foremost in our minds, the Rev. Lambert Larking. • · • We must all be desirous of expressing and recording our sincere grief at Mr. Larking'.s loss, our deep sense of the void thus made in .the Society, and the respect which we cherish for his memory. _Nor .c~uld this l>e ·more appropriately done than now, at our first meet~ ing since his death, and here, at his birthplace and in the centl'.e of the neighbourhood in which he spent his life. As the Founder of ·our Society, its Secretary during its first and most . anxious years, and its foremost counsellor to the end of his days, Mr. Larking was ·so intimately connected with its closest interests that his removal cannot but be felt as no ordinary blow to its welfare. We shall always remember with pleasure and gratitude his constant kindness ·aud eagerness to assist with all his wonderful antiquarian lore, aud .his name and fame will always be the pride of a Society whose very .existeuce is a monument of his energy and learning, a.nd to scarcely a member of which he had not endeared himself by some act of .kindness peculiarly his own.. • Forty-one new members have joined us in the year, and upwards of twenty more are awaiting election to-day. • The balance at our Bankers' is £295. 8s. 3d., in spite of the unusually large cost of our seventh volume, just defrayed, the special exertions of a few of our Local Secreta~ies having succeeded in . bringing in a number of arrears. Arrears, h?wever, still constitute :a lamentable blot on our prosperity. The very smallness of our annual subscription renders it the more difficult to collect, and we ,'\tould again urge· those membera who do not easily remember it to • ,give·,an order to their bankers to pay it for them on the· let of every x1vi KENT . -AiWHlEOLOGICAt; S(iCIETY . . Ja.nuary. .In thus saving trouble tci thems·eJvea. they will also be saving very great trouble and loss to the Society. Our fast meeting at Canterbury wa.a even more than us.ually suc ·cessfu1, and formed an apt prelude to the appearan~ of our aeyenth .volume, both being very largely indebted for their excellence to the kindness and learning· of Professor Willis, whose brief lecture and explanations at the meeting are expanded into a most elaborate and valuable paper in the volume. We believe that this is admitted on· all sides to be the best of its· series. Part of our eighth volume is already in type, and we hope that it will not degenerate in interest even from· its immediate predecessor. ; Our new rooms at Chillington House have been appropriately fitted up, at a cost very considerably under the £150 calculated and allowed for the purpose, mainly by the exertions and good taste of our active Assistant Secretary. We can now, for the first time, exhibit our collections in a manner worthy of their great and growing importance. Several valuable additions to these, by the kindness of members or by purchase, have been made in the paat year. • No very large excavations have been undertaken by the Society in the past year. • Among those of miuor importance may be men~ tioned one in· the parish of Bekesbourne, which resulted in the dis~ -covery of five or six Roman Urns, with fragments of many others. • These will be described in our next volume. In conclusion, we would urge all our members to do their best, as -opportunity occurs, towards the elucidation and preservation of. the antiquities with which our historical county abounds, and to join in continuing our flourishing Society in its career of usefulness and success; · The company then proceeded to Malling .Abbey, kindly ·thrown open to the Society by Mrs. Akers, where the Rev. J. R. Tim.ins acted as cicerone, and the Rev. C. Lane told a few legends of its monastic history. · West Malling Church was next visited, many of the party stopping on the way to inspect the· remains of a N Orman dwelling-house near the .junction 9f the two main streets of the town. • • St. Leonard's 'rower was • then. -inspected, and afterwarcI.s . Leybourne Church and Castle. • • • •• • • •• Dinner was at four o'clock in a tent in the grounds ·of • MalJing Rouse, by kind permission of the. Hon. ll,alph Nevill. , • At the evening meeting at the Assembly Rooms, R. Surtees, ,,Esq., delivered a lecture on t-he· hisfory' and· remains of the •• PROCEEDINGS. xlvii Oa;stle of .Sutton Valence. • The tempor~ry Museum was good and interesting. ON TIIE second day the party met at .A.ylesfoi·d, and inspected the Church, under the guidance of the Ven . .A.rchdeacon Grant, ~l? weU as the interesting remains of the Friars, kindly opened te>;theni by F. Russell, Esq. . Kits Coty House was next visited, and G. Bensted, Esq., guided the company to . 'this and the other interesting. stone monuments in the immediate neighbourhood . . The party next arrived at Boxley .A.bbey, where C. Balston, ~sq,, received. them with great hospitality, and thence pro~ ceeded to inspect Boxley Church and the interesting remains offif~eenth-century houses in the village. • With an inspection of .Allington Castle the day's excursion f?nded. . • • ; .A. smaller excursion, under the guidance of C. Roach Smith, Esq., was made, by way of Offham and its quintain, to the. ~qde stone monuments in .A.dding~on Park and at Coidru~ . . THE NEXT Meeting of the Council was held on Octobe1· 8; at the house of the Honorary Secretary in the Precincts, Canterbury. ' It was resolved that if possible the place of General Meeting for the succeeding year should always be fixed at the Autumn 0ouncil : • • . .A.nd that Sittingbourne be now agreed upon for the General Meeting of 1870, with an excursion into Shepey fon the-secou·a day. . . ' .. • ·The sala.ry of the .A.ss¼!tant Secretary was increased to £40. yearly, as from Michaelmas. • Thanks were voted to the Hon. R. Nevill, Mrs. Akers, Mrs, Savage, Sir Joseph·Hawley, Bart;, J. Wingfield Stratford, Esq., the Rev. E. Shepherd, F. Russell, Esq., aud C. Balston, Esq. for reception and hospitality to the Society at the late General Meeting ; • to the Ven. · .A.rchdeacon Grant, the Rev. J. H. Thu.ins, C. Roach Smith, Esg., the Rev. J . • .A.. Boodle,· E. Furley, Esq., H. D. Wildes, Eaq., G.·Bensted, Esq., R. Surtees; Esq., and the Rev. J: Y. Stratton for assista.nce and instruction during the meeting; and to the Earl of .A.bergavenny, Lady Augusta Mostyn, the· Misses Twysden, the Dean of .Canxhiii KENT ARCH.lEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. terbury, the Vicar and Churchwardens. of West · Malling, and others., for contributions to the temporary museum. Six new members were elected. • THE FIRST C~uncil for the year 1870 was held on April 11, at Chillington House, Maidstone; the noble President in the chair. • • On the proposal of the President it was agreed to recom:. mend to the next General Meeting to enact that for the future, at the instance of the President, some member connected with the district of any General Meeting may be elected to act as bhairman of such Meeting. It was re11olved that for · the future Honorary Members be elected only for very especial claim upon the Society. It was agreed to pay the account of the printers for all royal quarto copies of back volumes of our Arohreologia, in spite of their agreement with the Rev. L.B. Larking (whose private account this originally was}, that the printing of these should be paid for only as they were sold. Also, that for the future these should be paid for with the ordinary copies . . At the same time. it was resolved that the number of such copies to be henceforth printed should be reduced from twentyfive to three more only than the number in demand at the date of issue, one such copy to be placed in the Society's Library. James W. Ilott, Esq., was elected Honorary Local Secretary for the Bro:r;nley District in the room of G. B. Latter, Esq., deceased. Thanks were voted to G. E. Sayer, Esq., for permission to excavate the Roman villa found on his property near Maidstone; also to C. Roach Smith, Esq., W. H. Bensted, Esq., a;nd Mr. J. Fauchon for help during the ex.cA.vations. _ Twenty-three new members were elected . . • THE SECOND Me~ting of the Coun_cil for this year· was held on the 17th of June, at 43, Grosvenor ~quare, .the house of the President, who occupied the chair. • • .. The days for the General Meeting at S~ttingbourne were fixed, .viz. Wednesday and Thursday, August 3 and 4 . . -1'hree new members were elected. # ' • ~ # • ' THIRTEENTH .ANNUAL MEETING. xlix THE GENERAL Meeting took place accordingly at • Sittingbourne on the 3rd and 4th of August, Ul).der the Presidency of the Earl Amherst. There were also present,- Lord Fitzwalter, Sir Walter Stirling, Bart., Sir John Croft, Bart., ·G. W. Norman, E_sq., Mrs. and Miss Norman, C. Powell, Esq, Major-General McQueen, the Rev. J. Hughes-Hallett and Miss Hughes-Hallett, Lieut.-Ool. Jenkins and Mrs. Jenkins, the Rev. Canon Robertson, Mrs. and Miss Robertson, the Rev. G. B. Moore, Mrs. and the Misses Moore, the Rev. A. Eden, the Rev. W. A. Scott Robertson, the Rev. F. E. Tuke, the Rev. A. J. Pearman and Mrs. Pearman, Mrs. and Miss Riddell, the Rev. F. Haslewood, the Honorary Secretary, and about two hundred others'. The Business Meeting was held, by kind permission, in the .rooms of the· Sittingbourne Literary and Scientific Institute, at .which the following Report was read:- The Thirteenth Annual Report of the Council of this Society, though perhaps less full of incident than some of former years, is as satisfactory as to the prosperity of the Society as any previous - one. The balance at our Bankers' is £298. 12s., to which will be added, when necessary, about £100. more, to be drawn from our inveited funds (as agreed), for the cost of furnishing our rooms at Maidstone. These expenses have hitherto been paid from our income, and will -b~ repaid in this manner as soon as it becomes desirable. Fifty-seven new members have joined us during the year, and _several more are now awaiting election. The value of our volumes, the popularity of our meetings, and the patriotism of men of Kent, combme in more than :filling the gaps caused in our ranks by departures ~r death. • Of these latter we lament not a few, and would specially mention Sir Thomas Wilson, Mr. Bland of Hartlip, the donor of our collection known as the Bland collection, Mr. Randall of Maidstone, Mr. Latter, our late Local Secretary for Bromley, and, in the last few days, Mr. Foss, the eminent Biographer of the Judges, and, from the beginning, one of our most active members and contributors. We were also honoured by claiming as a member Sir Charles Young, late Garter King at Arms, whose loss to om· special scieuce will long be felt elsewhere than in E",ent. The funds of this Society have been well spent in the purchase of -some British torques or armlets found near Maidstone, which form a valuable and interesting addition to our Museum, VOL. VIII. • e 1 KENT ARCBlEOLOGIC.AL SOCIETY. The Society exerted its influence in the endeavour to save the fine old house with pargetted front in the High Street of Maidstone, known as Astley House. That this effort was .in vain is matter of regret to all lovers of a style of building of which few better specimens remain in the country. - • With kind permission of Mr. Sayer, of Pett Place, the founda' tiona of a Roman villa, found on his property near· Maidstone, have been laid open by the energy of our Assistant Secretary, who will be glad to show them to members. A description of the discoveries will be given in our Archreologia. The eighth volume of this series is now in a for,vard state towards publication. It bids fair to be a very valuable one, ii,nd will, we believj:l, be found equal to its predecessors. • An addition to our fifth Rule will be proposed to you to-day on behalf of the Council, empowering them, at the instance of the President, to appoint a Local Chairman at these our Annual Meetings when it shall seem advisable, as is the practice in the Archreological Institute and other similar Societies. It is felt that such a power may, on desirable occasions, prove to be a convenience both to the President and to the Society. • In selecting Sittingbourne as our meeting-place for this year, the Council were aware that the neighbourhood is more interesting in history than in remains strikingly illustrative of history; much, however, of value is to be found and learnt here, and it is believed that the excursion into Shepey will be looked upon as an opportunity for visiting what is unknown land to most of our members. This Report must not be closed without again urging greate1· punctuality in payment of subscription.s,-nn improvement which would add very much to the effi.<:iency and prosperity of the Society. G. T. Tomlin, Esq., was re-elected Auditor, and R. C. Hussey, Esq., was elected his colleague, in the room of J. J. Howard, Esq., who retired. • Of the su: retiring members of the Council, four were reelected; the Rev. W . .A. Scott RobertsonJ J. S. Barra, Esq., and J. Board, Esq., being elected in place of the Rev. B. Poste and the Rev. F. Wrench, retiring, and of E. Foss, Esq., deceased. Eleven new members were elected. The Meeting then separated for the day's excursion, the whole of which was under the guidance of the Rev. W. A. Scott Robertson, who illustrated to the company each subject in turn. These were :- THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING. The Parish Church of St. Michael, Sittingbourne. Bayford Castle, consisting of earthworks traditionally said .to be a camp of Alfred; here the Rev . .A:.. J: Pearman added some observations. Bapchild Church with its :6.ne Norman work. Tong Castle aud Church, the former interesting from its traditions of Hengist; and Murston Church with its ancient tithe-barn. Dinner was at five o'clock in the Corn Exchange, and the evening Meeting took place at the Literary Institute, where a small but interesting local museum was arranged. The Rev. A. J. Pearman read a paper on the History of Bayford Castle, and the Rev. F. G. Haslewood exhibited and discussed some tracings of fresco painting lately brought to light in Smarden Church. ON '!'HE second day the party met at the Sittingbourne Station, and went by special train to Queenborough, in the Isle of Shepey, the Castle of which, now mounds and earthworks only, was inspected, and the Rev. R. Bingham read a paper on its history. Carriages then conveyed the company to Minster, stopping on the way, under the guidance of Mr. Turmine, to inspect some of the large mounds, formerly called "cotterells," so common in the marshland here. It was generally agreed that they must have been constructed as refuges for cattle in fl.oous . .A.t Minster the Rev. Dr. Willis welcomed the party in the very interesting Church; the gate-house and a few more slight remains of St. Sexburga's Nunnery were also inspected. At Eastchurch, which was next reached, the Rev. W . .A.. Scott Robertson pointed out the remarkable parts of the architecture and history of the Church. The excursion reached its farthest point at Shurland Castle, where a paper on its history, written by the Rev. R. C. Jenkins, was, in the absence of its author, read to the Meeting by the Rev . .A.. J. Pearman. THE THmn Meeting of the Council for this year was held on Oct. 21, at the house of the Honorary Secretary, in the Precincts, Oanterbury. It was agreed that Sevenoaks should be the place of General Iii KENT ARCH.lEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Meeting for 1871, if Lord Buckhurst's convenience would allow of the Society's admission to Knole. Also that the Society should subscribe for a copy of the new History of Kent now projected on the basis of the Streatfeild and Larking collections, and that any wood-blocks of the Society which may be useful in illustrating the work, be lent for that purpose by the Council. rl'hanks were voted to the Rev .. G. B. Moore, G. Payne, Esq., jun? the Rev. W . .A. Scott Robertson, Dr. Grayling, the Rev. A. J . Pearman, and Mr. Turmine, for valuable assistance duringthe late General Meeting; and to the Rev. J. Buckner, the Rev. J. S. Hoare, the Rev. R. Dickson, 11:rs. Pratt, the Rev. R . Bingham, Mr. Bennett, and the Rev. Dr. Willis, for reception and hospitality on the same occasion. Four new members were elected. C L e .lJ --- - ---------- ·------------------...... .IC - • - - - .I) - - - - ----- - re------------------------------------------~ I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I 1 [ Plan of Pla.tform RI C HBOROUOH C A STLE I I I 'I t ! ·I ' I I I I 1 I I ' I I ' I I I I I I I .H A zi9Ji@~lziii.:$, G11Ue,,wra7e_..wnal,,v. Archreologia Cantiana Val:vu ACCOUNT OF THE SOCIETY'S RESEARCHES IN THE ROMAN CASTRUM AT RICHBOROUGH. BY G. DOWKER, ESQ., F.G.S. BEFORE describing the excavations undertaken by the Society, let me refer briefly to those made by previous explorers, especially of the remarkable subterranean building in the centre of the Castrum, to which our • own efforts were principally directed. It was known to our earlier topographers that within these walls existed a low cruciform structure, commonly called "St. Augustine's Cross ;"1 and most probably too . that this cross rested on a subterraneous platform of masonry. But we have no intelligible description of either .cross or platform till that of Mr. Boys, the historian of Sandwich, who made 1·esearches here in 1792. He laid bare part of the platform and measured it, finding its length to be 144½ feet, its breadth 104 feet, and its depth 5 feet; and that it was" a composition of boulders and coarse mortar, the whole upper su1face to the very verge covered over with a coat of the same sort of mortar six inches thick." He also dug round the cross and discovered its dimensions; . but was not, it 1 [See Stukeley's Itin. Curios., where is perhaps the earliest engrav. ing ofit, from a. sketch made in 1'122, tab. 9'1. But ha apparently knew nothing of the platform below.] • • VOL. VIII. B 2 ACCOUNT OF THE SOCIETY'S RESEARCHES IN would appear, aware of any structure existing still deeper, below the platform itself.1 In 1826 Mr. Gleig and others made excavations, resulting in the discovery of a certain cave, supposed to be that which Leland had seen in the reign of Henry VIII.2 They too were the first to dig beneath the platform, which they did at its N.E. corner (D ), finding the mass of masonry below it which has puzzled antiquaries ever since. Down the perpendicular side of this they sank a shaft, to the depth of twenty-two feet from the surface, without reaching the bottom, when the water came in and compelled them to discontinue the work. These excavators raised much public curiosity as to the meaning of this extraordinary structure, till, towards determining the point, Mi-. Rolfe of Sandwich, in September, 1843, made further researches. He commenced by sinking a shaft near the end of the eastern side ( A D) of the platform, at o, and, excavating beneath it, found a low, narrow pas~age in the soil running under it, close to the perpendicular side of the lower masonry, which is overhung by the platform to the extent of several feet. In this passage, which was in some places eighteen inches and in others three feet in height, he found human and other bones, and scattered fragments of Roman pottery. · With a view of discove1·ing an entrance into the masonry, he deepened and enlarged this passage, which had extended to its N.E. corner (d), and continued a similar passage round its N. and part of its W. side, still, as before, beneath the overhanging platform, which he used as a ceiling. Finding nothing but 1 13oye's Hist. of Sandwich, pp. 866 et seq. 2 "Withyn the Castel is a lytle Paroche Chirch of S. Augustine, and an Heremitage. I had Antiquites of the Heremite, the which is an industrius Man. Not far fro the Heremitage is a Cave wher Men have sowt and digged for Treasure. I saw yt by Candel withyn, and there were Conys. Yt was so straite that I had no mynd to crepe far yn." (Vol. vii. p. 138.) The cave foun4 by Mr. Gleig was probably the smugglers' cave known•to have existed at one time near the N.E. corner. T~ ROMAN CASTRUM .AT RICHBOROUGH. 3 a uniform mass of solid masonry 9n his left, he abandoned this work, and attempted to force an· entrance on. its E. side, near where he had commenced, at g; but owing to the exceeding hardness of the material, after . many weeks of great labom·, he had penetrated hmizontally to the distance of 16 feet only,1 still encountering nothing but soli.d masonry. His excavations had however determined the dimensions of the lower mass, viz. 124 feet from N. to S. and 80 feet from E. to W., the platform overhanging it by 12 feet on its E. and W. sides (as from b toe), and by 10 feet on its N. and S. sides (as from b to f). A hole, penetrating perpendicularly through the platform. to its upper surface, was discovered at each comer ( o, d) of the lower mass thus exposed, 5 or 6 inches square, and h~ving fragments of wood still adhering to its sides, and the impression of wood in the mortar which formed them. In July, 1865, the Kent Archreological Society having resolved on continuing these researches, the Rev. R. Drake and myself undertook the work. We began close to the place where M1·. Rolfe had made his entrance in ,. 1843, and, after examining the passage dug by him, resolved to continue it along the S. and the remainder of the W. sides. For this purpose a new shaft was sunk near the S.E. comer of the platform, at H, and the passage carried first. along the S. side ( a, b) of the lowe1· masonry, still, as before, under the overhanging platform. Towards the centre of this side it was observed that the sand had fallen away from the under-surface of the platform, and that numerous holes of foxes or rabbits communicated with the chamber so foxmed, which was so shallow, however, that the lower surface of the platfoxm was rubbed and polished by their 1 Mr. Roach Smith 8~8 12 feet only, but the excavation extends to 16 feet. n2 4 ACCOUNT OF THE SOCIETY'S RESEARCHES IN backs. .At a distance of 29 feet from the S.E. angle (a) of the masonry a large quantity of boulders was found mixed with dark vegetable earth; and here (h) was a hole extending horizontally into the wall to the extent of 6 feet, partially filled with yellow sand, and containing numerous bones of ( as well as I can ascertain) the sheep or goat, the dee1·, the rabbit, ox, horse, and pig, mostly young. Immediately under this hole, and at the depth of 7 feet from the under side of the platform, another cavity was found in the masonry, extending 20 feet horizontally inwards, and pointing nearly to a spot under the S.E. corner ( i) of the S. arm of the cross on the surface above. This excavation had been made by roughly breaking away the flints, leaving the sides very irregular. The hole was 5 feet high by 6 fee~ wide at the entrance; at 8 feet inwards, 5 feet 5 inches by 10 feet; at 11 feet, it contracted in width to 4 feet 6 . inches, and so continued to the end. Our excavation was continued round the s:w·. corner (b), where, as also at the S.E. corner (a), an opening ran upwards quite through the platform, like those found by Mr. Rolfe at . the other two angles, bearing also the distinct impression of wood. .All these four perforations are too small to have served any purpose of a superstructure, and were probably merely indications to the workmen. The passage was completed into Mr. Rolfe's on the W. side, nothing in the nature of an original entrance to the masonry being found in the entire circuit. In ordet to determine the depth of the masonry ( for our passage only reached to a depth of about 6 feet below the platf01·m ), I caused a perpendicular shaft to be sunk immediately under the hole in the S. side described above (h.) At first, and for some distance, the soil appeared to have been previously moved, but at a depth of 15 feet from the platform it was undisturbed. The masonry downwards from this depth was not quite THE ROMAN CASTRUM .AT RJCHBOROUGH. 5 so regular, some courses of stone receding from the perpendicular, and the base thus appearing to incline inwards. At a depth of 18 feet. the soil showed symptoms of water, and at 21 feet the water gained i-apidly. I then had an iron bar thrust in, to ascertain if the bottom of the masonry had been nearly reached, but it still continued. The water increasing upon us, we were now obliged to discontinue the shaft,-the total depth reached being 22 feet from the under surface of the platform, and upwards of 30 feet from the su1face of the ground. The stonework of this lower mass of masonry, which we were thus exploring, consists entirely of boulders of flint, selected with great care,-not a fragment of other stone being found. In this it contrasts greatly with the outside walls of the Castrum, which are composed of many different matei.'ials. The mortar or concrete in which the flints are imbedded appears. to be- composed of lime, mixed with coarse sand, small pebble, a very slight proportion of ground brick, and fragments of shell, as if from sea-sand. From its great excellence, improved, no doubt, by time,1 it is extremely difficult to penetrate the masonry. Sledge hammers and iron chisels were employed by Mr. Rolfe, and it yielded only to repeated strokes, the flint breaking soone1· than the concrete. ,¥here any portion has been exposed for a long time to the atmosphere, as in the passage beneath the platform found by Mr. Rolfe, the surface downwa1·ds is covered with stalactites of carbonate of lime. This concrete has evidently been applied in a fluid state over successive layers of boulders ab0ut 6, inehes deep, and has in some cases flowed over the masonry into the sand outside, in such a way as to lead to the supposition that the sand had been first exc;tvated to the required depth, 1 Silica is partly soluble in water, and appears to form a chemical compound with lime, forming silicate of lime ; in this way mortar may become hru:dened by time. 6 ACCOUNT OE THE SOCIETY'S RESEARCHES IN and that the boulders and mortars were then filled in, in regular succession. This overflow is observable only towards the upper part of the masomy, and mostly towards the centre of each side of the parallelogram; as if the excavation for the intended building had not everywhere preserved its perpendicular face, but the soil, having dming the work fallen in towards the side, had been thrown out by the workmen and again filled up as the building proceeded; each overflow of mortar being thus constantly covered vvith a fresh layer of sand. I can only in this way account for these appearances. The nature of the sand bears out this view of the mode in which this structure was built. The hill of Rich borough is composed of the Wool wich and Thanet sands,-formations beneath the London clay. The upper sand is here about 10 feet deep, the lower division is sandy for about 7 feet further downwards, and if we take a depth of 16 or 17 feet from the surface, we come into the more clayey Thanet beds, which become firmer as we go deeper into them, and a1·e the reposito1·ies of the freshwater springs. Where the sand of the hill remains in its natural state, and is undistutbed, it is firm and retains nearly a perpendicular face when cut into; where the lower sand has been mixed with the uppe1·, it may be distinguished by its colour and little coherence. Hence, in some parts of the Roman· excavation, the disturbed ~and would have easily fallen in, as it afterwards set~led away from under the platform. This was particularly the nature of the sand along the E. side, where the passage found by Mr. Rolfe under the platform was, without much doubt, the result of settlement; but other places along the S. and W. sides showed the same effect in a less degree. It thus seems evident that this subterranean structure was built in a rectangular pit dug to receive it. On the E. side, however, there may have been some THE ROMAN CASTRUM AT RICH.BOROUGH. 7 further excavation eastwards, shown by the settlement there found in the sand, and this possibly may have been connected with the bank of the river Stour opposite to it. Gleig excavated on this side, but the settlement in the sand here must have taken place at a much earlier date. The stalactites in it must be the 1·esult of a vast length of time, for nothing approaching to an incrustation of carbonate of lime was found in the hole in the masonry cut by Mr. Rolfe more than twenty years ago, though the water had found its way through the top of this excavation; nor in the ·hole found at the S. side, of which no reco1·d exists. It is worthy of remark that little or no organic matter or manufactured ma.terial is found in the sand,-one piece only of Samian ware was found, with some iron, buried in sand at a considerable depth on the S." side, and beneath the platform. The platform rests on pure sand, and was, I think, built at an early period of the Roman _occupation.1 1 I think we have evidence that this structure was of earlier date than the enclosing walls ; for the excavations showed that the earth all round it ,vas virgi.n soil, with little admixture of Roman pottery or refuse. The foundations of other buildings, or, ns I think, roads, between the eastern side of the platform and the edge of the cliff, appear nearly on a level with the foce of the platform ; und the broken rag-stone strewn over its surface appears to have continued to the edge of the cliff. A very forgo quantity of broken potte~·y, bones, oyster-shells, and coins have been found above the level of the platform ; very few below. Had the excavation for the masonry been carried through any thickness of this made earth, it is probable that much more of such debris would have been found in the soil at a greater depth. At one place, near the N.E. centre of the platform, a subsequent excavation had been made, and was traceable from the made earth with which it had been filled. The subterraneau structure is c01uposed entirely of flint boulders, imbedded in mortar, without a trace of tile or other material. than lime and sea-sand. It is to be noted that the walls of Richborough nre built of various material, some of which, as oolite, must have been b1·ought from a distance. Had this platform and S\lbstructure been built at tho snme time ns the outer walls, it is 1·en.sonnble to suppose that it would have been composed of like material; and hnd it been of later date, when the Romans were more acquainted with the neighbouring country, that larger material would hnve been used. . As the soil below the platform on the east side has settled away from 8 ACCOUNT OF THE SOCIETY'S RESEARCHES JN Having ascertained thus much about the masonry below the· platform, we subsequently trenched the surface of the platform with trenches about 4 feet wide, commencing at 12 feet from its edge on the E. and W. sides, and 10 feet on the N. and S. We extended them first all round the platform, from the apertures rising from each corner of the under-masonry as before mentioned {at a, b, c, d). These first trenches we next connected by cross trenches from E. to W., touching in their course the ends of the longer arms of the cross, and these again we connected so as to expose all the perpendicular faces of the cross. At the ioint I in the plan an attempt had before been made to. penetrate ~he platform, and the cross at this place was uncle1·tnined from the starting point of the S. arin to near the end of the E. arm. This had been noticed by Mr. Boys. The cross is situated in the centre of the platform, above which it rises 4 ft. 6 in. at its S.E. corner. It is 87 feet long from N. to S., with a width of 7 ft. 6 in. ; the transverse being 22 feet wide and 4 7 feet long. The longer arms run 35° E. of N. Its masonry is composed of Kentish rag, oolite, tufa, and flint boulders, cemented with a concrete made of lime, broken tile, coarse sand, and grit, very similar to that in the outer wall of the castrum. The corners and ends are faced with squared blocks of tufa,-a material not found elsewhere in the masomy at Richborough, but to be seen t,he uude1· sul'face more than on nny other side, it is not imp1·obable that son;ie other structure or excavation has been made on this side, perhaps connecting it with the river. It would appear that the cross on the platform was a subsequent erection, having, as it were, a foundation of its own on the platform, and being composed of different material. If we adopt the hypothesis that the platform was of earlier date tl;ian the outer walls, it is evident that the latter were made to accommodate themselves to the former, for, though the platform is not now in the centre of the Castrum, yet the Decuman gate is placed exactly opposite the centre of the cross, and the south gate (if there was a south gate) would have been as ex:actly opp.:isite its longest trunsverse. THE ROMAN CASTRUM A.T RICHBOROUGH. 9 in Roman work at Dover. Though resting on the plat- • form, the cross does not form part of it, but is laid on a foundation consisting of blocks of chalk on a layer of Kentish rag, broken :fine, without mortar; this again resting on the layer ~f ferruginous sand which covers -the entire face of the platform. The upper surface of the cross is much broken, and has clearly been higher than its present remains. Starting from corners about 5 feet inwards from the N.W. and N.E. holes (at o, d) through the platform, and thence running parallel with its sides, we found resting upon it the· remains of a wall (F), which may perhaps have been carried ro·und its entire circuit. It is 3 ft. 6 in. wide, and now averaging 1 ft. 6 in. in height. It extends 26 feet southwards down the "'\1/. side, with two more detached portions nearer the S. end of this side. Along the N. side it extends 12 feet eastwards from the north-western corners, and 30 feet westwards from the north-eastern, having apparently been demolished at the interval: and again down the E. side southwards 14 feet. ,It is built of boulders (those on the outside squared), imbedded in mortar composed of lime-grit and broken tile, but containing more sand than other mortar at Richborough, and easily crumbling in the fingers. It stands, like the cross, not immediately on the platform, but on a layer of intervening sand. The best preserved portion of this wall is the more southern of the two detached fragments on the W. side (:F~), a mass about 8 feet long, and distant from the perforation near the S."\V'. co:i:ner (b) 33 feet.. This was 3 feet in height, and at 1 ft. 5 in .. from the surface of the platform had a course of bonding tiles, apparently Roman, but showing signs of having been broken before their present use, as if taken from an older building. I found fragments of this tile lying also under the wall, in the sancl on the surface of the platform. The face 10 ACCOUNT OF THE SOCIETY'S RESEARCHES IN of this portion of wall above the course of tiles contracted one inch. A.11 other parts of the wall appeared to have been broken away down to this bonding-course. The other of these two detached masses (F6 ) was found completely overthrown outwards. It was exactly in the middle of the. W. side. A. large piece of Kentish ragstone was imbedded in its masonry. No remains of worked stone, as for doorways or window-frames, or other architectural features, were found in or near any part of this wall, if we except certain fragments of white marble, carved in mouldings as if for a cornice, discovered in excavating the platform, and now in our Society's Museum at Maidstone. Similar examples are engraved in Mr. Roach Smith's account of Richbol'Ough. Excavations over all the surface of the platform were next undertaken, with a view of determining a point often questioned, whether any opening existed from the top into the subterraneous structure. This operation, which was performed by means of successive trenches, completing the whole surface, was a work of long time and great labour, owing to the large accumulation of soil. No such entrance was discovered, nor anything to warrant a_ belief that any such had ever existed. The earth had evidently been ·previously much disturbed; and as this became less evident always towards the edges of the platform, it would seem that former explorers had examined the central part the most diligently (attracted probably by the cross), where were also fewer coins and other relics found in the soil. Mr. Boys appears to have contented himself with exploring around the cross, besides digging such trenches as enabled him to estimate the extent of the platform. A great number of Roman coins was found, as usual, during these excavations ; none however of remarkable type, or adding anything to our knowledge of Rutupian THE ROMAN CASTRUM AT RICHBOROUGH. 11 history. At various times we also found a small bronze steelyard (Fig. 1); a flat square piece of ivory, engraved as for a counter (Fig. 2) ; a bronze pin, with delicate Fig. 1. - 0 ~..,;:::::,= • -- Cv Fig. 4. Fig. 2. Fig.3. female bust for its head (Fig. 3) ; and a circular bronze . fibula, ornamented with two 1·aised circles and a flat raised centre, in which is struck in intaglio a well-executed figure of an eagle (Fig. 4). All the&e are engraved here at their actual size. Also ·an iron axehead (Fig. 5) engraved at reduced size. It is well known that human remains have been constantly found on the eastern side of the area of the Oas~ trum, near the platform. Mr. Drake caused a hole to be dug here at a spot where the corn grew less luxuriantly, and found some large squared ragstones, and beneath them some human bones. In tracing the remains of foundations between the platform and the 12 ACCOUNT OF THE SOCIETY'S RESEARCHES IN edge of the cliff I found, at a depth of 4 feet, numerous remains of human skeletons, apparently buried without order, with bones of'several bodies lying in the space Fig. 5·. which might be occupied by one grave. All appeared as if they had been disinterred and buried again. A fact of some significance was that all these bones rested on a surface strewn with a similar material to that coyering the platform, apparently composed of broken ragstone. • These foundations, which are most likely those alluded to by Mr. R. Smith in his work on Richborough, and supposed by him to be medieval, may be traced along the cliff at the N.E. corner of the Castrum, and are composed of boulders loosely bedded in a friable mortar, and resting on blocks of chalk. I traced this wall (K K) to the N .E. edge of the platform, and again on the N. side towards the centre: it is rather higher than the face of the platform, part of which it overlaps. I took it to be the foundation of a Roman road, but in this I may be mistaken. Similar foundations exist in other parts within the walls (as at L), and may be traced in dry seasons in the growing corn. Large masses of Roman masonry, apparently overthrown, are to be found unde1· the cliff. Some were THE ROMAN CASTRUM AT R!CHBOROUGH. 13 Tecently discovel'ed by workmen constructing a bridge over the stream here, and others were destroyed during the formation of the South-Eastern Railway past the spot. A quantity of bl'oken wall has also fallen into the rive1· near the railway. These Temains were supposed by Mr. Boys to b!;! those of a return-wall on the eastern side of the Castrum, completing the square; but all evidences of the kind terminate about opposite the N. side of the platform, and none a1·e found further southwards. These remains under the hill may then have had some connection with the water, as, for instance, with a passage from it to the Castrum,-possibly even to the subterranean building, which may have in this direction an entrance yet to be discovered. The falling in of the sand beneath the ledge of platform, which I have described as having taken place on this side, might point to the same thing. The summer of 1865, being exceedingly dry, enabled me to trace in the growing corn spots where foundations will probably be found. It seems clear that Richborough was, during the Roman occupation of Britain, an island, .at least at high water. The high ground on which the Castrum stands is entirely surrounded by marsh land, still but little above high-water mark. It would appear that much more water flowed into this estuary in earlier times than at present; even now, from better drainage and the removal of timber, the country 1·ound it. becomes dryer every century. A number of small streams, bearing evidence of their once larger size, converge as they approach Rich borough. The Gosshall, Poulders, and Marshborough streams contributed their quota at the north of the island, the Delf and the North Stream running through Sandvl'ich flowed into the sea on the south side, where Stonar Beach then, I think, formed the seashore. But when the sea ceased to flow through from Reculver, the 14 ACCOUNT OF THE SOCIETY'S RESEARCHES IN estuary would speedily silt up; and thus, ·without actual 1·ise in the land since that period, these · natural causes would leave it dry as at present. The Roman foundations discovered, as mentioned above, du'.ring the formation of the railway, were not much above the present level of the marsh. The map accompanying this paper I have drawn to represent the probable division of land and water during the Roman period, the levels being taken from the actual configuration of the land above high-water at the present time. , Historians have supposed the famous Rutupine oysters to have been bred where are the present marshes. I have sought in vain for any evidence of oysters in the immediate neighbourhood of Richborough, but have found their shells in the Stour at several places in its valley, lying in such a manner that the oyst~rs had evidently lived where they were found. On the N.W. side of this island a remarkable excava- . tion exists in the side of the hill, totally unlike any naturally formed inlet, and having no spring or watersupply to account for such a formation of the land. It embraces an area of about three acres, cut back, as it were, into the land at a unifo1·m depth, and having a contracted entrance; in fact, has all the appearance of a harbour-an appearance confirmed by the existence on the mainland, immediately opposite, of a place called "Fleet," the Saxon word for a harbour. This sheltered spot may well have been chosen by the Romans for the better security of their small craft. On the S. slope of the hill a few cottages remain, called Lowton. • From the number of Roman remains found here, I should conjecture this to have been the site of the Roman town. No excavations, so far as I am aware, have ever been made· here, but in the dry summer of 1865, traces of foundations were visible in the com; and it must be remembered that on this THANET .....Q.Q..~ .. .·a .:: ,- . ••••