KAS Newsletter, Issue 105, Spring 2017

THE LULLINGSTONE VERVEL KENT HISTORY GRANTS CHATHAM'$ SHIPWRIGHTS COBHAM LANDSCAPE DETECTIVES KASKENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY ISSUE 105 - SPRING 2017 President: Dr Gerald Cramp Vice Presidents: Mrs S Broomfield Mr L.M. Clinch Mr E.P. Connell Mr R.F. Legear Hon. General Secretary: Clive Drew secretary@kentarchaeology.org.uk Hon. Treasurer: Barrie Beeching treasurer@kentarchaeology.org.uk Hon. Membership Secretary: Mrs Shiela Broomfield membership@kentarchaeology.org.uk Hon. Editor: Terry G. Lawson honeditor@kentarchaeology.org.uk Hon. Curator: Dr Andrew Richardson andrew.richardson@canterburytrust.co.uk Research: Ted Connell ted.connell@kentarchaeology.org.uk Press: Paul Tritton paul.tritton@btinternet.com Hon. Librarian: Ruiha Smalley librarian@kentarchaeology.org.uk Newsletter: Richard Taylor newsletter@kentarchaeology.org.uk WELCOME FROM THE EDITOR Welcome to the Spring 2017 Newsletter. This shorter edition remains packed with news from the Society, its affiliates, interesting articles and fieldwork project updates. Further good news is that there will be three issues of the Newsletter per year from 2017 following this issue - a February issue, a catch-all issue in June and a Christmas issue detailing much of the summer excavation work. I continue to encourage as many members as possible to think about writing articles and help inform the wider historical and archaeological community of what is taken place in our heritage-rich and diverse county. This issue provides the first of many new features for your enjoyment together with an excellent selection of articles highlighting some exciting developments in Kent, not least that that Society is now on Facebook. Search Facebook for the "Kent Archaeological Society" and like the page. Please continue to forward your articles or notices to newsletter@kentarchaeology.org.uk Enjoy this issue of the Newsletter and look out for the June issue with updates on new and existing projects throughout Kent. The article submission deadline for the next edition is 1st June 2017. Best wishes KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIElY KAS Library Maidstone Museum & Bentlif Art Gallery St Faith's Street Maidstone ME14 1LH The oldest and largest society devoted to the history and archaeology of the ancient county of Kent 2 I Spring 2017 I Kent Archaeological Society \ www.kentarchaeology.org.uk FRONT COVER Bout coupe handaxe in situ on Hoo Peninsula IN THIS ISSUE Hawking Verve! 4-5 Discover Roman Otford Project 6-7 Allen Grove Fund & CHAS Grants 8 - 10 Membership Matters & Churches Committee 11- 14 Education Committee 14 - 15 Events 16 - 17 Neanderthal reminder from the Hoo Peninsula 18 - 19 KAS History Classes & Situations Vacant 20 An Interview with ...... Andrew Mayfield 21 Chatham Shipwrights 22 - 23 Cobham Landscape Detective update 24 Spring 2017 I Kent Archaeological Society I www.kentarchaeology.org.uk I 3 0n Saturday 21st March, 2015 I was metal detecting a small 10 acre field char I had previously searched on a number of occasions, having had permission from 3 different landowners over che years! le has been productive bur heavily contaminated wich modern metal finds. I was pleased having just found my first Saxon coin, a primary series silver sceacca, series B bird above cross reverse type, in very fine condition. I had found a small number of Early Medieval artefacts over che years bur chis was che first coin of chis period. However, just as I was working my way back co the car I received anocher small, scratchy signal and from just a couple of inches down came a small silver coloured convex shield shaped arcefacc with two parcly squashed loops on the back and an inscription on che front. The inscription was extremely small bur I thought I could make our che name "Hane" and "Lullinscon" in Kent. I recognised boch che owner's name and che location as being Lullingscone Cascle, approximately 4 or 5 miles away and realised I may have found my first verve!, an identity ring accached co che leg of a trained bird of prey used co hunt small mammals. A verve! would be inscribed with che owner's name, residence or coat of arms; che latter was useful as not all che locals would be able co read. Realising this could be a Treasure item, I gencly rinsed off some of the dire at home in order RIGHT Tomb of Sir Percival Harte II ABOVE Portrait of Sir Percyva/ Harte II co read che inscription more accurately. le read "Sr. Persivall Harre of Lullingscon in corn Kent". A local historian with a special interest in Lullingscone Castle informed me char "corn" is a Latin abbreviation for County. I contacted che landowner of che field co inform her of che find and, armed with che above information, notified che present owner of Lullingscone Cascle, Guy Harre-Dyke, whom I had previously come into contact wich having previously conducted a geophysical survey wich the Wesc Kent Archaeological Society co look for the missing inner castle gatehouse, demolished some 400 years ago. Two days lacer, my wife and I met with Guy HarreDyke in che Great Hall ac Lullingscone Cascle below a triptych portrait of a Sir Percyval Harre I painted when he was 80 years old in 1575. In che picture he is wearing his silver hilted knife of 4 I Spring 2017 I Kent Archaeological Society I www.kentarchaeology.org.uk ceremony, che symbol of his Royal office of Chiefserver, co four monarchs from Henry VUI to Elizabeth I and holding a staff decorated in gold. The triptych also shows, on eicher side of Sir Percyval, two of his chree sons George & Francis. Guy explained char che first son, also a Percyval, had died young and so was not featured in che painting. Guy cook us co see a further pomait of a Sir Percyval hanging in che Scace Dining Room. He was knighted in 1601 and died in 1642 and he was also shown holding a gold-headed staff and wearing che same silver hilted knife. There was a chird, Sir percyval Harre (1738), who had been a lawyer bur no portrait was available. There being chree Sir Percyval's it made it difficult co know who had was che original owner che vervel! Guy, cogecher wich Sarah his wife, were excited to see and handle che verve! which I hoped to return co chem, so it may go on display at che cascle. Shorcly after, I contacted the Kent Finds Liaison Officer (FLO) co hand over the verve! wich confirmation char I had spoken co the direct descendant (Guy Harte-Dyke), who was keen to have this important and sentimental object back at the castle where it belonged. Almost a year after the find date I received a letter from the Assistant Treasure Registrar at the British Museum with a copy of the find report. The report identified the italicized inscription together with the abbreviation as late Cl6thEarly Cl 7th - predating 1716 meant that it was eligible as Treasure but this also meant that the original owner was likely to be Sir Percival Harte II (1568-1642). It also explained that a local museum had expressed an interest in acquiring it and an inquest would follow. I guessed that it would be necessary for the coroner to make a final decision even though there was no dispute regarding ownership, so I wrote a letter together with other information to the Hart-Dykes and advised them to write to the coroner and declare their interest in the verve!. In June 2016 I received a letter from the British Museum which, much to my surprise, explained that the verve! has been declared Treasure and rhe local museum was keen to acquire it for their collection. I looked up the details in respect to direct descendants in the Treasure Act 1996 for England ABOVE The verve/ courtesy of the PAS ABOVE Triptych portrait of Sir Percyval Harte I & sons RIGHT (From left to right) landowner and author presenting the verve/ to Mrs Harte-Dyke. and Wales which confirmed that ownership of Treasure rests with the Crown "bur the rights of the original owners and their heirs, where known, are fully protected". I therefore appealed to the Treasure Registrar at the British Museum, restating my claim that the original owners or their heirs should have priority over the fate of the verve!. I suggested that I would be more than happy to donate the verve! to the heirs, but I would require a reward should the verve! be acquired by the museum. I proposed that, should the museum (as was suggested by the Treasure Registrar in his letter) forego the acquisition and the Crown disclaim its ownership, then the object should be returned to me, the finder, thereafter it could then be donated to the Hart-Dykes personally by the landowner and I. In August 2016 I received an email confirming the local museum had agreed to forego the acquisition and that the verve! would be released into my care. However, I would have to go to the British Museum to get it or wait for the FLO to collect it, which she duly did. On 12th October 2016 the landowner and I officially donated the verve! to the Hart-Dykes ar Lullingstone castle. We were made very welcome and received a private tour during which we called in at Sr. Botolphs, the parish church next to the castle, where we saw the tomb of Sir Percival Harte. This small object measuring approximately 1 cm2 was my first verve! find, though I never imagined its discovery would set into motion such a complex chain of events. I learned of the vervel's owner by name (Sir Percyval Harte II), looked upon his image, visited his home and walked under the gate house that he too must have walked under numerous times during a busy and important life. Most important though was the privilege of returning the verve! to its original and rightful home where it can be appreciated by the public. Finally, this small object won the West Kent Detector Club Any Sites artefact of the year for 2015 and then on to the NCMD Southern Region to win again and represent the Southern Region at National level where it won the NCMD Robin Hatt Memorial Trophy for Artefact of the year. All in all a very rare, if rather small, find indeed! Spring 2017 I Kent Archaeological Society I www.kentarchaeology.org.uk 5 Discover Roman Otford Project Church Field - adjacent co the Scheduled Ancient Monumenc of Becket's Well, and just east of the scheduled remains of the Tudor archbishop's palace - was long considered as the site of a Roman villa, due to the spread of Roman cbm, noted when the field was a hop garden. In 1934 two evaluation trenches by F. Godwin found putative wall remains (Arch. Cane XLVll. P 236). Later, Ernest Black noted: "Church Field, Orford. Flint walls. Flue-tiles, wall plaster, glass and pottery" (Black 1987, p 148). In November 20 I 2 West Kent Archaeological Society carried out a resistivity survey of Church Field while clearing Becket's Well, and the outline of a substantial Roman winged corridor building was revealed. In July 2013, the landowner kindly gave WKAS permission to put in five Im cesc pies to corroborate the survey findings. These confirmed that the site contains a high starus Roman building. Hypocaust Bue tiles and pilae were found, as well as red tesserae and painted wall plaster. What little pottery there was came mainly from one area over the main building. This was dared to the 3rd-4th century AD (T Connell, pers comm. 2015), but no coins were found co confirm this. The test pits threw up a number of questions, which we considered could only really be answered by excavating a larger portion of the building and its surrounding area: What condition is the building In? Can any firm dating evidence be found? Was the building a single event, or is there a sequence to be found? ABOVE Resistivity results. Becket's Well is the unsurveyed area just below centre What is the time scale for demolition? Who is likely to have occupied the building? What is the site's relationship to Progress 'Villa' (only 500m away, excavated in 1927) and the Kemsing bath house (about 1km away, and not necessarily part of a villa complex) In 20 I 5 a targeted excavation attempted co answer some of these questions. WKAS opened up 6 trenches in total, on various parts of the site: three were over the substantial east wing, one was over the main building, near a suggested entrance to the courtyard/garden, and a test pit was dug over the southern end of a suggested west wing- which, if it exists, is buried beneath a 1960's tennis court. Trench 3 was placed in the SE corner of the field, and was 6 I Spring 2017 I Kent Archaeological Society I www.kentarchaeology.org.uk abandoned after reaching natural with no discernible fearures. Trench I, over a possible west wing, found a potential post hole and Roman material, but was on a different alignment to the rest of the villa. This trench was abandoned due to rain and a significant rise in the water cable. Trenches 2 & 5 managed to caprure che southern end of the east wing, and revealed very clean lower wall foundations, with not a trace of archaeology in any of the 'rooms'. The conclusion was chat the foundations had been la.id as an extension to the wing, but had never risen beyond this point. They consisted of a mixture of mortar and broken cbm, possibly from nearby Progress villa, which may have been abandoned by this period. Trench 6 was placed about half way a.long the east wing, mainly co try and establish the stare of preservation oF this part oF rhe building. It did not progress below the plough soil, but painted wall plaster and several red tesserae were unearthed. Trench 4, over the main building, proved the most enigmatic. A substantial wall foundation implied at least two storeys on the building. This wall had been partially robbed out, and a resulting pit filled with painted wall plaster, roof and hypocaust tiles, and some pottery. A couple of sherds oF putative medieval pottery hinted that the robbing out may have occurred much later. However, the opus signinum floor oF the adjacent internal room indicated floor tiles having been carefully removed for reuse. In one corner of the trench a stone post-pad, surrounded by a ring of stake holes, hinted at a column holding up a ceiling. The opus signinum was overlayed by about 50mm of silt, which in turn had a demolition layer of crushed mortar and broken cbm on top of it. This implied some kind of flooding event after the floor riles were removed but before the building was demolished. The excavation still left us with many unanswered questions, but dating was more secure with coins from 270 -360AD. Later in 201 5, WKAS felt that they did not have the resources to continue working at Church Field alongside their other activities. Discussion with the landowners showed their commitment to having the work continued, if BELOW Suggested reconstruction of Church Field villa, by John English of WKAS possible. At this point, the Discover Roman Orford Project (DROP) was proposed, with a view to carrying on work at Church Field, and also to investigate the villa's relationship with the wider area, not least Progress villa. DROP starred targeted excavation in 2016, expanding trench 6 to take a 5m wide slice across the east wing. However, resources were required at another excavation on the landowner's properry - a probable post medieval Brewhouse that had to be investigated in advance of building work. At the villa, DROP found a demolition layer with not one single piece of cbm in a complete state. Everything had been levelled off, and a potential hypocaust appears to have been stuffed with rubble. Some red tesserae were possibly in-situ, and a couple of internal wall foundations were uncovered. This investigation is still too small a snapshot to expand the conclusion gained from the geophysics that we have a winged corridor villa, one of the largest in the Darent Valley - possibly second Discover Roman Otford Project only to Darenth Villa. There may have been several phases. All the building material found was damaged in some way. This implies that the site was robbed in antiquiry of all usable material, and just the rubbish was left. Did this occur at the time of demolition, or did the building fall down with the material being retrieved at a later date? Current thinking is that most of the villa was systematically demolished in the late 4th century, possibly as a result of imperial purges. Some of it may have remained standing to guide medieval builders who needed material for projects possibly connected with the nearby archbishop's palace. (DROP have a season of planned weekend excavations at Chmch Field for 2017, plus one week during August. Volunteers are welcome. For more information on joining DROP, or raking part in field work, please contact Kevin Fromings at fromings@btinterner.com or telephone 07415 060283). Spring 2017 [ Kent Archaeological Society [ www.kentarchaeology.org.uk I 7 KENT HISTORY GRANTS TOP By Paul Tritton Ten kent local history projects are now in progress, supported by the latest grants from the kent archaeological society. Every year the society awards more than £3,000, divided among individuals, groups, organizations and students, to help cover the cost of research, publications, exhibitions and other projects focused on the county's history and heritage. The grants are made from the Allen Grove Local History Fund, the legacy of one of Kent's most eminent historians of his generation who was Hon. Curator of the KAS for 26 years (and its President in 1987 /88), Curator of Maidstone Museum from 1948 to 1975 and Chairman of the Kent History Federation for eight years. When Allen Grove (see pie 1) died in 1990 he left £26,000 from the proceeds of the sale of his house to the KAS, with instructions that the society should invest the legacy and distribute the interest in ways that would promote the enjoyment of Kent's local history (including that of the London Boroughs of Bexley, Bromley, Greenwich and Lewisham, which were once part of the county). The first grants were made in 1994. Since then the value of the fund has grown to more than £56,000 and the total amount awarded has exceeded £38,000, mainly to support the publication of books and booklets but also for displays in heritage centres, for oral history projects, and for establishing archives and research centres. Application forms for the next tranche of grants should be submitted by 31 March 2017 and can be downloaded from 2016'S GRANTS WERE AWARDED TO: Biddenden Local History Society: £250 towards the costs of researching, copying and transcribing the Biddenden Church Wardens Accounts 1645 - 1780, which form the basis of the records of the 'Chulkhurst Charity' (aka 'Bread and Cheese Charity') which distributes ceremonial biscuits and cheese each Easter Monday from the Old Workhouse to senior citizens of the village and deserving families. Eliza and Mary Chulkhurst are believed to be the names of Biddenden's famous conjoined sisters (the 'Biddenden Maids'), born c. 1100. (For more details visit http:// www.mysteriousbritain.co.uk/ england/kenV folklore/biddenden-maids.html ) Blean Village Heritage Museum: £500 to help pay for cataloguing, filing in acid-free envelopes and digitising 1,500 photographs, dating back to the late 19th century, of local events and people, many of whom have been identified. Said Godfrey King, one of the museum's 8 I Spring 2017 I Kent Archaeological Society I www.kentarchaeology.org.uk www.kentarchaeology.org.uk or they can be obtained by email from allengroveadmin@kentarchaeology.org.uk or by post from the KAS c/ o 8 Woodview Crescent, Hildenborough, Tonbridge, KentT N11 9HD (please enclose a s.a.e.). founders: 'My wife Dorothy and I were concerned that so much family and local history is lost when people die, so we began collecting as many photos, artifacts and documents as we could. The grant will be of immense help. 'In 2013 we funded the building of a museum in the village hall and have bequeathed our entire collection to the village in perpetuity. Our collection is wellused by family history researchers, children and students: Chestfleld History Society: £300 towards a book covering the history of the area now administered by Chestfield Parish Council. The society already has a website (http:// chestfield.weebly.com/ ) and this will be extended to include an electronic version of the book's text and images. The Chlslehurst Society: £200 to help pay for the purchase of digital recorders and the publication of a booklet and curriculum pack for local schools, to support an oral history project capturing memories of local life in WW2. For more information visit http://www.chislehurst-society.org.ukj Maurice Dalton (volunteer researcher at Smallhythe Place) has received a grant of £450 to help pay for publishing a book on the history of Smallhythe, which he has written in collaboration with co-authors Tony Buttler (churchwarden of St John the Baptist, Smallhythe), Fred Walker (author of books of shipbuilding and related subjects) and Susannah Major (house steward at Smallhythe Place). Said Maurice: 'Smallhythe was a flourishing port and shipyard in the Middle Ages. We believe this is the first book exclusively on this subject. All the authors live in or close to Smallhythe: Smallhythe Place, built in the 16th century, is nationally famous for having been the home of the renowned Victorian actress, Ellen Terry, and is in the care of the National Trust. The book, 'From Ships to Sheep - the Story of Smallhythe; is available from outlets in Tenterden, Smallhythe and Rye, price £8, and online from Waterstone's and Amazon More details from maurice.dalton@tiscali. CO.Uk Irina Fridman of Chatham has received £500 towards costs incurred researching and publishing a history of the Jewish community in Medway from 1100 to the 1930s. Said Irina: 'After the Norman Conquest, William 1 invited French Jews to settle in the area. However, Jews were expelled from the country in 1290. After their readmission, some 350 years later, Jews from the Netherlands, Germany and other countries settled in the area and played an important role in local, national and international life throughout the centuries. lssachar Zacharie became Abraham Lincoln's personal chiropodist; Lazarus Magnus left a legacy that helped fund the Sittingbourne to Sheerness railway, used by thousands of travellers every week; Daniel Barnard founded a dynasty of entertainment entrepreneurs. There has been no comprehensive study of the Medway Jewish community:. (For more information on Barnard visit http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/ ChathamTheatres.htm ) Short Brothers Commemorative Society is working on an illustrated book of memories and photographs of the world-famous aircraft company, and a biography of its founders, Horace, Eustace and Oswald Short. They built aeroplanes for pioneer airmen Charles Rolls, Frank McClean, J T C Moore-Brabazon and others at Muswell Manor on the Isle of Sheppey in 1909 and moved to Eastchurch in 1910. When the need for a landing-space for flying boats arose, the firm moved to a factory beside the River Medway at Rochester. The KAS award of £500 will go towards production costs. Said project leader Elizabeth Walker: 'We want to celebrate the important contribution the Short brothers and their much valued workforce made to world-wide aviation history from their bases in Kent and we are interviewing more than twenty "Short Boys" (apprentices and women) and descendants who worked for the company before it moved to Belfast in 1947: St Margaret's History Society is celebrating the centenary of the first Rolls-Royce aero engine, the 'Eagle; which was designed by Sir F H Royce when he lived at St Margaret's in WW1. The society has received £500 to help pay for an information panel that will be erected near the house in which Royce lived, and the publication of a book entitled 'When Rolls and Royce Made History on Dover's White Cliffs: Said the society's vice-chairman, Christine Waterman: 'In his time at St Margaret's, Royce laid the foundations for one of the world's most successful and prestigious aero engine manufacturers. Few know of his association with St Margaret's and our society would like to rectify this for residents and visitors to the village: Spring 2017 I Kent Archaeological Society I www.kentarchaeology.org.uk I 9 Kent History Grants cont Tonbridge Town Team has received £250 which will be spent on printing a booklet describing three short walks around the town. Said the booklet's author, Susan Adams: 'We want to encourage more visitors. Each walk will highlight a different area that can be enjoyed by local children and tourists: In addition to the above, a further grant has been made to Chris Pickvance of the University of Kent to part-fund for the dendrochronological analysis of a group of medieval chests in East Kent. Medieval chests in East Kent Kent Archaeological Society made an Allen Grove Local History Fund research grant to me for the dendrochronological analysis of a group of medieval chests in East Kent. The research was also funded by grants from the Marc Fitch Fund, the Regional Furniture Society and the Furniture History Society. Aim: The research was part of a research programme being undertaken on clamped medieval chests. The specific purpose was to obtain dates and provenances for the timber in: a) some of an unrecognised group of five clamped chest with gothic arcading in East Kent: (Graveney, St John's Hospital Canterbury (A and 8), Norton and Wormshill.) b) a tracery-carved clamped chest at St John's Hospital Canterbury (C) which is similar to chests in Rainham, Faversham, Litcham, Norwich and Wighton. c) a plain clamped chest at Yalding Results: Dr Martin Bridge and Dr Dan Miles of Oxford Dendrochronology obtained probable felling date ranges and provenances for the timber in the six chests selected: St John's Hospital A 1237-69, B 1250-82, C 1400-1424, Graveney 1258-90, Norton 1302-34 and Yalding 1300-1320 Significance: The arcaded gothic group. The date for the Graveney chest is much later than the previous 1200-1220 sty listic date. The three pre-1300 dates are extremely early. They mean that the St John's Hospital A and B chests are the earliest chests with carved facades in England so far dated by dendrochronology. The pre-1300 chests at Westminster Abbey have plain facades (and in some cases carved feet). None of the chests in Sussex and Surrey and elsewhere with chip-carved roundels have yet been dendro dated. This raises the question of why arcaded facades are found so early in East Kent. The research provides a base line of knowledge against which to analyse the pin-hinged clamped chests in Sussex and Surrey. The date of the St John's Hospital C chest helps to date similar chests in Norfolk. The Yalding chest was the first of its kind to be dated. The research provides dates for construction details, locks and ironwork. For example, it reveals the first evidence of pin or pivot hinges being used after 1300 Outputs: I plan to publish two articles. The first, on the arcaded gothic group of chests, is complete. The second, on the early 15th century tracery-carved chests in Kent and Norfolk, is under way. I have sent reports to the three churches and to St John's Hospital on their chests. I spoke about the chests at the 'Medieval Canterbury' event, as part of Dr Sheila Sweetinburgh's guided visit of St John's Hospital. 10 I Spring 2017 I Kent Archaeological Society I www.kentarchaeology.org.uk CANTERBURY HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIElY RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION GRANTS The Society has limited funds availabl e to award a grant to individuals researching an y aspect of the history and archaeology of Canterbury and its surrounding area. It is envisaged that a grant would not normally exceed £500. Preference would be given to work resulting in publication in any media. Please apply in writing to the Honorary Secretary of the Grants Committee as soon as possible, and in any case not later than 30th June 2017. Your letter should mention: Your qualifications The nature and length of your research The stage you have reached in your research The sum of money you are applying for any additional funding anticipated from other sources Your proposals for publication Your anticipated timetable. You may be asked to name a referee whom the Committee making the grant could consult. If successful, you would be expected to account for the money spent and give a copy of any article, pamphlet, etc. to the Society. A summary of your research might be published on the Society's website: www.canterbur y-archaeology.or g.uk For further details, please contact the Honorary Secretary of the Grants Committee: Mr B. Beeching, Holly House , Church Road, Hoath, Canterbury, Kent, CT3 4JT beechings@supanet.com MEMBERSHIP MATTERS I am very pleased to welcome the following people who have joined the KAS since the previous coroner newsletter. Many apologies if I have omitted anybody! It is good to see new members joining KAS to learn about the new discoveries in archaeology and history but we always welcome more especially from the younger generation as they are our future. Individual Members Gordon Hutchinson, Dover Donald Blackburn, Snodland Blair Gulland, Maidstone Timothy Simmons, Maidstone John Beaumont, Rainham Celia Heritage, Romney Marsh Peter Walker, Welling Jacob Scott, Rochester Thank you for those of you who have paid your subscription promptly. I am still waiting for some renewals and must remind you that those of you who have not yet paid in full by the end of March will not be entitled to vote on any resolutions or other such matters at the AGM. Many important decisions are to be made in the next few years so it is important that all members are fully paid up. I have been in touch with everyone who has not been paying the correct amount by standing order through their bank. I have been advising that any such underpayments are now treated as a charitable donation unless I am told otherwise. I am grateful to some of you who have promised to make up the shortfall with the wish to remain members. Thank you too for informing me of changes of postal and email addresses. Membership secretary membership@kentarchaeology.org.uk FIELDWORK COMMITTEE Fieldwork Committee Conference 2017 The Fieldwork Committee will be hosting a conference on Medieval Kent at the University of Kent on Saturday 4th November 2017. Some of the subjects to be discussed will include the relationship between the castles and cathedrals at Canterbury and Rochester, the Medieval Town of Sandwich, the medieval enclosure system of West Kent, and the Randall Manor excavation and its pottery sequencing. More detailed information on this exciting event and ticket pricing will be published in the July edition of the Newsletter. We look forward to seeing you in November 2017. Churches Committee 0 n the morning of Saturday 15 October last year, about fifty people gathered at the parish church of King Charles the Martyr in Tunbridge Wells to participate in the KAS Churches Committee's study day. This joint venture with the churchwardens, especially Marilyn Dove, had attracted a sizeable number of people from the town, but there were also people from Sussex and from Thanet in the audience. The first talk was given by Dr Philip Whitbourn, who provided a short history of the early development of the town from its rural beginnings at the start of James I's reign to its role as the favoured destination by members of the royal court during the reigns of the lacer Stuart monarchs. Dr Whitbourn has written extensively on the history of the town and the church and he provided a fascinating description about the initial finding of the springs by Dudley, 3rd Lord North in about 1606 when he was returning to London. As he noted, the first royal visitor to the springs was Henrietta Maria in 1629, who seemed to benefit from 'caking the waters' after a miscarriage, Tunbridge Wells was thereafter viewed as beneficial for those experiences gynaecological problems. However, accommodation was severely limited, some camped in elaborate rents on the common, while others stayed in neighbouring Tonbridge. The restoration of the monarch in 1660 brought a new impetus, the chalybeate spring enclosure constructed in 1664, walks were added and lacer paved, a ladies' coffee house appeared, as well as a gentleman's pipe office that later became the Sussex Arms. What was still lacking was a place of worship, and, as rhe subscription lists indicate, this was rectified by Spring 2017 I Kent Archaeological Society I www.kentarchaeology.org.uk I 11 the generosity of the 'great and the good' from London and the court. Yet, the situation was somewhat difficult because the location selected is on the county boundary between Sussex and Kent (still marked in front of the church hall), and was where three parishes met: Frant, Speldhurst and Tonbridge. Thus the original chapel, and later parish church, as Dr W hitbourn told his audience, is a fascinating reminder of the complexities of the Anglican parochial structure under the Stuarts and their Hanoverian successors. Following a very welcome coffee and biscuirs in the church hall, Rebecca Warren, a doctoral student at the University of Kent, gave a fascinating lecture on the development of the Anglican Church from the vestiarian controversy in Elizabeth's reign to the exclusion crisis of 1679. I am afraid I cannot do justice to the complexity of the 17th century situation that she summarised succinctly. However, looking at the period before the creation of the ABOVE Chance to examine original church documents Tunbridge Wells chapel she noted chat afrer Oliver Cromwell's death chaos reigned. Restoring the Anglican Church was a high priority for Charles, but just what sort of Church was controversial as the Episcopalian 'old guard' sought to exclude the 'godly', who again found themselves labelled dissenters or non-conformists. Yet such men and women had tasted freedom regarding religious expression and, in the face of a repressive Anglicanism, a bitter pamphlet war ensued. Nonetheless, the Episcopalians' ascendancy would become enshrined in acts of parliament, bringing back some aspects of pre-Civil War worship and ritual. Against this background of an Anglican Church still to a degree in a state of flux, Dr Matthew Reynolds, a sixth-form teacher and active researcher and historian, explored the nature oflate 17thcentury perceptions of Charles as king and martyr. This was extremely interesting because it demonstrated the polarizing effect of Charles, as well as the 12 I Spring 2017 I Kent Archaeological Society I www.kentarchaeology.org.uk highlighting ideas about the meanings of regicide - illegal, unnatural and a sin; the divine or sacred hereditary state of kingship; and that no one is safe if a king can be put on trial - Charles as martyr of the people. These concepts were in many ways best purported through what was claimed to be autobiographical account by Charles that was published I O days afrer he was beheaded in 1649. The Eikon Basilike takes the form of a diary and sought to justify the king's actions. This popular text ran to 36 editions in its first year alone, gaining popularity again afrer 1660. As a piece of royalist propaganda it was successful and at Charles II's urging the Anglican Church agreed chat prayers should be said for his father, his name being added co the revised Book of Common Prayer (1662). Indeed Charles I became the only saint canonised by the Church of England, the anniversary of his martyrdom marked by acts of fasting and repentance. Yee, of course, not all welcomed such developments and satirises would later lampoon such reverential behaviour. Thus Charles' status remained controversial, especially in the last decades of the 17th century. After such a full and fascinating morning, the audience was treated to an excellent ploughman's lunch in the church provided by the 'King Charles cooks'. Marilyn Dove, churchwarden and the church's representative on the organising committee, had taken responsibility for catering during the day. She was greatly complemented by many among the appreciative audience, especially afrer the tea and cakes provided at the break during the afternoon. The two sessions either side of the tea interval comprised workshops in the church - looking at the architectural features of the building under the guidance of Dr Richard Morrice, a member of the policy team at Historic England and a previous historic buildings inspector for Kent; and in the church hall - looking at original documents belonging to the church and now held at the Kent Library and History Centre at Maidstone. These documents were in the charge of two archivists Elizabeth Finn and Jackie Davidson who showed first half the group, and then the other half after tea just useful such records can be regarding uncovering the tangled history of the chapel. Indeed, as Elizabeth and Jackie explained, there remain questions about its status during its early history and these queries could form a very interesting project for the future. Finally, everyone gathered in the church to draw together the ideas that had been explored by the various speakers, and to thank members of the church and the churches committee for all their hard work in organising a very successful study day. A special thank you should be recorded for lmogen Corrigan who provided all the IT equipment and who coped with all the problems of working in a new setting - always challenging. These study days have proved to be successful over the last decade and it was pleasing to be able to provide the church with a donation of £500 as a mark of an enjoyable and worthwhile joint venture. Churches committee visit to Hoo (June 2016) By Paul Lee The churches committee's second visit of the year brought a group of society members to Cooling and Cliffe on Saturday 18th June. The visit was organised and led by committee member David Carder. David began by guiding us in an exploration of the interior and exterior of Cooling Church, finding dating evidence in the stonework and architectural features. Cooling is a largely 13th century church consisting of tower, nave and chancel, evidently largely rebuilt in the 14th century and then restored in the 19th century. Interesting features include some very early 14th century pews and the contemporary nearby north door. The impressive arcaded chancel with large sedilia is at first surprising in such a small place and possibly reflects connections with the rich de Cobhams of the nearby castle. In the churchyard, the famous "Pip's Graves" reflect the high infant mortality rate in this unhealthy marsh area in the 18th and 19th centuries (Hasted labelled Cooling "as unhealthy as it is unpleasant"!). Cooling Church was declared redundant in 1976 and is now in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust and the Friends of Cooling Church. The chair of the Friends, Alison Bucknall, spoke to us before we departed for Cliffe. We are grateful to her and her colleagues for accommodating us on the afternoon of their annual strawberry tea. Cliffe was a peculiar of the archbishops of Canterbury in the middle ages, and the manor belonged to Christchurch Priory. This accounts for the lavishness of its building and rebuilding in the 13th and 14th centuries. It is a large cruciform church whose many striking features include the long chancel with sedilia, Easter sepulchre and medieval stalls with misericords. Roger Rosewell, an authority on wall paintings, was present and able to tell us about the well preserved 13th century examples in the transepts. Frank Withers, treasurer of the Cliffe Historical Society, gave an overview of the history of the area, including the fascinating fact that the Thames was fordable here and at Higham nearby until the inundations of the 14th century. In the ensuing discussion this fact gave rise to the interesting suggestion that the painting of the Martyrdom of St Edmund in the north transept may point to Cliffe having been a stopping off point on a medieval pilgrim route from Canterbury to Bury St Edmunds. The afternoon was brought to a conclusion with a splendid tea kindly laid on by the Revd Jill Wright, associate minister of Cliffe, and her fellow volunteers. Spring 2017 I Kent Archaeological Society I www.kentarchaeology.org.uk I 13 Churches visit to Deal By Mary Berg The first Churches Committee visits in 20 16 were co cwo churches in Deal. For a number of years, the April visits have taken place in warm sunshine but this year was an exception. Luckily, the warmth of the welcome in both churches more than made up for the lack of sunshine outside. We met at the church of Sc George. le is a large, open church built in the early 18th century, typical of its period and still with its galleries. Vic Pallet cold us the history of the church from its inception in July 1707. It was built as a chapel-of-ease in the centre of Deal to accommodate the growing population. le soon became the civic church and the mayor's splendid seat in the north gallery dates from 1793. The galleries, not surprisingly in Deal, contain reused ships' timbers. In 1992, a baptismal pool was installed in the sanctuary. The church is rich in memorials, including many naval ones. It is known that Lord Nelson paid for and attended at least one funeral at the church. The space and its excellent acoustics mean chat it is regularly used for concerts and other events. The church of St Andrew is not far away in distance but is a complete contrast in just about every respect. le is a Victorian church built along 'traditional' lines and its churchmanship is Anglo-Catholic. Peter Gibson reported chat it was built following a public subscription in the years 1848-8 when the need for a church co serve the poorer end of Deal was perceived. Sc George was felt to serve 'the ABOVETea at St Andrew, Deal RIGHT The mayor's seat at St George, Deal quality'. The site chosen was that of the old workhouse. The church was designed by Ambrose Pointer of Westminster and opened in 1850. The building did not receive critical acclaim but proved popular. It was extended eastwards in 1865 and there were further extensions a few years later. Much of the glass is by Gibbs dating from the mid 18th century but the glass in the east window was blown out in in 1944 and the west window was filled in. The pulpit with painted panels is by Hemming (1890). Committee member lmogen Corrigan explained the numerical symbolism of many of the features of the church before we repaired co the parish room for a splendid tea. Members will be pleased co know that in 2015 we were able co donate £786 in total co the churches we visited. The church providing tea receives enough co cover the cost of tea and cake as well as a donation but, in many cases, tea is prepared and served by volunteers so the donation is greater. This is only one way in which the KAS is able to support local communities. If your local church has not been visited- or at least not recently - and you are able to help organise a visit, please get in touch with me (mary berg@hotmail.co. uk). 14 I Spring 2017 I Kent Archaeological Society I www.kentarchaeology.org.uk Canterbury Archaeological Trust The KAS grant for 2016 has contributed principally co funding our activities for Kent teachers and pupils but also the wider public at home and abroad. Marion Green partnered Andy Harmsworch for the Historical Association Primary History conference and delivered workshops co meet Early Learning Goals for very young children (using toys, artefacts and stories) and contribute co Local Studies at Key Stage 2 (Dover's Bronze Age Boat, Roman Folkestone, Anglo-Saxon Lyminge). Teachers came from schools in Broadstairs, Whitstable, Rarnsgate, Canterbury, Sittingbourne, Herne and Dover. Our handling collections have supported schools' History teaching across the country. Most of these go co primaries but there are a couple of enlightened secondary schools who regularly use the CAT KITs and ARKSs to introduce Year 7s co the nature of archaeological evidence. Three new Anglo-Saxon bones include materials on Buckland Dover and Sarre. Schools in Ashford, Scurry, Whitstable, Hyche, Canterbury, Deal, Dover, Strood, Maidstone, Barming, Chatham, Broadstairs, PluckJey, New Romney, Ramsgate, Bodsham, Sandown, Stelling Minnis, Rainham and Sittingbourne have all benefitted so far this year. Teachers collect the loans from CAT giving opportunity for feedback and offering any additional guidance. In addition co the Archaeology and Artefacts workshop for Year 2 undergraduate teachers at Canterbury Christ Church University, PGCE students had a new 'developing historical skills' session. This input helps teachers in training prepare for their school placements and gives them plenty of content co lacer draw on as working teachers. CAT is a partner of che Canterbury City Council's five-year Parks for People project and has this year contributed co the production of heritage interpretation panels and on-site workshops promoting the history of Canterbury's Westgate Parks. As part of the seasonal training excavation programme at Folkstone's East Cliff, several 16-25 year olds cook up the offer of free training placements, funded by the Roger de Hann Charitable Trust. Four of these were recruited through schools in Tonbridge, Ashford, Canterbury and Folkescone. 'Little Dig' for families supported our '40years' exhibition at the Beaney which then went on to Dover Museum and will be at Kent History and Library Centre, Maidstone early 2017. During the CBA Festival of Archaeology, we partnered Canterbury Cathedral for two family days in the Precincts in association with a test pitting programme. Trust for Thanet Archaeology Since our last report in 2015, it has been another busy twelve months for education projects. In October 2015 the Trust hosted a conference updating the local community on the progress of a British Museum project co write up the important Anglo-Saxon cemetery at St. Peters, Broadstairs. The audience included academics, professional archaeologists, local society members and the general public. The talks introduced some cutting edge research themes in a lively and accessible way, which engaged and enthused the mixed audience. 2016 kicked off with a round of school visits focussing on the archaeology of the Prehistoric period, now part of the primary curriculum. Children were able to get a hands-on experience of prehistoric technology with our excellent collection of original and replica artefacts, engaging with enthusiasm in discussion on the ways that archaeologists can extract knowledge from the objects. Over the summer of 2016 we presented our Pop Up Museum of Thanet's Archaeology at several events in Ramsgate and Broadstairs during Folk week. The development of the Pop Up Museum, with its representative collection of artefacts and a handling collection, was assisted by a grant from the Coastal Communities Project and Thanet District Council, as well as the core funding from the Education Grant given by the Kent Archaeological Society. The Pop Up Museum resources are now a key part of the Trust's offering co schools and other public events. With the support of the KAS Education Committee grant and other sources of funding, the Trust is developing a new education programme for 2017, using the advantages of our location at Quex Park, close co the Powell-Cotton Museum, one of Kent's fastest growing tourist destinations. A series of workshops, practical sessions and research opportunities will be offered co the public from our centre. Canterbury Young Archaeologists' Club The club has had a good year with membership doubling and we now routinely have over a dozen under l 7's at meetings. We have been strengthened by Isobel and Martha, two recent Archaeology graduates at Canterbury Archaeology Trust who became Assistant Leaders. They have proved invaluable, especially in running practical sessions. In December we were invited by Canterbury Cathedral co help design and road test their prototype Community Outreach boxes. Members were also given a guided tour as to how the Cathedral was built. In March, the Friends of Oare Gunpowder Works led a tour of the site and explained how gunpowder was made. April saw a walk around Canterbury discussing the effects of the Norman Conquest, including trying co calculate what was needed co build over 250 castles during the following 25 years. May saw us as Dover Western Heights volunteers for hands-on conservation work. The members enjoyed de-weeding and clearing out a temporary magazine to make it accessible for visitors. In June, Wessex Archaeology provided a practical session at Grear Mongeham church on the basics of preparing scale drawings and raking photographic records. In July, members had a chance to use the trowels and other equipment bought with the KAS grant to do some work at Folkescone East Cliff with Canterbury Archaeological Trust. In August we visited the Kent Archaeological Field School Roman villa excavation at Faversham. After an informative tour, members were shown the scale drawing of the site which linked nicely back to the recording techniques they saw at their June session. A big thank you to the staff at Canterbury Archaeology Trust, Wessex Archaeology and the volunteers at other organisations who have given up their time to host sessions this year and for their continued support. Whilst we are already planning a varied programme for next year we welcome offers from organisations able to run activities. Finally, thank you to the KAS for its continued support and the grant this year which enabled the purchase of necessary equipment, helped meet general running costs and fund courses for volunteers to ensure both the safety of the children and enhance their experience. Spring 2017 I Kent An:haeologlcal Society I www.kentan:haeology.org.uk 15 ,\I \ , young archaeologists' club CANTERBURY YAC PROVISIONAL PROGRAMME FOR 2017 All meetings on a Saturday 10.30-12.30 unless stated. learning about archaeological measurements. Faversham Baptist Church Hall, St. Mary's Road Faversham ME13 8EH. Making Mummies and all things Egyptian Faversham Baptist Church Hall, St. Mary's Road Faversham ME13 8EH. Canterbury Cathedral stone mason workshops (provisional) Canterbury. How using old maps and documents can help identify features /places Canterbury. Burials and skeletons -Marion Green - numbers will be limited due to space Canterbury Archaeology offices, Canterbury. Amhurst Fort Chatham. Dig -Canterbury Archaeology Trus East wear Bay Folkestone. Dig (provisional) To be confirmed To be confirmed Field walking and examine flint tools Dover Area. Find washing and environmental archaeology. Numbers will be limited due to space Canterbury Archaeological Trust Offices, Canterbury. To be confirmed For further details contact:- Peter Walker, 13 Cumberland Avenue, Welling, Kent, DA16 2PT. 07967975486 OR email Canterbury.yac@gmail.com KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY'S HISTORIC BUILDINGS CONFERENCE Saturday October 7th 2017. Venue Blue Town Heritage Centre, Sheerness. Conference theme; "Renovation. Repair and Reuse of Historic Buildings" Conference charge £12, buffet lunch available if pre-booked for £8. Please contact Mike Clinch for further details and booking. mike.clinch@kentarchaeology.org.uk or phone 02083048359. Sussex Archaeology Symposium 2017 Saturday 25th March, King's Church, Lewes The 2017 Sussex Archaeology Symposium is a round-up of some of the latest archaeological investigations across Sussex. From a prehistoric enclosure and ancient tracks to a sunken WWI U-boat of the South Coast, via Roman settlements, villas and fields. We'll also be hearing about crime in Sussex and looking into the ritual protection of the home:· Date: Saturday 25th March I Time: 9.50am-5pm Venue: King's Church, Brooks Road, Lewes, East Sussex BN7 2BY Fee: £40.00 (£35.00 for friends of Sussex School of Archaeology) available if pre-booked for £8. 16 I Spring 2017 I Kent Archaeological Society I www.kentarchaeology.org.uk CANTERBURY CHRIST CHURCH UNIVERSITY EVENTS THE BAEDEKER RAID ON CANTERBURY - 75 YEARS ON Conference organised by the Centre for Kent History and Heritage on Saturday 3 June 2017 at Canterbury Christ Church University, Old Sessions House, 10.00 to 13.00 (Registration and refreshments from 9.30) An event commemorating the 75th anniversary of the Baedeker raid on Canterbury 1st June 1942, the speakers will explore the context, events and aftermath of the 'Canterbury Blitz: Speakers include: Professor Kevin Ruane, (Canterbury Christ Church University) and Paul Bennett (Director of Canterbury Archaeological Trust) As a linked event (restricted to 25 people), Paul Bennett will lead a guided walk relating to the raid and its aftermath. Further Details and Booking: see the Centre's webpage at: http://goo.gi/OF8pPu Or email: artsandculture@canterbury.ac.uk or phone: 01227 782994 TITHE THROUGH THE AGES: THE HISTORIAN'S VIEW One-day conference organised by the Centre for Kent History and Heritage on Saturday 17 June 2017 at Canterbury Christ Church University, Old Sessions House, 10.00 to 16.30 (Registration from 9.30) In the Middle Ages, tithes were paid by parishioners to support the parish church and its clergy, and, although much altered, the system only finally disappeared following the Finance Act 1977. The speakers will highlight the potential of these records to investigate the past from medieval to modern times. Speakers Include: Professor Christopher Dyer, Dr Ben Dodds, Dr Paula Simpson and Dr John Bulaitis Further Details and Booking: see the Centre's webpage at: http://goo.gi/OF8pPu Or email: artsandculture@canterbury.ac.uk or phone: 01227 782994 CROFTON ROMAN VILLA ACTIVITIES FOR 2017 Easter Fun at Crofton Roman Villa, Crofton Road, Orpington, Kent, BR6 SAF Growing up as a Roman Child! Wed 5th & 12th April & Fri 7th April What was it like to be a Roman baby & did Roman children go to school? Find out the answers, make a lucky charm and do a quiz to win your Roman citizen certificate. Sessions at 10.30am and 2.00pm. For up to 11 year olds. No booking needed. Children to be accompanied. Entry £4.00 per child, adult carer free. Telephone: 01689 860939. Email: crofton.roman.villa@gmail.com Web: www.the-cka.fsnet.co.uk Parking available off York Rise. Villa adjacent Orpington Station. July Festival of Archaeology at Crofton Roman Villa, Crofton Road, Orpington, Kent, BR6 SAF Roman VIiia Family Fun! Sunday 16th July Discover the secrets of the Villa house with a guided talk and Roman artefacts. Complete a family villa quiz - with a free badge and certificate for children & a free Kent Excavations book for the adults! Sessions at 10.30am and 2.30pm. Normal admission charges apply. No booking needed. Children to be accompanied. Telephone: 01689 860939. Email: crofton.roman.villa@gmail.com Web: www.the-cka.fsnet.co.uk Parking available off York Rise. Villa adjacent Orpington Station. Roman Food & Feasting at Crofton Roman VIiia, Crofton Road, Orpington, Kent, BR6 SAF Every Wednesday In August Find out all about Roman food and feasts. Make a Roman "sweer and your very own Roman feast menu card to take home Sessions at 10.30am and 2.00pm. For up to 11 year olds. No booking needed. Children to be accompanied. Entry £4.00 per child, adult carer free. Telephone: 01689 860939. Email: crofton.roman.villa@gmail.com Web: www.the-cka.fsnet.co.uk Parking available off York Rise. Villa adjacent Orpington Station. Roman Bathtlme Fun! at Crofton Roman VIiia, Crofton Road, Orpington, Kent, BR6 SAF Every Friday in August Discover the secrets of having a bath in Roman times. Use your knowledge to do a quiz, make a game and colour in a Roman bathtime picture. """""􀁼􀁽􀁾,-..1"""'1"".􀀂 Jl Sessions at 10.30am and 2.00pm. For up to 11 year olds. No booking needed. Children to be accompanied. Entry £4.00 per child, adult carer free. Telephone: 01689 860939. Email: crofton.roman.villa@gmail.com Web: www.the-cka.fsnet.co.uk Parking available off York Rise. Villa adjacent Orpington Station. Spring 2017 I Kent Archaeological Society I www.kentarchaeology.org.uk I 17 This iconic example of a Middle Palaeolithic Bout Coupe handaxe was recovered during a watching brief in the autumn of 2015. This artefact was selected for this arcide due to its imporcance as a cultural and typological marker of this time period and locality, which makes it eminently relevant as an object for local scudy. The distribution of this type of Middle Palaeolithic handaxe has been well defined by White and Jacobi (2002) and Tyldesley (1987), being largely restricted to southern Britain with the areas around the Thames and Medway valleys and their tributaries being especially well represented. The handaxe being considered in this article was found in what appears to be a secondary context, with its find position determined by a downward movement, the original brickearth environment eroded by water, allowing a gende, vertical descent and settlement ABOVE Bout coupe handaxe in situ on Hoo Peninsula onto the subsoil from which it was recovered. The subsoil on which it settled is proposed to be of a Marine Isotope Stage 3 period. This firs well with the date range implied for implements of this type, 52k - 44k BP (Peccitt, White 2012). Extreme frost crazing, rubificacion and bisection with ice wedges and lenses were noted in the subsoil, on and around the find location, all of which are consistent with extreme cold. In this case it is proposed to have been the Devensian glaciation period. The axe is triangular in shape, like others no red by Roe, (1981) and measures 112mm in length by 79mm in width and 34mm depth. Ir weighs 273g. With no modern flake removal or other dan1age to reveal the underlying flint, the colour of iris not readily discernible. Small chips are now obscured by a marbled blue/white patina that typically occurs in such ancient exposed flint anefacrs. These occurred in the distant past and are most probably the result of 18 I Spring 2017 I Kent Archaeological Society I www.kentarchaeology.org.uk use-associated wear. This patination is overlain with iron staining, more pronounced on one face, which may indicate a lack of movement over a long period of rime. The original flake scars show little damage, other than some small thermal fractures and some crushing on elevated areas. Whilst this artefact cannot be classified as being in pristine condition, it does not show signs of having been rolled, though the heavy patina may mask signs which would allow for a more correct post deposition and use-wear assessment. In common with other artefacts of this type, this hand axe has been knapped centripetally on both faces, one having finer flaking than the other. The avoidance on the part of the knapper of an inclusion and a small fault-line are notable features, which would have been worked around to avoid the possibility of damage sufficient co fracture the handaxe and make it unusable. In common with many other hand axes of this type there is a ,m.lfl ua of rc--:durpcning on chc bun (pcnorul OWT-'2uon). 'l.'atcr poluhing ii the most lil,.dy uwc of chc lumc ICCll on both fx.a of chis impkmcnL There arc many such axes held in mu.cum collections, ,\,fa.idscone 􀅂iwcum has some fine examples from. 'ew Hyche Lane and Ham Hill, which the wri􀅃r has compared co the axe under consideration here. However, rhe axe most resembling chis arcefacc is in che British Museum collecc.ion. Though larger, rhe British Museum example, illuscrated in RDe (1981 p 248) was found ac Tilbury around 1915 (donated co che BM by RA Smith), has a similar knapping sryle, shown by ics Aake position, angle and overall shape, being somewhat larger bur very similar co che axe found on rhe Hoo Peninsula. Both these axes, and another from Oldbury Hill, which could not be examined (currendy on loan to Jersey Museum), have inclusions char appear co have determined the Aaking pattern. They also have similar flaws in rhe Aint about 3cm from this inclusion. The writer would suggest char, as noted by Roe (198 l p.254) this may be because, ar this time, there were only a few individual makers and it is not outside the bounds of possibiliry chat not only were these axes made by the same person but rhat they came from the same Aim nodule. More in-depth work is needed and the writer intends continuing his study of the Bout Coupe axes in Maidswne and other museums which will give a more detailed :iccounL 01 il1ese mosc fascinating rools lefr by our larcr Ne:inderchal cousins. TOP Bout coupe handaxe found on Hoo Peninsula BELOW LEFT AND RIGHT Comparison of British Museum example (left) and handaxe found on hoo Peninsula (right) Acknowledgements, British Museum trustees for use of images containing the tilbury example. Angela Muthana, for assistance with writing this article and help with the Maidstone Museum collections. Steven Goldsmith for recovering this artifact. David Bridgland, Mark White and Peter Allen for site visits and much needed advice. References, Pettitt, P. White, M. (2012). The British Palaeolithic Human Societies at the Edge of the Pleistocene World. Routledge, London. Roe, D.A. (1981) The Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Periods in Britain. Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd, London Tyldesley, J. (1987) The Bout Coupe. A Typological Problem. White, M.J. Roger M. Jacobi (2002). Two Sides to Every Story. Bout Coupe Handaxes Revisited Bibliography, Bridgland, D.R. (1994) Quaternary of the Thames. Chapman and Hall Bridgland, D.R. Allen, P. & White, T.S. (2014) The Quaternary of the Lower Thames & Eastern Essex. Quaternary Research Association, London Spring 2017 I Kent Archaeological Society I www.kentarchaeology.org.uk I 19 AN INTERVIEW WITH ..... KCC COMMUNITY ARCHAEOLOGIST, ANDREW MAYFIELD of Randall Manor, as amateurs working to a high archaeological standard. I could not do my job as a community archaeologist without the passion and A new, regular feature in which the Editor interviews a member of the KAS to gain an insight into their role and how their work impacts upon Kent's heritage. The first interview is with KCC community archaeologist, Andrew Mayfield. I began by asking Andrew to tell us a bit about his background: AM: My passion for all things archaeological dates back to my childhood. I loved to bury toys in my garden and then dig them up again! Early excavation experience came through working with local archaeology groups in East Sussex. After a gap year in which I spent a month digging in Israel I spent 4 happy years at University College London studying archaeology to Masters degree level. I took opportunities every summer to work on archaeological projects, from Norfolk to Cornwall, a survey project in Italy, a research project in Morocco, as well as stints with the Museum of London as a project archaeologist on sites in London and Kent. RT: What did you do after graduating? Did you head straight into the heritage secto(? After University, I worked for three years on the commercial archaeology circuit, across the country, including key sites in Canterbury, Springhead and Heathrow. In 2004 I joined Kent County Council's Historic Environment Record Team. During this time, I began volunteering with the Dover Archaeological Group and then on community archaeology projects based out of Shorne Woods Country Park with Lyn Palmer. I took over from Lyn in 2009 and have spent the past 8 years working as a community archaeologist for Kent County Council, mostly on Lottery funded projects. This work has been varied and hugely rewarding. The sites investigated have spanned periods from the Mesolithic to the 20th century. The ten-year programme of community excavation at Randall Manor is key amongst these. RT: Describe the role of a community archaeologist. AM: I see the role of a community archaeologist as an enabler, a facilitator, a delegator, a supervisor, a director of fieldwork, a volunteer manager, a communicator, a public face of archaeology, a confidant, a friend and a supporter of others. RT: Has the role changed since you started in 2009? AM: Elements of the role change from project to project. The more projects you are involved with, the more contacts you make and the greater the correspondence you receive! Social media and the web enable you to reach a larger audience, but you still need legwork to generate interest in projects. Administration and the financial management of projects can take up a lot of time. I still enjoy every day of the job and the interactions with both volunteers and the public alike. RT: In Kent, I think it's fair to say a great deal of fieldwork archaeology is developer led - do you see this as a threat to your role? AM: There will always be a calling for community archaeologists to run community projects. These could be embedded within a County Council or within an archaeological unit. Working for a County Council does open doors. I am lucky to work within a great team at the Council, whose work is often overlooked and under-appreciated. Large development projects are increasingly including community archaeology as part of a suite of heritage actions. RT: Do you think there is a role or even a future for the amateur archaeologist? AM: Community archaeology projects could not succeed without the passion of the amateur archaeologist. Hundreds of people took part in the excavation commitment of the volunteers I work with. As much as I would like to pay them all, they want to be involved because the projects interest them, they are not interested in being paid a wage. That said, I try my hardest to ensure the volunteers never feel taken advantage of. RT: What are the biggest challenges facing a community archaeologist in Kent at the moment? AM: The long-term funding of community archaeologists will always be an issue, whether they work for a Council or a commercial unit. Unfortunately, much of our work is project funded rather than role funded. I would like to look at ways to encourage the Lottery in the future to consider funding a person, rather than a project. The benefits that a community archaeologist brings to the wider community range from health to education. RT: What would you say are the most important characteristics a community archaeologist should possess? AM: A community archaeologist needs to be a good communicator, someone not afraid to take charge but also delegate. Someone who can build relationships, mentor, who also has a breadth of archaeological knowledge both across periods and methods. A sense of humour also helps! RT: Where do you see the role in ten years' time? I am sure that there will still be a need for community archaeologists in ten years' time. The lottery will still be funding community archaeological projects. I would hope that there is a greater acceptance of the need for a community archaeologist role that is not tied exclusively to set projects, as discussed above. From a personal perspective, I hope I am still involved in community archaeology, perhaps mentoring the next generation of community archaeologists. I have learnt so much over the past eight years and yet still have so much to learn! Spring 2017 I Kent Archaeological Society I www.kentarchaeology.org.uk I 21 This engraving of Chatham dockyard, about 1790, clearly indicates the variety of work undertaken. Along the dockyard waterfront ships are seen both under construction and under repair; one of the ships moored in the river is having her masts stepped. The huge clouds of smoke emanate from the smithery. I nsights into the lives of Chatham Royal Dockyard's most highly-paid artisans in the 17th and 18th centuries - its shipwrights - can be gleaned from transcriptions of their Wills, nearly one hundred of which can now be downloaded free of charge from the Kent Archaeological Sociery's website. The shipwrights earned up to two shillings per 12-hour day (equal to about £150 in today's money) and were an elite workforce, wealthy enough to make provision for their families and dependents and leave generous bequests to others in need. They had good reasons for such foresight. Not only did they work in hazardous conditions, they often embarked on dangerous voyages in the ships they built and repaired, while completing unfinished work and carrying out urgent repairs and maintenance on the high seas. The Wills were registered with the Prerogative Court of Canterbury and are an invaluable resource for family historians seeking their shipwright ancestors, and for researchers wishing to learn more about the lives of the men who helped Britannia rule the waves. Until the Wills were transcribed and posted on-line by KAS volunteers they could be read only by visiting the National Archives at Kew or by subscribing to specialist websites. With the transcripts there are indexes and cross-referenced links to useful additional information, including names of executors and witnesses; place names; trades and occupations; and lists of ships on which the testifiers named in the Wills worked. Some of the Wills were made by men who worked at Chatham before and during the days when Samuel Pepys visited the shipyard as Chief Secretary to the Admiralry. Some of them would have witnessed Chatham's very own 'Day of Infamy' in 1667, when the Dutch navy destroyed much of King Charles's fleet at anchor in the Medway and captured his flagship, the Royal Charles. Among the 18th century Wills are chose of shipwrights who worked at Chatham when HMS Victory (launched in 1765) and other warships were built 22 I Spring 2017 I Kent Archaeological Society I www.kentarchaeology.org.uk for fleets commanded by Lord Nelson and his predecessors. Among the Wills are those of.- Edmond Twymer who testified in 1632 that he was about to sail to the East Indies in the 'good ship Comfort, belonging to the right worthy company of merchants of London trading to those parts'. He wrote that he was 'in good health and perfect mynde and memory, but considering the fickle estate of this transitory life and how many casualties may happen' he instructed that in the event of his death, any wages owed to him by the East India Company should be paid to his brother, Robert. Edmond died three years later. William Houghton was preparing to sail from Chatham on board HMS Breda in 1690, 'knowing the casualties of the seas and hazards and dangers of war'. His Will was proved in February 1691. Perhaps he was killed when the Breda, a 70-gun' third rate ship of the line,' was destroyed in an accidental fire in 1690? He left property at Alton Eastbrook (Hampshire) to his wife Elizabeth. Gervase Mund made his Will in April 1631 but died only two months later. After providing for his family he left 20 shillings to the 'poor people of Chatham' and 10 shillings to 'the poor of St Margaret's parish, Rochester,' where he was born. Jonathan Lash sailed in 1689 on HMS Warspite, a 70-gun third-rate ship of the line, launched in 1666. 'Considering the dangers of the sea and the uncertainty of this life' Lash made a Will in which the sole beneficiary and executor was his 'loving friend Judith Goter of Chatham, spinster'. He died within 12 months. Thomas Cullen joined Captain Gore's crew of the merchant ship Societie of "E London in May 1683 for a voyage to the 􀀧t5 East Indies, 'not knowing whether it may '3 please God I shall live to return home.' l He died that same year, leaving money 􀂹 and possessions to his brother Caleb. i::: In 1799 John Stubbs left investments 􀂺 'standing in my name in the books of the 􀂻 governor of the Bank of England' worth a & total of £1,500 an enormous sum, E equivalent to about £ 150,000 today. ! Stubbs's beneficiaries were his niece, Mary 􀂼 Kitson, wife of Jeremiah Kitson, -􀂽 blacksmith (£200); his niece Elizabeth :,,-; l Winder, wife of John Winder, sadler, 􀂾 (£200), his nephew William Stubbs, a seaman in the Royal Navy (£250), and his nephew, John Stubbs, carpenter, .9,. serving on HMS Emerald (a 36-gun "5i fifth-rate warship launched in 1795) r £850. &1l 􀀨 Q l:Q q: James Jarmon is one of the few Chatham shipwrights whose graves have been found. He made his Will on 6 June 1751 and died on 25 September 1751, aged 59. His grave in St Mary's Churchyard, Chatham, is marked with an elaborately carved headstone. James left more than £500, divided among various friends and relatives, and also bequeathed his 'family tankard' to his cousin, John Diggins of Portsmouth, shipwright. Elizabeth Barnes whose husband Henry had been a silversmith but who was now a labourer at Chatham Dockyard, evidently having fallen on hard times, received £30; £5 was donated to buy bread 'for poor widows that do not receive alms of the parish'; and Richard Banks, barber, and Richard Demetrius, shipwright, each received one guinea to buy a gold ring. Richard Grimyear made his Will in 1740 and served on board HMS Grafton, a 70-gun third rate ship of the line launched in 1709 and broken up in 1744. His sole beneficiary was 'my true and trusry friend, Mary Comferry of Chatham, widow.' William Wall signed his Will on 20 May 1709 before joining HMS Queen, a 100-gun first-rate ship. Launched during Charles 11 's reign, she was originally named Royal Charles and served as Admiral Sir George Rooke's flagship. In 1693 she was rebuilc and became rhe second of six ships to be named HMS Queen. Wall died in about February 1710. John Robinson had only a brief career on HMS Royal Sovereign, a 100-gun first rate ship and che second of six ships to bear that name. He joined the ship in June 1724 but by September he had died. John Crookenden survived for four years after making his Will in August 1730. He joined HMS Princess Louisa, a 42-gun fifth-rate ship, launched as HMS Launceston in 1711, bur died in the summer of I 734. In 1719 Francis Eastwood became Master Carpenter on HMS Sandwich, a 90-gun second-rate ship launched at Harwich in 1679 and rebuilt at Chatham Dockyard, where she was relaunched on 21 April 1712. Eastwood died in 1728. Nathaniel Ball, formerly a shipwright and now a carpenter's mate on the Houghton, was perhaps fearing the worst in October 1731 when due to sail for the East Indies. He made a Will bequeathing his money and property to his mother, Grace Ball of Gosport. His Will was proved in May 1735. Thomas Emery testified in 1645 that he was 'bound forth on the good ship Sara' and made bequests to 'my loving mother Elizabeth the now wife of Peter Ellis of Chatham,' and his sisters Ann Clay and Mary Gamball. He died 13 years later. Kent had four Royal Dockyards, Chatham being the last to close, in 1984, after Sheerness (1960) and Woolwich and Deptford (both 1869). Website links: 17th century Wills: https:/ / goo.glj 43SzCs 18th century Wills: https:/ /goo.glj69UC6N or type shipwrights site:kentarchae ology.org . uk into Google's search window. Spring 2017 I Kent Archaeological Society I www.kentarchaeology.org.uk 23 The Cobham Landscapes event at Cobham College, a fantastic Detectives project is a three- medieval building in the centre of year landscape focused, Lonery Cobham village. The purpose of this funded, community event was to invite the people of Cobham archaeology odyssey! In 2016 we began to participate in a village dig in the our investigations and discovered lose summer of 2017. Over 170 people came medieval field systems and ancient trees, to see us over 2 days and over 25 people as well as excavating one of the ruined signed up to dig or have dug a test pit in Darnley estate cottages on the old their gardens. Cobham Hall estate (see newsletter 104). We have lots of activities planned Over the winter our intrepid landscape for this year, from further LiDAR detective volunteers have continued to groundtruthing, tree surveying, investigate both ancient trees and LiDAR fieldwalking, geophysics and targeted features. In addition co working with cht: t:xcavarions co research visits, outreach National Trust in Cobham Woods, we have worked with rhe Woodland Trust 3:: g in Ashenbank Woods and conducted "' a walkover survey of Rochester and .Q lPo Cobham Golf Course. Time 'SI: 􀁑 is also being spent refining objectives for c:: e both our understanding of the Prehistoric CXl ->c: and Medieval landscapes. c:: "' We are collecting oral history c:: "' testimony from people who lived and 'SI: worked in this landscape and adding 􀁓 it to our project website. i Most recently, we organised a weekend c:"' 0 ni t 'SI: 􀁔 , EDITOR: RICHARD TAYLOR 87 Darnley Road, Gravesend, DAU OSQ Telephone: 07722 703 844 Email: newsletter@kentarchaeology.org.uk