KAS Newsletter, Issue 20, Autumn 1991

1 Sep

Written By KAS

Parish Pumps in Kent - Part I

My interest in Parish Pumps started some years ago on a visit to Cobham. In that village there is a rather striking cast-iron pump with an associated inscription saying it was given to the parishioners by the Earl of Darnley to commemorate his coming of age. I thought it would be worthwhile to record this photographically, and then, why not record further parish pumps in Kent, although at that time I could only recall one other; the one on the village green at Brasted. This interest has of course expanded so that as well as in other counties, I have recorded 30 in Kent.

The droughts in recent summers have brought home to us how important it is to have an adequate supply of water. It is not easy to understand how people managed years ago when there was no piped supply. They relied on rivers, ponds, wells and whatever water they could catch for themselves from roofs etc. in butts and tanks. It is no wonder that they were reluctant to wash, let alone bathe themselves! Early pumps were made entirely of wood and needed great skill in boring the wood and so were difficult to repair. By the late 18th century lead was used, consisting of a pipe with a small lead cistern on top, often with the date, maker's name or initials, or some sort of decoration. The handle was iron supported by an enclosing wooden surround. Later came the cast-iron types or those enclosed in a stone structure or even sheet metal. Later on in the 19th century came the simple cast-iron ones consisting of little more than a pipe with lugs for the handle pivot.

Some of the cast-iron ones were very elaborate in design in the Classical or Victorian Gothic styles such as at Faversham, and Brasted. These were mainly designs used as one off but the Brasted design was used as well at Bromley and Tenterden and at Esher in Surrey.

The other main design is the crank-shaft type consisting of a cranked shaft between two supports and turned by a large wheel. A notable one of this type is at Winchelsea in East Sussex which has a double crank. More usual is the single crank type as at Ide Hill and nearby Goathurst Common.

These are both by the same maker with, cast on the supports, the name, W. S. Freeman, Engineer, Otford. As well as makers' names there are other inscriptions to be found on pumps and it is these that make them interesting from a local history point of view. Some may only have a date or just the initials of the Parish Council. Later are inscriptions commemorating local or national events. Also there are Biblical texts and others reflecting thankfulness to the Great Provider for the supply of water. A particularly apt inscription for the present day is on a pump at Westmill in Hertfordshire. It reads "Traverse the desert and then you can tell What treasure exists in the cool deep well." The following list of pumps recorded are parish pumps erected for the use of the local community including those that serve almshouses but not those for private use.

BECKENHAM. (Recorded 2.1.71). By the old Fire Station (now D. Stephens, Greengrocer) let into the left corner of the front wall a stone slab incised with a fleur-de-lis design on which is a cast iron front standing on a stone base. A lion's head spout and a small handle to the right. No inscription, possibly not a pump but a water supply from a tank.

BENENDEN. (Recorded 23. 7.77). By the cross roads B2086 and Sissinghurst Rd. Wood encased with a lead spout. Handle missing. In front, added later, a stone trough with a shield and the inscription 1837 /THE/QUEEN'S/WELL/1887, to commemorate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee and possibly at the same time the pyramid tiled roof.

BRASTED. (Recorded 23.3.69). Situated on the village green by the Riverhead to Westerham road. It is octagonal in three stages. The centre and top stages are panelled and decorated in the Gothic style and on top an ogee fluted cap. The whole is cast iron. There are other pumps from the same casting mould at Tenterden, Bromley and Esher in Surrey. No inscription on the Kent ones but at Esher it states, it was erected "from the donation ... by H.R.H. Compte de Paris on his marriage ... 30 May 1864." A C. Hart

PART II will be published in the next Newsletter.

The Kent Book Trade Before 1900

Archaeologists excavate and historians delve; both have one thing in common in that they in the end rely on the printed word. If archaeologists and historians do not study the published accounts by their predecessors, how may they interpret the data gained from their delvings? And, if they in turn do not publish, how may their successors recognize their achievements? Nowadays, it is true, one may broadcast one's discoveries via television, wireless and video, but, even so, the printed word is still King. This is even more true for the Victorian on the Clapham omnibus, who relied on both reading and public lectures for his adult education and information. Thus archaeologists and historians circle the candle of the printed word, and haunt the shops of booksellers and offices of the printers in the hope that their manuscripts will be transformed into printed books and pamphlets bearing testimony to their labours.

This in turn should create interest in the health of the book trade, for the more vigorous it is, the wider the appreciation of the printed word, and the more frequent the opportunity of having one's writings on archaeological and historical subjects gracefully printed and efficiently published. Yet very little is known of the eighteenth and nineteenth English provincial book trade (the London book trade is better known) in spite of the importance of the printed word in the dissemination of knowledge. The outline of the eighteenth and nineteenth century provincial book trade is now slowly emerging from the fog of history. We have had the eye-opening 1983 British Library exhibition on the English provincial printer for the period 1700-1800, John Feather's The provincial book trade in eighteenth century England published in 1985, and now the British Book Trade Index (cut-off date: 1851) may be published next year. All quite encouraging, but what of Kent? What do we know of the book trade in Kent? For some time David Knott of Reading University has been preparing and publishing working papers on the early Kentish book trade: those for Canterbury (up to 1830) and for the Thanet area (up to 1840) have been published. It is expected that his next working paper will cover the Dover and Folkestone seaboard. I myself am compiling a directory of the book trade in Kent between 1840 and 1900, and hope to complete it in 1994, having now worked on it for the past five years or so. More than 2000 booksellers, stationers, printers and bookbinders are listed, including those apprenticed to the book trade. Papermakers and newsagents are not included in the directory, though journalists are, for many were with bookselling or printing backgrounds. Once both David Knott's and my researches are published it will be easier to produce statistics on the health of the Kentish book trade in the eighteenth and nineteenth century.

It has been, though, known for some time that, while booksellers and printers could in towns be single-minded in their careers, those in more rural surroundings were often jacks-of-all-trades in order both to stay solvent and at the same time provide a welcome comprehensive service to rural communities. Quite a few were both chemists and booksellers, an echo of past times when stationers and booksellers also sold patent medicines and ointments. Richard Broomfield Stedman of West Malling between 1851 and 1899 was a chemist, bookseller, circulating library proprietor, insurance agent and postmaster. Stephen Waters of Horsmonden is listed in directories between 1854 and 1871 as a bookseller, grocer, draper, tailor, wine merchant, ironmonger, postmaster and china dealer. Booksellers and printers in towns could aspire to newspaper proprietorships.

Newspapers in a large way account for the high number of printers, both journeymen and apprentices, in Kent in the second half of the nineteenth century. Newspapers were labour-intensive, and the increase in the number of newspapers published in Kent corresponds with the rising number of printers from 1850. Another phenomenon of the second half of the nineteenth century is the increased use of the terms "assistant" and "manager". The coming of the railways in the mid-1840s in Kent heralded greater mobility and increased tourism. Shops and printing-offices grew larger; booksellers and printers perforce either had to be good managers or employ managers, who might have come from outside Kent. Take the career of Joseph Gick Livesey (1850- 1903), whose father was William Livesey, newspaper publisher of Preston in Lancashire: the first we hear of Joseph Gick Livesey in Maidstone is in 1877 when he married. The contemporary Post Office directories list him as a Maidstone printer, account book manufacturer and newspaper publisher. He was then in 1881 employed as a printer by a Stratford-on-Avon firm, and in 1882 by the Herald Press in Birmingham.

Between 1883 and 1886 Joseph Gick Livesey was the manager of a Wexford printing firm; in 1886 he moved to London to form a printing firm, Tunmer and Livesey, later Livesey and Eddington. Joseph Gick Livesey died in 1903 in Shrewsbury; The opportunities offered to printers and booksellers assistants by greater mobility and increased number of both "junior assistant" and newspaper-printing posts increased after 1850; Joseph Gick Livesey's career, considering these factors, is not unusual.

However, for us to give in rich detail the relationships in and working practices of the book trade in Kent in order to understand better the dissemination of the printed word in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, seams of information on the Kentish book trade must be located and mined. In the last Newsletter there was an appeal to KAS members for information on their ancestors involved in the book trade in Kent. It cannot be that only one KAS member is connected with the Kentish book trade, surely not. As it is, A V. J. F. L. Gibbs, Esq., connected with the nineteenth century Canterbury printing firm of Gibbs and Sons, proved a rich seam, and I am grateful to him for his help. May I hope that other KAS members will come forward with what they know of the Kent book trade before 1900? R J. Goulden,

Archaeologists' Health and Safety 2

I read with interest the article on "Archaeologists' Health and Safety" in K.A.S. Newsletter No. 18. As someone who has been both an 'amateur' and 'professional' archaeologist in several parts of the country, I think it would be true to say safety is not given the priority it should receive. As far as diseases, Sylvia Beamon is quite correct in her statement that tetanus "is about the limit of their care and concern". I have never received any medical, and indeed very little safety advice. This is true of amateur, professional, and university excavations I have worked on. So we have a situation the length and breadth of the country where archaeologists are at risk.

However, it is far easier to point out the problems rather than to supply glib, remedies. A common answer is to say that most site health and safety is common sense. Admittedly, the "commodity" is often in short supply; perhaps a couple of examples should be given. After handling bone, lead, or cess, hands should be washed thoroughly - however, full-time archaeologists are renowned for digging out cesspits and then eating their sandwiches without washing! How many archaeologists wear safety helmets when digging out deep pits or working by the side of a trench? Increasingly, full-time archaeologists are, however, compelled by the terms of the contract to now wear safety helmets, even on shallow rural sites.

Anthrax, foot and mouth from diseased animals, sometimes even thrown into dene-holes by irresponsible farmers; Wells disease, smallpox, and toxic chemicals are all possible threats along with broken bones. However, where does all this doom and gloom lead us? Do we don protective clothing and suits of armor? Archaeologists do get injured, but looking objectively at the threat from diseases, we are far more likely to get run over by a bus than catch anthrax or lung cancer from radon gas on an archaeological site. In the latter instance, householders in the west country with double glazing are probably those most at risk.

Most full-time archaeologists are far more concerned about the mundane problems of rheumatics and 'bad backs' which have brought many an archaeological digging career to an end. It is also probably true to say far more full-time archaeologists risk their health and safety due to their personal lifestyles than to any occurrence while working.

At the end of the day, as a hardened and heartless full-time archaeological supervisor, if I see a cesspit "rich in organic matter" I can always put a volunteer into it. Our attitude at Canterbury is that volunteers are expendable and full-time archaeologists are not. My excavations for the Canterbury Archaeological Trust are in constant need of volunteers. Anyone interested in undertaking volunteer work can contact me at the Canterbury Archaeological Trust, 92a Broad Street, Canterbury.

Alan Ward.

Editor's note: In fairness to Mrs. Beamon, who is an archaeologist of international repute, author of several books, and Editor of the Journal of the society, 'Subterranea Britannica: most of her concern is for people working on underground sites, old mines, crypts, cellars, etc. and the transference of diseases by them to other sites, fields, or farmyards. She has been researching several case histories at Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, on Histoplasmosis (a 'flu-like disease) contracted by archaeologists and other people whose interests have taken them below ground or into derelict buildings. The Kent Underground Research Group, a branch of the KAS. (See 'New Books' in this Newsletter) is very aware of the dangers and holds regular health and safety advice meetings for its members, conducted by a doctor and a Red Cross tutor. It also has specialist equipment, including a gas detection kit, and a fully-trained, three-man team available on 'call-out' to any archaeologist in difficulty underground. During the four-year K.A.S. archaeological excavation at Plaxtol, a leaflet was issued to all new diggers. This included Site Safety advice, which most people obeyed. As Alan Ward points out, health and safety on site depends mainly on common sense, so surely it is sensible when entering an underground space or a derelict building where bats or birds have been roosting to cover one's nose and mouth with a handkerchief until the stirred-up dust has settled, and, if one has inadvertently trodden on something horrid or recently dead, to make sure boots do not carry its traces onto the next flock or herd of animals - or archaeologists!

Letters

On 29th April, I was invited to attend a meeting of the Lower Medway Archaeological Society at Rochester. Disregarding the fact that it was a meeting of interest and quality, what struck me was that the style and the historical leaning of that Society had much in common with the Kent Numismatic Society. The K.N.S. is a small but committed group of enthusiasts. We meet on the first Friday of each month, alternately at Rochester and Maidstone. The format is for a talk, usually on a numismatic topic, presented by either a member or a guest speaker.

I am hoping that there may be members of other societies who may be interested in joining our ranks. Anyone who has such an interest can contact me for further details.

The Hon. Librarian Dr. Peter Draper has sent the following notes: With reference to the set of Arch. Cant. offered for sale in Issue 18 of the Newsletter, the seller, daughter of a late member, has asked the Librarian to thank all who showed interest and to say that the set has been taken by the newly enlarged Museum at Dover. She felt that this would ensure its fullest possible use in East Kent for many years to come.

Dr. Draper would like to inform members that the KAS Library and Muniments Committee have recently formed an Archives Section and are collecting photographs, records, etc. dealing with the Society's activities. The Library Committee would welcome more material from members willing to donate interesting photographs, etc. to the Archive project. Please write to KAS Hon. Librarian Dr. Peter Draper, KAS Library, Maidstone Museum.

Our member, Mr. W. R. Somers, has presented to our Library his really excellent Inventory of the Memorials within the Church of St. Nicholas, New Romney. This is of great value to all concerned in this branch of study and a model for anyone interested in carrying out a similar survey.

New Books

EARLY METALLURGICAL SITES IN GREAT BRITAIN BC 2000 TO AD 1500. Edited by C. R. Blick.

This highly illustrated book documents fifteen archaeologically authenticated sites of importance in the history of metallurgical development in Britain. Each site is listed by type of material and gives a general history of the area, the type of remains, a sketch plan of the site with location by map references, accessibility, ownership and permission to visit where required, references and adjacent sites of interest. 112pp. Price £9.95, plus £1.50 p & p. from: The Institute of Metals, Sales and Marketing Dept. 1 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y SOB.

KENT AND EAST SUSSEX UNDERGROUND. By members of the Kent Underground Research Group (a Subject Branch of the K.A.S.) 128 pages. Price £5.95. p & p 60p. Meresborough Books, 17 Station Road, Rainham, Kent. Output: Input: New Books EARLY METALLURGICAL SITES IN GREAT BRITAIN BC 2000 TO AD 1500. Edited by C. R. Blick.

The May Excursion to Northumberland and Durham

The May Excursion to Northumberland and Durham The rich heritage of England's northern borderlands was the focus of the long Spring KAS excursion. Hadrian's Wall, brought very much to life by the excellent museum at the fortress of Vindolanda, vividly expressed for us the furthest frontier of the Roman Empire. Remarkable evidence of the early Christian church was to be seen at Jarrow and Monkwearmouth, at Lindisfarne and Hexham, and in the Treasury at Durham. Between the Tyne and Wear we could all wonder at the achievements of the local boy, later to be known throughout Europe as the Venerable Bede, who, in H.A.L.

Fisher's words, began the first great contribution of the British people to the advancement of civilization and through four centuries held pre-eminence in the literature of Europe.

Among castles, Lutyen's Lindisfarne and Hotspur's Warkworth in turn enraptured and enthralled, while Durham Cathedral and Castle together exemplified the spiritual and temporal powers of the Prince Bishops of the medieval frontier.

The North of England Open Air Museum brought us back -almost - to our own times. It is clearly immensely popular and deserving of its European Museum of the Year award.

Throughout we were struck by the beauty of so much of the coast and countryside. Grey and chilly weather were offset by the warm welcome we, as mere southerners, found wherever we stopped or stayed. Our thanks go especially to Joy Saynor, who led the excursion with a light hand and erudite head, and to Don Coast who so thoroughly prepared the way.

*A History of Europe. Chapter XIII The Frankish Empire by H.A.L. Fisher.

Arthur Collins

K.A.S. Barbecue

On April 20th, some 50 members enjoyed a country social evening held in the Barn at the Museum of Kent Rural Life, Maidstone, where an impressive barbecue supper was once again provided by the East Peckham Scouts Committee. The evening was preceded by a visit to the redundant church of St. Michael's, East Peckham and later by a tour of the Museum exhibits.

K.A.S. Garden Party at Cooling Castle

On the beautiful sunny afternoon of 6th July, about 200 members and friends enjoyed a most interesting and entertaining programme presented in the extensive grounds of Cooling Castle. After a welcome by the President, Mr. K. Gravett, pupils from Hextable School, Swanley, gave a short display of traditional 18th and 19th Century Kentish hop-pickers dances. This was followed by conducted tours of the castle, in groups of suitable size, the guides being K.A.S. members who had volunteered their services. After making their way to Cooling churchyard, the groups were given a dramatic reading of Pip's encounter with the convict from Dickens's 'Great Expectations' by Mr. Philip Lawrence. Mr. Gravett then took charge of the audience and pointed out to members the various features of interest in the interior of St. James's church.

Finally, a generous strawberry tea was served in the castle barn, the children's competition was judged, and the book token prizes presented. The afternoon was a great success, the smooth running of everything being due to the careful planning and strenuous efforts of Mrs. Margaret Lawrence and Mr. Don Coast, aided by other hard-working K.A.S. members who acted as stewards.

Council for Independent Archaeology: 1991 Congress to be held at University Bristol

(See Events, Outings, Lectures) Saturday 14th and Sunday 15th September 1991.

The Cl.A, a Registered Charity, rose out of the first Congress of Independent Archaeology which was organised by Andrew Selkirk, the Editor of Current Archaeology, in 1985.

At the second Congress held at Cambridge in 1987, a demand grew for a permanent organisation and so by the time the third Congress had been held at York in 1989, Officers and Committee had been appointed. The main aim of the Cl.A is to double the output of archaeology. In recent years - and indeed for most of the past century, the growth of archaeology has depended on the growth of government spending. In 1980 this growth came to a halt, not only in Britain but all over the world. The aim of the Cl.A is to lend support to existing independent archaeologists and societies by helping them to gain more members and become more active.

The main Cl.A activities at present are to hold an annual Congress where independent archaeologists can meet and compare the problems which face them. In the future, a series of local forums will be planned where local societies can come together to discuss their latest results and matters of mutual interest.

The Cl.A also provides a Placement Service where excavation directors needing diggers and volunteers wishing to spend time on a dig can be put in touch with one another.

A recent project has been the formation of an Index of Experts. At the present time, this is still in its early stages but once it has become established it will form an ever-growing pool of knowledge and expertise upon which archaeologists and others can draw.

Membership is open to both individuals and societies. Subscription £2.50 p.a. For further information please contact: Council for Independent Archaeology Secretary, Mike Rumbold.

K.A.S. A.G.M. 1991

The Annual General Meeting was held at Ramsgate on Saturday, May 18th. Council's Annual Report and Statement of Accounts for 1990 were approved. In his address, the President referred to the loss the Society had suffered recently by the deaths of Vice-Presidents Allen Grove and Frank Jessup and Patron the Viscount De L'Isle. He mentioned the new series of Records Publications in parts and the support the Society had agreed to give the archaeological education program started by the CAT.

Officers and members of Council were duly elected. A vote of thanks to the retiring Treasurer, Mr. A. G. Webster, was passed unanimously. Displays organized by several local organizations were much appreciated by members, as was the afternoon tour of the old parts of Ramsgate and the Montefiore Museum organized by the President and Mr. D. R. J. Perkins.

Archaeologia Cantiana Special Volume

K.A.S. Council have agreed to the publication of a special volume of Archaeologia Cantiana in memory of Allen Grove; it is intended to be, by and large, a volume of papers with a Kentish flavour. Any intending contributor to the volume should write to Dr. A. P. Detsicas.

Obituary

Mrs. Marjorie Haines, regular members of our Continental excursions will be saddened to learn of the death of Mrs. Haines, a K.A.S. member since 1949, very shortly after returning from the Northumberland and Durham visit. She took an active part in all our annual visits and although in her eighth decade when we stayed in Normandy, she was instrumental in cementing Anglo-French archaeological relations; fluent French was needed to explain the provenance of some Romano-British pottery we were entrusted to deliver to the Museum in Caen. Marjorie perfectly translated for us. Joy Saynor

Field Work

Are you planning an excavation or fieldwork within the county of Kent during 1992? Grants are available from the K.A.S. to assist with work carried out by Affiliated Societies or individual members.

Applications on appropriate.form (obtainable from the Hon. General Secretary by 1st October 1991).

The Hon. Editor welcomes all letters, articles and communications and would particularly like to receive more from members and others, especially requests for research information, finds, books and related topics. Illustrations, if relevant, are helpful and can assist readers in identifying objects, understanding points and following arguments. The Editor, wishes to draw the readers' attention to the fact that neither the Council of the K.AS., nor the Editor is answerable for the opinions which contributers may express in the course of their signed articles. Each author is alone responsible for the contents and substance of their letters, items or papers. Materials for the next Newsletter should be sent by 1st November 1991 to Hon. Editor, Nesta Caiger.

Events, Outings, Lectures K.A.S.

Saturday 12th October 1991. ONE DAY COURSE ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES.

The K.A.S. Fieldwork Committee has decided to organize another one-day course on archaeological techniques, after the very successful one-day course held at Benenden on the study of Roman roads. The next course will be based on The Study of Field Surveys and will be under the guidance of Mr. Jim Bradshaw, well known for his fieldwork, and Dr. John Williams, the County Archaeologist.

The program will consist of a morning session with talks illustrated by slides, followed by a field trip in the afternoon (using members' cars); there will be an opportunity to handle pottery and other artifacts. The venue will be in the Stowting area. There is a registration fee of £1. For further details, S.A.E. to Alec Miles.

Saturday 19th October 1991. CONFERENCE OF BUILDING RECORDERS. The twenty-eighth annual Conference of Building Recorders will be held in the Barn at Charing, commencing at 2.15 pm. The program will include: Tim Tatton-Brown on The Stonework of Rochester Cathedral and Priory. Sarah Pearson on Early Aisled Halls in Kent. Jill Williams on A Cricket Ball Factory at Chiddingstone. After the meeting Tea & Biscuits will be available. The meeting is open to K.A.S. Members and friends, without a ticket, but a collection will be taken to cover expenses.

Saturday 26th October 1991. K.A.S. ONE DAY CONFERENCE on the theme Kent before the Romans. to be held in the Harvey Hall at the Post Graduate Medical Centre at Canterbury. Enquiries to Dr. A. P. Detsicas. S.A.E. please.

Saturday 23rd November 1991. 10.00 am to 5.00 pm., K.A.S. ONE DAY SYMPOSIUM ON EDWARD HASTED to be held at Sutton at Hone Village Hall and St. John of Jerusalem near Dartford.

The K.A.S. Library and Muniments Committee have arranged this meeting to discuss and learn more about the man and his work. Apart from over 40 years working on the History, Hasted's other ambition was to transform the remains of the 12th. Century Commandary of the Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem into a fine contemporary gentleman's residence. The house was given by the Tallents family to the National Trust in 1942 and is now occupied by Mr. Elliot Grove. Mr. Grove has kindly consented to our visiting the house and a small exhibition of 'Hastediana' will be mounted in the Hall, including portraits of Hasted and his wife, Ann Dorman, and material relating to the History and St. Johns.

Lecturers will be Dr. Joan Thirsk on Hasted the Historian, Dr. John Whyman on Hasted the Man followed by a tour of the house by Dr. Peter Draper, Chairman of the Library and Muniments Committee. A buffet lunch, sherry and coffee etc. will be provided and wine available for purchase at the Hall. Attendance is limited to 70 persons. Cost is £10.50 per head, inclusive of all but wines. The closing date for applications is 2nd November 1991, after which no refunds can be made. See enclosed form.

Saturday 7th December 1991. K.A.S. CHRISTMAS BUFFET LUNCH will be held this year at SOMERHILL, TONBRIDGE. See enclosed leaflet.

K.A.S. (MEDWAY & GILLINGHAM BRANCH) The following meetings have been arranged for our 1991-1992 sessions. All members of the KAS are invited to attend our lectures, which are of course open to non-members and guests. Meetings are held at the Guildhall Museum, High Street, Rochester, commencing at 7.30 pm, coffee and biscuits are served from about 7.00 pm.

Tuesday 22nd October 1991. Trevor Anderson, the resident osteo-archaeologist of the Canterbury Archaeological Trust will be speaking on Human Bones in Archaeology. His slides will include skeletal material from Canterbury and Rochester. He will be explaining some of the analytical techniques used to discover age, sex, and diseases.

Tuesday 11th February 1992. Bob Radcliffe of the Rochester Society will be speaking on Victorian and Edwardian Architecture of the Medway Towns.

EVENTS, OUTINGS, LECTURES (Other Societies) Saturday 14th and Sunday 15th September 1991. COUNCIL FOR INDEPENDENT ARCHAEOLOGY, 1991 Congress to be held at Bristol. Enquiries to Mike Rumbold, 3 West St., Weedon Bee, Northampton, SAE please.

ROMNEY MARSH RESEARCH TRUST. Study Day to be held on Saturday 28th September 1991. On The Drainage of the Marshes, Speakers include Tony Lackner on the Laws and Customs of Romney Marsh. Geoffrey Robinson, lately Flood Defence Manager N.R.A. and Jill Eddison on the geological background. Tickets, to include lunch and tea, £12.50 from Mrs. Carrel.

COUNCIL FOR KENTISH ARCHAEOLOGY Conference to be held on Saturday 16th November 1991, at Christ Church College, North Holmes Road, Canterbury, Discovering and Reconstructing the Past in Kent. An afternoon of talks illustrated by color slides and displays. 2.15 pm to 5.30 pm. Speakers include Brian Philp on The Cemeteries at Alkham, Northbourne, and Eastry: discovery, excavation, and finds. Wendy Williams on Finding Faces (from Eastry and Northbourne). Andrew Denyer on Crabble Com Mill: Victorian Technology put back to work. and Richard Holdsworth, Curator, Chatham Dockyard on Recent Developments at the Historic Dockyard, Chatham, the creation of a living museum. Displays, bookstalls, and light refreshments. Tickets: Price £1 payable to C.K.A.. Stamped addressed envelope please.

UNIVERSITY OF KENT, Study Day. To be held at the University Centre, Tonbridge on Saturday 9th November 1991, 10.00 am to 4.30 pm. Tutors: Geoff Doe! BA and Fran Doe! BA. On The Glastonbury Legends. An examination of the archaeology, legends, and history associated with Glastonbury from prehistory to the Middle Ages. Further information from: University Centre, Avebury Avenue, .

UNIVERSITY OF KENT, CANTERBURY. (Courses).

The following courses might be of interest to KAS members.

Ancient Peoples and Archaeology: The Minoans and Mycenae. Tutor: Alec Detsicas, BA., MA., D.Litt., FSA. An introduction to the archaeology of the Bronze Age Aegean with particular reference to the civilizations of Crete and Mycenae. To be held at the University Centre, Tonbridge. 10 weekly meetings, 10.00 am to 12 noon, from Tuesday 1st October.

Local History and Genealogy: Using the Centre for Kentish Studies. Tutor: Duncan Harrington, LHG. A course designed to introduce beginners to using archives: for anyone interested in local history or genealogy. To be held at the Centre for Kentish Studies, County Hall, Maidstone, 20 weekly meetings, 5.15 to 7.15 pm from Wednesday 9th October.

The Glastonbury Legends. A Study Day, Tutors: Geoff Doe! BA. and Fran Doe! BA. See Events, Outings, Lectures feature.

Ancient Peoples and Archaeology: The Etruscans and the Early Roman World. Tutor: Dr. A. Detsicas, BA, MA., D.Litt., FSA. The brief but exciting civilization of the Etruscans and its influence in the region, particularly on the emergence of Rome. To be held at the University Centre, Tonbridge. 10 weekly meetings, 10.00 am to 12 noon from Tuesday 14th January 1992.

Ancient Peoples and. Archaeology: The Celts. Tutor: Anthony Ward, MA. The prehistoric Celts of western Europe will be introduced with particular reference to the archaeology of the pre-Roman Iron Age of southern Britain. To be held at the University Centre, Tonbridge. 6 weekly meetings, 7.30 to 9.30 pm. from Tuesday 14th January 1992.

Further information may be obtained from University Centre, Avebury Avenue, Tonbridge TN9 lTG.

Tel: 0732 352316.

KAS