King Oswin-A Forgotten Ruler of Kent

( 60 ) KING OSWIN—A FORGOTTEN RULER OP KENT BY GORDON W.ABD, M.D., F.S.A. THE name of King Oswin wiU not be found in the published pedigrees of the royal famUy of Kent. Those few historians who mention him find it difficult to separate his individuafity from that of his contemporary King Oswy of Northumberland. Nevertheless, he was of the true blood of Hengest and Aethilberht and there remain to us copies of three charters which suffice to restore to him his proper place in our local history. 1. THE DATE OE HIS REIGN. Of these three the last is in some ways the most important for it is the only one which is fuUy dated. It is a gift of land in Sturry to the Abbess Aebba and was made in the second year of his reign, in the thhd indiction and " sub die vi kalend Februarii," that is, on January 17th, A.D. 675. Oswin was then at Canterbury ("in hunc locum qui dicitur Dorovernis "). His predecessor Egbert had died in July 673 and his successor Suabheard gave a charter on March 1st, 675. From this it seems reasonable to assume that he began his reign in July 673, reigned a fuU year up to July 674, in which month another charter is dated, but did not complete his second year. During this time he was acknowledged as rightful king by Archbishop Theodore (668-690) and his coadjutor Abbot Adrian of St. Augustine's (668-708) as weU as by his supplanter Suabheard, by Acca a prominent thane and by many others. 2. WHO WAS KXNG OSWTN ? No doubt aU these dignitaries knew quite weU who he was and how he came to have a good claim to the throne. But for evidence of these facts we have to go to the charters KING OSWLN—A FORGOTTEN RULER OF KENT. 61 themselves, assisted from other sources. Even then we are left with a margin of doubt as wiU presently be seen. The charter which I take to be the first (Bhch, 40) can be translated as foUows : " In the name of Our Lord Jesus Christ. I, Oswin, king of the men of Kent (Cantuariorum), humbly return thanks to .Almighty God who has confirmed me in the kingdom of my fathers and vouchsafed to me the inheritance of my family. Wherefore, lest I should seem ungrateful for the favours of the Lord, it has seemed good to me to devote to monastic uses both the land which is situated in the island of Thanet, that is, 18 manentes which Eormenred (' Yrminred ') once possessed, and also another part which belonged to the Archbishop himself, who has nevertheless agreed, accepting from us other land. And now, at this time, by God's help, I have put this for ever in the hands of Christ's servants ; I have rendered it as a permanent gift to the Abbess Aebba, that she may hold and possess it, that she and her successors may answer for it by immutable decree. And in confirmation of this charter I have placed a turf from that same land upon the holy altar, so that any person who shall dare to dishonour it, lessen it or even alter it without leave of the owners, may know that by his action he is cut off from a place in the kingdom of heaven and set aside from the congregation of the faithful, unless he shall satisfactorily mend his fault. +The sign of the Holy Cross by my own hand I have portrayed. +The sign made by the hand of Oswin the king. +1 Suebhard have consented and subscribed. +The sign made by the hand of Acce. The copyist has omitted the name of the first signatory. It can hardly have been other than Archbishop Theodore. There are many points of interest in this, one of our earliest charters. At the moment we are only concerned with the fact that Oswin claims to have returned to the throne of his fathers and to have acquired " donum cognacionis meae " which I have translated rather freely as " the inheritance of 62 KING OSWIN—A FORGOTTEN RULER OF KENT. my family ". It is possible that this is not mere reiteration, but has dhect reference to his farmly estate " which Eormenred formerly possessed ". We shaU see presently that he probably claimed as a grandson of this Eormenred, who was once Atheling or, as we might now say, Crown Prince of Kent, and would no doubt have succeeded to the throne had he not died before his father. In another charter (Bhch, 73) Oswin speaks of land near Lyminge as " terra juris mei quae mihi ex propinquitate parentum meorum venit "—land of my right which came to me from the relationship of my predecessors. In the thhd charter we have a more dhect hint. This is another gift to the Abbess Aebba (Bhch, 35) and he speaks of her as " the gentle abbess and my near relative in the flesh and mother in God " (for which translation I am indebted to Professor A. G. Little). Aebba was a daughter of Eormenred. We have, therefore, the foUowing items of evidence to consider: (1) Oswin claims as one having hereditary rights to the throne; (2) he mentions Eormenred as if he belonged to his branch of the royal famUy ; and (3) he claims the Abbess Aebba, who was a member of that branch, as a near relative in the flesh. We have next to see if there is any place for him in that branch and particularly any place which might explain his rather obvious surprise at having succeeded at aU. We shaU not be disappointed. Eormenred had a brother, presumably a younger brother, named Erconberht. On Eormenred's death this brother came to the throne. This was in 640. He reigned until 664 and during this time, so far as we know, dealt honourably with his brother's fatherless chUdren, named Aebba, Ethelberht and Ethehed. But on his death, his son Egbert came to the throne although his male cousins had perhaps the better claim. In any case, they had a sufficiently good claim to cause him considerable misgivings. He, therefore, had them murdered by one of his foUowers named Thunor. One can't help being reminded of the Princes in the Tower at a much later date and this may lead to a subconscious supposition that Ethelbert and KING OSWIN—A FORGOTTEN RULER OF KENT. 63 Ethehed were children. This was not the case. They were certainly at least twenty-four years old for they had hved throughout the reign of Erconberht, and it may be noted that theh sister Aebba, later an abbess, was, at the time of theh death, a widow with four chUdren. The object of telling this tale is to suggest that one of the murdered brothers could weU have been a married man and father of Oswyn. There is no dhect evidence for this but it is perhaps worth noting that the mother of the brothers was named Oslave. The perpetuation of the first syUable of a name was a very common habit in the Saxon families and it would be quite likely that the son of an Oslave should caU his own son Oswin. There is one more sfight hint which is worth mentioning. In the Liber Vitae of Hyde Monastery (Edn. Bhch, pp. 83-7, of the Hyde Register) there is a copy, probably the best copy extant, of a most important document for the history of Kent. This is not so weU known as it deserves to be. From this we learn that the Abbess Mildred of Minster in Thanet, who was Aebba's daughter, had with her in Thanet until her life's end an aunt named Ermengyth. She is not in any Kentish pedigree. Nothing else is known of this lady. She may weU have been Oswin's mother. The pedigree which one may suggest for Oswin and his relatives may, therefore, be written as foUows, the doubtful link being in interrupted lines : King Eadbald =Emma Eormenred = Oslave Earconbbeerrhhtt ==£S exburh Ethelred j Ermengyth =Ethelbert Aebba =Merwale King Ecgberht i i I Oswin Mildred No attempt has been made to include those with whom this essay does not deal, but aU the known children of Eormenred and Oslave are included. Mildred had three 64 KING OSWIN—A FORGOTTEN RULER OF KENT. other sisters. Her mother Aebba was also known as Eormenburh and Domneva (i.e. Lady Eva). 3. WAS OSWTN .AN INDEPENDENT KING ? No question of this sort would arise were it not for certain words in the Lyminge charter. .After saying that the land given had come to him by inheritance from his predecessors, Oswin adds " atque ex confirmatione clementissimi Aethehedi regis coUata est." The two other charters contain no such words and in them the King is rather insistent on his exceUent title. It is, therefore, necessary to translate these words aright. They seem to mean " and by the confirmation of the most clement Aethehed (who was King of Mercia) was added to me." The verb confero, contufi coUatum (ought one perhaps to apologize for setting it out at this length ?) implies bringing together without any further imphcation of a gift such as our word confer suggests. No doubt it could and did have the latter as one of its subsidiary meanings but we are not obfiged to choose this particular translation for medieval latin such as that of the charter. In the same way, the verb confirmo means only to establish, strengthen, make firm, etc. It need not have the particular meaning usuafiy given to it, namely, that he who was established might never thereafter do anything without an overlord's permission. This meaning has grown up because the relationships between some of our later kings and the monarchs of other parts of England were undoubtedly such as to deprive Kent of much independent authority. One may, therefore, conclude that Oswin was certainly placed on the throne by the help of Aethehed of Mercia but that he was not asked to admit him as an overlord. It is probable that his mother, if she was wife to one of the murdered princes, must have fled from Kent on her husband's death. Whither might she more probably have flown than to Mercia, where her sister-in-law Aebba had long resided ? 4. THE DEATH OF OSWTN. We have no information about this, but it should be noted that Thomas of Elmham (Hist. Mon. St. Augustini, KING OSWIN—A FORGOTTEN RULER OF KENT, 65 RoUs Edn., p. 226) who frankly identifies him with Oswy of Northumberland gives the date February 15th, 675. This is later than is usuaUy given for Oswy and may possibly be that of our Oswin of Kent. In any case, it seems certain from the fact of Suabheard's first charter being dated on March 1st, 675, that Oswin must have died not long before that date. 9