KAS Newsletter, Issue 55, Winter 2002/3

Issue num ber 55 W inter 2002/3 www.kentarchaeology.org.uk cisely laid out, with several corners that are not true right-angles. Evidence for a gatew ay was located in the m iddle of the south side of the villa enclosure wall. This was represented by two very large post-pits, each containing traces of a circular/oval postpipe. A gatew ay about 3 m etres wide is suggested. A shallow slot running betw een the post-pits seem ed to represent the position of a sill beam /door stop of tim ber. Rough m etalling extended north and south of the entrance and m ust provide evidence for a road. The m etalling produced a rare silver coin of Septim us Severus (dated to A.D. 201) and suggests that the road was not laid before the start of the third century. Im m ediately to the north of the north w all of the villa enclosure a large shaft w as located. This w as oval in he KAS continued its annual excavation at the im portant Rom an villa at M inster on the Isle of Thanet. This year’s program m e w as designed to consolidate previous w ork and tidy up various loose ends. The digging team was saddened to learn that the longstanding director, Dave Pe r k i n s , would not be well enough to lead the team this year. Instead, the investigations w ere directed by Keith Parfitt, ably assisted, as usual, by Em m a Boast, Tim Allen and Ges M oody, with Dave Perkins keenly follow ing developm ents from his hospital bed. A total of thirty separate trenches was excavated. The bulk of these was aim ed at tracing the line of the villa enclosure wall which surrounded the m ain house and its adjacent bathbuilding (see plan on page 3). Three others w ere designed to exam ine significant areas located by geophysical survey. In the course of the trenching a new , previously unknow n building w as located outside the south-w estern corner of the villa enclosure (Building 6). It seem s likely that this m irrors Building 4, previously e xcavated at the south-east corner. Prelim inary investigation established the presence of at least two m ain room s and a corridor here, associated w ith tesserae, opus signinum and painted wall plaster. It is hoped to return to excavate this im portant new structure in a future season. W ork on the m ain villa house w as confined to the re-exposure of the central part of the m ain range. This was to allow wall junctions to be re-surveyed m ore accurately and also to take another look at the problem atical, D-shaped hypocausted room at the back of the range. Re-surveying confirm ed that the house was not pre- W inter 2002/3 1 shape and m easured 4.70 m . (E-W ) by 2.75 m . (N -S). It w as excavated to a m axim um depth of 2.20 m . but the base was not reached. The filling produced quantities of late first-early second century pottery, including bow ls and flagons; also building debris, including painted w all plaster. It is hoped to return and com plete the excavation of this shaft next year. A com plex sequence of other large pits and ditches was located outside the villa boundary w all to the north of the m ain house. The ditches are likely to relate to a m ore extensive system of ditched fields and enclosures around the villa. The pits m ay perhaps originally have been dug as clay quarries. The filling of both the pits and ditches produced significant quantities of pottery, painted plaster and other dom estic debris. Geophysical survey of the field continued, under the supervision of Carole and Brian M cN aughton, in an effort to locate significant buried rem ains w ithout having to dig for them . Local m etal-detectorists w ere able to join the project this year and spent m any hours searching spoil-heaps and areas outside the excavation. This resulted in the recovery of about thirty Rom an coins and other artefacts. A sm all team was able to m ake a good start processing on site the great num bers of finds produced by the 2002 excavations. Of particular interest this year w as the large am ount of finely painted wall plaster recovered from pits located to the north of the m ain house. The excavations at M inster w ill be published in instalm ents within the pages of Archaeologia Cantiana. W ork on the first report is now nearing com pletion. Keith Parfitt Inside 2-3 New Books Library Notes 4-5 Lectures, Courses, Conferences & Events 6-7 Finds & Loans Bronze Age Boats & Anglo-Saxon Pots 8-9 Notice Board 10-11 ‘Ideas & Ideals’ The Elizabethan Religious Settlem ent 12-13 Church Archaeology Big Dig, Little Dig 14-15 Letters to the Editor Big Dig continued Sum m er Excursion 16 Keith Parfitt news l e t e r K E N T A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S O C I E T Y M I N S T E RR O M A N VILLA 2002 Som e of the recovered painted wall plaster. (Photo: Richard Hoskins) Sheerness Naval Dockyard & G arrison – David T Hughes £11.99 Tem pus Publishing Ltd. 0-7524-2762-8 A pictorial history of Sheerness, from the transform ation of the uninhabited m arshland in the m id-seventeenth century through to the new ly constituted H arbour Com pany assum ing control in 1960 over an increasingly derelict site. O ver 200 im ages, including im pressive pictures of the venerable old hulk Cornw allis, a survivor from the tim e of the Napoleonic wars. W inter 2002/3 2 N E WB O O K S BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES The Counterfeit Coin Story ~ two and a half thousand years of deception… ! – Ken Peters. £25.00 Envoy Publicity 0-9543487-0-2 A fascinating look at counterfeit coinage, evident as early as 50 years after the invention of coinage in the seventh century BC. The author (President of The Counterfeit Coin Club) reveals how the sim ple coin has led thousands into dark, daring, daft and som etim es even com ic endeavours to take nefarious and distinctly dangerous shortcuts to riches. Over 200 pages in large form at, packed with inform ation, illustration, references and som e very Sittingbourne & M ilton Regis ~ Past & Present – John Clancy. £9.99 Sutton Publishing Ltd 0- 7509-2297-4 Originally two separate tow ns, each with its ow n unique character, this collection of over 200 photographs (part of the series Britain in Old Photographs) charts their varied history. Past scenes are com pared with photographs of the present day and inform ative captions cover m uch of the area’s heritage. Faversham Oyster Fishery Through Eleven Centuries – Patricia Hyde and Duncan H arrington. £28.50 + £3.95 p&p Faversham Hundred Records Vol 4 0-9530998-2-2 The result of years of research, providing for the first tim e a detailed history of oyster fishing through the vicissitudes of one com pany from the m edieval period to the present day. O nly 425 num bered and signed copies have been printed of this sew n and hard backe d book, w hich includes 24 photographs, m aps and illustrations. 25 appendices arranged in chronological order provide transcripts of som e of the m ore im por- Historic sketches of Thanet – Dr Dave Perkins £3.50 A new edition of this popular book of sketches and notes, charting the history of Thanet. D raw n during lunch breaks whilst excavating, its inspiration was John Huddlestone’s booklet ‘Discovering Thanet in Pictures’; it is hoped that this long overdue reprint w ill serve as an introduction to the extensive heritage and history of the area and that its unique style and form at still appeals in this age of desktop publishing. Available from the Treasurer, Isle of Thanet Archaeological S o c i e t y, Cram pton Tow er Ya r d , High Street, Broadstairs CT10 2AB am using anecdotes! An order form flyer for this book is enclosed in this Newsletter. tant docum ents and com prehensive nam e and place indexe s enable individuals to be easily located in these records. Available from Arden Enterprises (to whom cheque payable), Ashton Lodge, Church Road, Lym inge, Folkestone CT18 8JA em ail: History.Research@ btinternet. com The new KAS website - www.kentarchaeology.ac - hosted by nVeracity, is up and running. The site is cross-linked w ith the existing KAS w ebsite, and com - plem entary to it. The new website will provide three broad services: on-line access to the index of the books and pam phlets held in the KAS library; access to the catalogue of over 12,000 visual im ages in the KAS collection; and the publication on the site of articles, reports and com m ents on aspects of the history and archaeology of Kent. The site will thereby offer a facility for the publication electronically of original work, by KAS m em bers and nonm em bers, capable of being dow nloaded. The content of this part of the site w ill be overseen by the Hon. Editor of the KAS, who will ensure that a high academ ic standard is m aintained. Further inform ation and form s of application to subm it work for publication are available on the website. The w ebsite is still under developm ent, and it is envisaged that in due course it w ill be augm ented with access to further data bases on the history and archaeology of Kent as they becom e available. W inter 2002/3 3 L I B R A RY NOTES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES BOOKS & LIBRARIES NEW KAS WEBSITE BOOKS ON LOAN TO CHRISTCHURCH UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, CANTERBURY NEW ADDITIONS TO THE KAS LIBRARY KENNETH GRAVETT’S LIBRARY A collection of State Papers and M edieval Historical M em orials w hich had been held in KAS’ store, and was seldom or never used, has been, with Council approval, transferred on loan to the History Re s e a r c h Departm ent of Canterbury Christchurch. The books are being housed in St. M artin’s Priory, Canterbury, and will be kept there together as a reference collection. KAS m em bers are welcom e to visit the Priory to consult the books as n e c e s s a r y, through M rs. Debbie Grantham , Resources O fficer at Christchurch, Tel 01227 78228, em ail dcg2@ cant.ac.uk. A list of the books transferred is available in the KAS Library. W ilkinson , Paul. 942K. The Sw ale District: an archaeological survey com m issioned by Sw ale Borough Council. Parts 1 and 2. Swale and Tham es Archaeological Survey Com pany. 2002. Detailed account of archaeological potential in the Sw ale area. Contains a useful bibliography. M arsden , Barry M . 571.09 The early barrow diggers. Tem pus, 1999. 07524 14275 Readable, but scholarly, account of pioneering archaeology in England. W ell illustrated with good diagram s. Philp , Brian. 571K Archaeology in the front line: 50 years of Kent Rescue, 1952-2002. Kent Archaeological Rescue Unit, for Kent Archaeological Trust, 2002.0 947831 20 7 A desirable source book for any person, at any level, having an interest in the contribution of Rescue to Kent’s rich archaeological heritage. Contains a vast am ount of detailed description of each site covered, w ith num erous supporting illustrations and diagram s. Burnham , Patricia. 942K W ingham ; a photographic docum entary of an East Kent Village. Country Aspects, 2002. 0 9542 995-0-0 A copy book exam ple of how to undertake and publish a contem porary village survey. Agricultural History Review. Journal of the British Agricultural Society. 630.1J50 volum es; on going. Thanks to a generous donation, we are able to fill a gap in our coverage, and a subscription is being taken out so that the Society w ill henceforth receive each new issue as it appears. This journal contains m uch inform ation that is relevant to the work of our m em bers. W e have purchased about 100 books and pam phlets from the library of the late Ke n n e t h Gravett, a form er President of KAS. These will add to the already extensive m aterial held on the history of Kent tow ns and villages. A total of thirty separate trenches was excavated. The bulk of these w as aim ed at tracing the line of the villa enclosure w all which surrounded the m ain house and its adjacent bathbuilding M I N S T E R R O M A N V I L L A 2 0 0 2 HERITAGE GRANT FOR WYE The W ye Historical Society Project has been aw arded £24,905 thanks to a Local Heritage Initiative Grant from the Countryside Agency (featured in Newsletter no.50). The m oney will be used to create and publish an up-to-date history of W ye, draw ing heavily on strong com m unity participation in the ‘W ye History Project’. Local children w ill produce a leaflet, ‘W alk around W ye’, a W ye Heritage W ebsite will be designed and local schools will receive education packs. Ian Cooling, LHI Project M anager W inter 2002/3 4 LECTURES EVENTS CONFERENCES & COURSES LECTURES EVENTS CONFERENCES & COURSES LECTURES EVENTS CONFERENCES & COURSES LECTURES EVENTS CONFERENCES & COURSES LECTURES EVENTS CONFERENCES & COURSES LECTURES EVENTS CONFERENCES & COURSES LECTURES EVENTS CONFERENCES & COURSES LECTURES EVENTS CONFERENCES & COURSES LECTURES EVENTS CONFERENCES & COURSES Sheerness Historic Dockyard ~ a Conference for Historians of the Built-Environm ent arranged by Kent Historic Buildings Com m ittee at Sheppey College, Bridge Ro a d , Sheerness (an associate college of the University of Kent) on Saturday February 15th 10am – 1pm (doors open 9.30am ). Speakers: Richard M orrice ~ English Heritage Philip M acDougall ~ dockyard historian and writer M ichael Bussell ~ consultant on historic engineering structures David Hughes ~ N aval Dockyards Society Tickets £5 (£4 for m em bers of CPRE and KAS) from H on.Sec. M ichael Peters, c/o CPRE Ke n t , Coldharbour Farm , Am age Ro a d , W ye, Ashford TN 25 5DB Further inform ation: tel/fax 01795 470450 info@ cprekent.org.uk Recreating and Presenting our Archaeological Past ~ Council for Kentish Archaeology on Saturday 5th April 2pm – 5.30pm , Crofton Halls, Orpington (adjacent to the station). Speakers: Representation – Bringing the Iron Age to life by Christine Toom ey, Joseph Toom ey and Carol W i g l e y (Cantiaci Iron Age Living History) Rom an Britain for all ages at the British M useum by Sam M oorhead and Katharine W iltshire (British M useum ) Presenting Rom an Kent to the public by Brian Philp (Ke n t Archaeological Rescue Unit). Tickets £3, free pass for Friends of CKA. Obtainable from CK A, 7 Sandy Ridge, Borough Green TN 15 8H P. Crofton Rom an Villa will be open from 11am -12.30pm exc e p t i o n a l l y for conference goers. Entrance 80p, concessions 50p. Church and M onastery in Anglo- Saxon and M edieval Society – the third history and archaeology conference organised jointly by the KAS and Canterbury Christ Church University College on S a t u r d a y 26th April. Lectures for this year are centred around the Church both from an organisational and structural point of view . Please see enclosed flyer for details of speakers, cost and booking form . BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION M EETINGS February 5th W om en’s seal m atrices in the M iddle Ages: stam ps of authority or seals of approval? by Jam es Robinson M arch 5th Classicism in Rom an Art by Dr Jas Elsner (follow ed by the President’s reception) April 2nd England, Norm andy and Sicily: architectural trans - form ations in the N orm an kingdom s by Professor Lisa Reilly M ay 7th According to func - tion? Decorum in English architecture of the 12th and 13th centuries by Peter Draper M eetings are held in the room s of the Society of Antiquaries of London, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W 1V 0H S. Nonm em bers are welcom e to attend but are asked to m ake them selves know n to the Hon. Director on arrival and to sign the visitors’ book. UN IVERSITY COLLEGE LON DON FIELD ARCH AEOLO GY U N IT 5, 2 or 1 day practical archaeology training courses at Barcom be Rom an villa, East Sussex, part of the third season of research and rescue excavations. Exc a v a t i o n techniques, surveying for archaeologists, archaeological planning & section draw ing, geophysical prospecting and on-site conservation. Brochure and application form available online at www.archaeologyse.co.uk or send SAE (A5) to M iss H Dixey, UCL Field Archaeology U nit, 1 W e s t Street, Ditchling, H assocks, W est Sussex BN6 8TS tel: 01273 845497 fax: 01273 844187 em ail: fau@ ucl.ac.uk ABBEY FARM EXCAVATION 2003 by the KAS w ith the Trust for Thanet Archaeology – see details on centre pages. KAS SUM M ER SOCIAL EVENING will take place on M ay 31st at Godinton House, Ashford. Further details w ill appear in the April new sletter. ‘Lectures in the Library’ in the KAS Library at M aidstone M useum : Thursday M arch 13th 10am ~ W orking with the W o r d W ordprocessor by M iranda Rix and others Saturday M ay 3rd 11am ~ Kent Sources 1 , the first in a series of lectures on Kent sources by Dr Jacqueline Bow er Further details and a booking form for these lectures are on a flyer enclosed in this N ew sletter. The form also enables booking for the ‘New Horizon’ lecture series, a flyer for w hich appeared in the last Newsletter; a rem inder of details: Saturday 1st February 2.30pm – Kentish Place Nam es by Paul Cullen (Rochester) Saturday 1st M arch 2.30pm – The Geology and Landscape of Ke n t by Peter Golding (Canterbury) Saturday 5th April 2.30pm – Thom as W aghorn and the Overland R o u t e by Andrew Ashbee (Rochester) Saturday 7th June 2.30pm – Problem s in Archaeology b y Alan W ard (Canterbury) UNIVERSITY OF KENT AT CANTERBURY Classics and Archaeological Studies Sem inar Series run by the School of European Culture and Languages February 3rd Virgil and Am m ianus on Rom e’s im peri - al m ission by Robin Seager (U niversity of Liverpool) February 24th A sense of the past in the past: Revisiting the Neolithic landscape of the Avebury region by Dr Joshua Pollard (U niversity of W a l e s , Newport) M arch 10th Archaeology in Pa k i s t a n by Dr Ruth Yo u n g (U niversity of Leicester) M arch 24th Recent develop - m ents in the study of ancient m edicine by Professor Philip van der Eijk (U niversity of Newcastle) All sem inars take place from 6-7pm in Cornw allis N orth W est Sem inar Room 4 For further inform ation please contact Dr Patty Baker 01227 827349 P.A.Baker-3@ ukc.ac.uk L e c t u res, Conferences, Courses and Events CONFERENCES LECTURES COURSES EVENTS Darw in College. From left to right are Dr John W illiam s (County Archaeologist), Professor Phil Davies (Pro Vice Chancellor of the University), Helen Glass and Dr Anthony W ard (Senior Lecturer in Archaeology and M aster of Darw in). W inter 2002/3 5 TALKS & SPONSORSH IPS TALKS & SPONSORSH IPS TALKS & SPONSORSH IPS TALKS & SPONSORSH IPS TALKS & SPONSORSH IPS TALKS & SPONSORSH IPS TALKS & SPONSORSH IPS TALKS & SPONSORSH IPS TALKS & SPONSORSH IPS TALKS & SPONSORSH IPS TALKS & SPONSORSH IPS TALKS & SPONSORSH IPS TALKS & SPONSORSH IPS TALKS & SPONSORSH IPS TALKS & SPONSORSH IPS TALKS & SPONSORSH IPS TALKS & SPONSORSH IPS TALKS & STALKS & SPONSORSH IPS o m ark 50 years of rescue archaeology in Kent and SE London by Brian Philp of the Kent Archaeological Rescue Unit, an appeal for sponsorship was m ade tow ards the costs of publishing the excavations at the Rom an fort at Reculver. The initial sponsorship donations w ere presented to a surprised Brian by Dr Richard Reece during the conference on the Classis Britannica elen Glass, Chief Archaeologist for the Channel Tunnel Rail Link, gave a talk on the archaeology encountered during the undertaking of this m assive construction as part of the University of Kent’s free public lecture series. Around 250 people attended the Brabourne Lecture Theatre to hear the highlights of the excavations and finds. H elen guided her audience through in chronological order, from the thousands of worked M esolithic flints at Sandw ay, the Neolithic longhouse at W hite H orse Stone, the Rom an rem ains at Thurnham and Springhead, to the Anglo S a xon cem etery at Saltw ood. Finally she described how a listed house at M arsham near Ashford w as m oved in its entirety on greased rails som e few hundred yards to escape the path of the line! Follow ing the talk the University hosted a dinner in he full article index plus researches, discoveries and book review s from the first volum e in 1858 to Volum e 122 in 2002 is now available on floppy disk and CD Rom . The disk com prises: * A M icrosoft W ord Version 6 copy of the index (can be opened in any subsequent version of M icrosoft W ord) * A text only (.txt) version of the index w hich can be opened and read with W ordPad. From the disk it is possible to print a hard copy of the index for your ow n use but perhaps m ore usefully it is possible to search the index w ithin M icrosoft. This enables people to quickly search for any references to a particular subject or author in any of the volum es produced betw een 1858 and 2002. For those w ithout M icrosoft W ord the CD Rom can be ordered w ith the software on condition that m em bership is taken out w ith the K e n t Archaeological Field School. The KAFS has an educational licence from M icrosoft that enables the M icrosoft program m e to be used by its m em bers. To order the disk m em bers of KAS need to send £2.50 for production, p&p costs. For the full program m e of software and index the cost of m em bership to the KAFS is £15 a year. Enquiries to: KAFS, School Farm Oast, Graveney Road, Faversham M E13 8UP M em bers’ attention is drawn to the fact that there is already a full list of contents pages on the KA Swebsite - www.Kentarchaeology.org.uk C T R L Ta l k Sponsorship for Reculver P u b l i c a t i o n A rchaeologia Cantiana on disk f rom the KAFS Brian Philp with his surprise cheque. held in early October 2002 at the M useum of London. An especial acknow ledgem ent and appreciation for this m ost generous support is m ade by KA RU to w w w. c l a s s i s - b r i t a n n i c a . c o . u k , Hanson Aggregates, J.Clubb Ltd and M illbrook Garden Centre Ltd. It is hoped that the Reculver report m ay be published by late 2003- 2004. can see the keyholes in the photograph) w hich m ay date from the sixteenth century; Thom as Crom w ell issued an edict in 1538 that every parish should have a chest w ith two locks and keys. Perhaps the old parish chest w as sim ply adapted to com ply. There is a chest w ith sim ilar iron banding at Layer M arney in Essex, which has been dated by the w ill of Lord John M arney who died in 15252 in w hich he gives instruction for its provision. Leslie A Sm ith 1 H oward, T E & Crossley, F H English Church W o o d w o r k … 1 2 5 0 - 1500 (Batsford, London 1917) pp 342-3 2 Geddes, J M edieval Decorative Ironwork in England (Society of Antiquaries 1999) . . . and this! The m ystery ‘house by the river’ featured in the Au t u m n New sletter w as recognised by m any as being in Loose, near M aidstone. Local resident M rs F M Robertson w rites “W hen I w as a girl before the war, it was 2 or 3 cottages, now it has been renovated into one lovely old house (M r Tyler lived in one of them ). The photo is taken from the rear view, across the brook.” FINDS & LOANS FINDS & LOANS FINDS & LOANS FINDS & LOANS FINDS & LOANS FINDS & LOANS FINDS & LOANS FINDS & LOANS FINDS & LOANS FINDS & LOANS FINDS & LOANS FINDS & LOANS FINDS & LOANS FINDS & LOANS FINDS & LOANS FINDS & LOANS FINDS & LOANS FINDS & LOANS W inter 2002/3 6 es, I recognise this! The chest pictured on page 13 of Newsletter 54 is in St M ary’s church, N e w i n g t o n - o n - t h e - S t r e e t . Your photograph show s the chest’s best side, although loss of tim ber can be seen on the top. On the other side there is considerable deterioration caused by infestation of death w atch and com m on furniture beetle and conservation is currently being considered. The chest is 6 feet long, 21 inches high, 18 inches wide and is m ade of oak. W ithout docum entary evidence, it is not possible to be positive about its date. Its construction is of an early type, in effect a ‘dug-out’, a hollow ed out tree trunk w hich provides both a squared off base and sides, and a rounded lid. Chests of this type are generally know n as ‘trunks’, a word which is still with us. These ‘trunks’ m ainly date from before the late thirteenth century w hen, as How ard and Crossley1 point out, there was a rise in the joiner’s art and plank chests began to replace them . The Newington chest is bound by eleven vertical and three horizontal bands, with a further three on the lid w hich is fitted w ith strap hinges and hasps. It can also be secured by two locks (you M YSTERY CH EST RECOGNISED The Newington trunk hilst large professional organizations generally have the latest survey equipm ent such as total stations and centim etric GPS, the cost of such item s can be prohibitive for local societies and independent archaeologists. A retired chartered land surveyor w ith som e experience in surveying excavation sites has donated his surplus equipm ent for the use of field archaeologists working in the SE region. The com m ittee of the CBA SE have agreed the follow ing distribution: Surrey Archaeological Society , held by Steve Dyer tel: 01483 300800 *Tachyom eter, Kern DKRT2 com plete w ith tripods, m easuring bars etc… Suitable for trig/traverse w ork to an accuracy of 1/10,000. Point location to 1cm at m axim um range 60m *Level, Kern DKOA with tripod Self-levelling. Builder’s equipm ent. Accuracy 1cm at 100m *Pen Plotter, M utoh AO pens etc… Software needed for use *Geodim eter, Aga for attachm ent to theodolite to form sem itotal station Requires theodolite m ounting and work by m anufacturer Sussex Archaeological Society , held by Dr Gabor Thom as tel: 01273 405736 *Theodolite, Kern 10” w ith tripod Suitable for trig w ork to 1/10,000 accuracy. Also point location by stadia reduction 2cm at m axim um 60m range *Level, Kern tilting with horizontal circle, tripod E xcellent for sectional and gradient work Any decision on the loan of the equipm ent is for M r Dyer and Dr Thom as respectively. Applicants should be com petent to use the equipm ent and prepared to insure it against dam age. S u rvey equipment for loan n Anglo-Saxon crem ation urn has been unearthed in Otford follow ing a watching brief ahead of construction of an extension in a private garden. Otford and District Archaeological Group (ODA G ) suspected that they m ight encounter rem ains of this type as a sim ilar but sm aller urn w as found in the 1950’s in the sam e garden, although the exact location was unknow n. Am azingly, the pot was only 8” below the present land surface and w as partly under a concrete path. It was upright and crushed but apparently still com plete; the urn found previously (now in M aidstone M useum ) needed to be partly restored. Careful trow elling revealed a pattern of incised decoration and 3 bosses, an unusually o m ark the 10th anniversary of the discovery and excavation of the Dover Boat by Canterbury Archaeological Trust (CAT), a conference w as held over two days at the end of October in the M aison Dieu in Dover, sponsored am ongst others by the British Academ y, the KAS, Dover Bronze Age Boat Trust, Dover District Council, George Ham m ond plc, KC C, Dover H arbour Board and P&O Ferries. Over 130 delegates attended and 16 speakers gave papers relating to nautical aspects in prehistory. The conference had a truly European flavour, as our Scandinavian neighbours boast sim ilar boat discoveries to that of the m agnificent Dover exam ple. Papers given ranged widely betw een the practical aspects of boat construction, reconstruction and the inform ation to be derived from this (Peter Clark of CAT dream s of building and sailing a Dover Boat replica across the Channel!) to the wider aspects of seafaring in the Bronze Age. Subjects such as deposition and the ritualisation of undertaking voyages, the legacy of the H um ber Ferriby boats, the iconography of rock art in relation to sea voyaging, prehistoric harbours in Kent and an environm ental context for the Dover Boat w ere all covered. Details were given of a proactive search for the rem ains of Bronze Age boats and related rem ains under w ater in a system atic project underw ay at the University of Oslo. The vexed question of the Dover BRONZE AGE BOATS & ANGLO SAXON POTS BRONZE AGE BOATS & ANGLO SAXON POTS BRONZE AGE BOATS & ANGLO SAXON POTS BRONZE AGE BOATS & ANGLO SAXON POTS BRONZE AGE BOATS & ANGLO SAXON POTS BRONZE AGE BOATS & ANGLO SAXON POTS BRONZE AGE BOATS & ANGLO SAXON POTS W inter 2002/3 7 The Bronze Age Dover Boat . . . 10 Years On O t f o rd Anglo-Saxon Cremation Urn Boat’s course w as approached head on by Peter M arsden pleading for restraint in interpretation and proposing that the evidence better fits a riverine vessel. Perhaps the answ er w ill never be resolved until Peter Clark fulfils his dream , thus proving his stance of the boat as a seagoing vessel... This was a stim ulating conference, which, as is always the case when enthusiastic experts convene, threw up m any m ore questions to be pondered upon in the future. A half-size replica of the Ferriby Boat (see below ) was displayed in the entrance of the M aison Dieu – a beautiful craft put together by Edw in Gifford. The discovery of the Dover Boat is described by its exc a v a t o r, Ke i t h Parfitt, in ‘Back Page People’ at the end of this Newsletter. The Dover Boat is now displayed in a special aw ard-w inning gallery in Dover M useum . However, the M useum has faced recent cuts as Dover District Council strove to save over £2,000,000. The outcom e is that the Council has com m itted itself to retaining a fully registered m useum on 3 floors, rem aining open 6 days a w eek throughout the year, but that there will be 3 job losses from w ithin the curatorial and custodial staff. It is to be hoped that a m useum w hich houses one of our greatest national archaeological treasures subsequently has enough staff to m aintain the wonderful heritage of its area. The Editor sm all num ber as crem ation urns can have over 20. After excavation it was w rapped in crepe bandages and covered in cling film . O DAG hope to be able to reconstruct the pot after careful excavation of the interior and to display it in the Heritage Centre in Otford. It has been x-rayed, courtesy of the ow ner of Eland Veterinary Clinic at Dunton Green, and there are indications of bones on the x-ray but no grave goods as yet. A delegate exam ines the halfsize replica of the Ferriby boat in the M aison Dieu. Below left: The crem ation urn, and right: a detail showing the pattern of incised decorations. APOLOGY KAS AGM 2003 GRANTS FROM SOUTH EAST REGION FESTIVE FUN The Society’s AGM w ill be held on Saturday M ay 17th at Tonbridge. It will be follow ed in the afternoon by a lecture. Full details w ill be in the next Newsletter. In the m eantim e, please ensure you have the date in your diary. The article on Riverhead w hich appeared in the October issue w as by Ann R Elton, w hose nam e w as om itted in error. The annual general m eeting of W inter 2002/3 8 NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SURVEY THE ALLEN GROVE LOCAL HISTORY FUND ... ... AND OTHER GRANTS You and Your Society The late Allen Grove left a legacy to the Ke n t Archaeological Society to establish this fund to be used for the purposes of research, preservation and enjoym ent of local history. The trustees will consider applications for grants for any project with one or m ore of these purposes. Projects m ay be practical ones such as presentation, publication and education as well as research. Grants m ay be m ade to societies and groups as w ell as to individuals and are not restricted to m em bers of the K e n t Archaeological Society. They are usually around £200 to £400 each but the trustees w ould consider a larger grant for a particularly im aginative or innovative project which m ight not be able to proceed without the grant. Aw ards m ay not be announced until the sum m er or autum n of 2003. Applications m ust be subm itted, on the official application form , by the 31st M arch 2003. Application form s and further inform ation m ay be obtained from the Hon. General Secretary: M r A I M offat, Three Elm s, W oodlands Lane, Shorne, Gravesend, DA12 3H H , or em ail: secretary@ kentarchaeology.org.uk. The Society has other grant program m es. Fieldw ork grants m ay be obtained from the Fieldw ork Com m ittee and applications should be sent to its secretary David Bacchus at Telford Lodge, Roebuck Road, Rochester M E1 1UD or by em ail to d_bacchus@ talk21.com . The Society’s Kent Local History Fund m akes grants to assist w ith serious research leading to publication. They are only m ade to societies affiliated to the KAS or the Kent History Federation and m em bers of those societies or the KAS. Professional historians and post graduate students are not eligible to apply. Application form s can be obtained from M iss E. M elling, 81A Bow er M ount Road, M aidstone M E16 8AS. 398 (31% of our m em bership) responded to this survey. 232 of those sending in form s (58% ) had an em ail address and only 8 of them did not w ant the Society to com m unicate with them by em ail. All but 2 of them had access to the world wide web. A further 24 (6% ) intended to obtain access to the internet. Even before receiving the form s we had quite a lot of em ail addresses; we now have 324 of them , 25% of our total m em bership. This last figure is m ore than I had expected and suggests that it m ay be worthw hile providing som e inform ation by em ail and/or on the KAS website. H ow ever, it w ill obviously be a long tim e before w e could consider giving up com m unicating w ith m em - bers by conventional m eans, if we ever do so. There m ay be occasions w here im portant inform ation becom es available but it w ould not be practical to send it by post and publication in the Newsletter would be too late; it m ight be practical to send that by em ail. There are also sufficient m em bers with access to our w ebsite that w e know that putting inform ation there m akes it accessible to a substantial proportion of m em bers. I am sure this inform ation will be very useful to the Society in developing its activities and we are grateful to m em bers who responded for the trouble they took. Andrew M offat The now established festive Christm as lunch took place at the Hop Farm Country Park. The Cobnar bookstall provided a centre of interest and m em bers displayed their ow n publications. Entertainm ent w as provided by the Thom as Clarke Quire in period dress, singing m usic heard in churches in the eighteenth century. A group of m em bers follow ed this w ith a visit to the David Salom on house at Southborough which proved to be aw e inspiring. Those present voted unanim ously for a sim ilar event to be held Christm as 2003! Did you know that the Council for British Archaeology SE can help you w ith funding for your archaeological project? Sm all grant applications are considered from students, am ateurs or professionals as well as from organisations involved in archaeology. To be considered for a grant, just send a sum m ary of the project and w hy you are seeking financial assistance to the CBA SE treasurer – John Funnell, at 18 Reeves Hill, Coldean, Brighton, Sussex BN 1 9AS. Please note that you will need to give the CBA SE plenty of notice of your request as there can be a delay of up to three m onths before the com m ittee m eets to consider applications. Shiela Broom field The Society w ould like to find som eone w illing to take on the developm ent of a display prom oting the w ork of the KAS at various functions, both archaeological and otherw ise, around the county. Display boards are already available, together w ith som e visual m aterial. Are you able to create an eye-catching display and talk to the general public? Reasonable expenses would be covered. Please contact Lyn Palm er on 01892 533661 m ob: 07810 340831 em ail: evelyn.palm er@ virgin.net. This is your opportunity to visit varied venues and m eet m any people! W inter 2002/3 9 NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD A GOOD COMMUNICATOR? CONTACT ADDRESSES ABBEY FARM EXCAVATION MEMBERSHIP SECRETARY You and Your Society and continue for two w eeks. The e xcavation is open to people aged 16 years and above. Participants can attend for the two w eek period or either one of w eeks. Registration fee for m em bers of the KAS or the Thanet Archaeological Society is £25 one The KAS in conjunction with the Trust for Thanet Archaeology , are to continue with the excavation of the Rom an site at Abbey Farm , M inster, near Ram sgate for a seventh season. W ork will com - m ence on Sunday 24th August 2003 The contact addresses of the Hon.M em bership Secretary and Hon.General Secretary appear elsew here on this page, the Newsletter editor on the back page. Other useful contacts include: Com m unications Officer – John Ham m ond tel: 01795 871199 m ob: 07740 196940 em ail: jm ham m ond@ btinternet. com Hon. Treasurer – Ro b i n Thom as, 1 Abchurch Ya r d , Abchurch Lane, London EC4N 7BA em ail: treasurer@ kentarchaeology. org.uk COMMITTEE MEMBERS Could you generate ideas for the M em bership and Publicity Com m ittee? The Com m ittee seeks m ore m em bers; m eeting 4 tim es a year in M aidstone, they aim to further contact both betw een KAS m em bers and organisers, and betw een the Society and the public at large. Please contact M argaret Law rence, Church Lane, East Peckham , Tonbridge TN 12 5JJ tel: 01622 871945. By the tim e you read this those of you who pay by cheque should have received a letter requesting renew al of your subscription. Thank you to all w ho have already sent your renew al to m e and, if you have not already done so, please do so soon to ensure that you continue to receive the exc e l l e n t New sletter and your copy of Archaeologia Cantiana w hen it Read all about discoveries here in 2002 on the front page. is published in the sum m er. Of course, paying by banke r ’ s order m akes life easier for both you and m e and saves postage costs for the Society. M ay I also rem ind you that I have plenty of m em bership form s for distribution to your local societies etc? Please get in touch if you w ould like m e to send you a bundle. The address for all correspondence relating to m em bership is – M rs Shiela Broom field, KAS M em bership, 8 W oodview Crescent, Hildenborough, Tonbridge, TN 11 9H D. Tel: 01732 838698 em ail: m em bership@ kentarchaeology. org.uk or s.broom field@ dial.pipex.com . w eek (non-m em bers £35) and £40 two w eeks (non-m em bers £50). For enrolm ent or further details please contact: David Bacchus, Telford Lodge, Roebuck Road, Rochester M E1 1UD tel: 01634 843495 em ail:d_bacchus @ talk21.com hen Elizabeth succeeded to the throne she cam e w ith very different priorities and perceptions from those of her half brother and sister. W hereas Edw ard and M ary m ade changes spurred on by their ow n religious convictions Elizabeth favoured a pragm atic stance. Her essentially secular approach cam e from an innate understanding that England’s religious problem s in 1558 could only be dealt with in the fram ew ork of a w ider political context: one in w hich the aim s and aspirations of the m onarchy were param ount. Elizabeth’s entry into her capital in 1558 and the rapturous w elcom e she received is legendary. However, the queen herself realised only too well that she faced m yriad problem s. Technically at war with France, illegitim ate in the eyes of her Ro m a n Catholic subjects and faced w ith religious opinions of all shades Elizabeth’s position w as an unenviable one. The very fact that it is possible to w rite about “the Elizabethan Religious Settlem ent” is a tribute to her caution, patience and determ ination - m ixed with a not inconsiderable portion of luck. Indeed it is the good fortune of her longevity w hich enabled her to achieve a settlem ent in which one can discern the basis of the present Church of England. The previous article in this series dem onstrated the breadth of religious diversity betw een 1533 and 1558. The protestantism of Edw ard VI and the return to Rom e under M ary presented diam etrically opposed view s w hich needed settlem ent before Elizabeth could m ake headw ay. In addition she was faced not only with the educated and som etim es extrem e view s of the returned M arian exiles but w ith an ordinary population baffled by change. W hat was needed was stability in the form of an organised Church with an accepted ritual and teaching. W hat em erged w as an uneasy m elding of Elizabeth’s ow n w ishes w ith the consent of a som etim es reluctant Parliam ent. The Elizabethan settlem ent only m akes sense if it is studied in the context of Elizabeth herself and the grow th of Parliam ent. In the absence W inter 2002/3 10 “Suprem e H ead” a title m any felt could not be given to a w om an. In practice there was little difference. An oath accepting Elizabeth’s suprem acy was a m ain provision of the act and acted as a test of orthodoxy. As a result of this by January 1560 all the M arian bishops, bar one, had been deprived of their sees. The proposed Act of Uniform ity was even m ore fraught since it had to order use of one Prayer Book. Proponents agreed on the need for it to be in English and thereafter differed. Som e wanted the very Protestant Edw ardian version of 1552 while a few M arian exiles dem anded the radical Geneva version of Calvin: the m ajority seem ed to favour the first English book of 1549. The Queen’s am endm ents gave w averers the chance to conform since it am ended the “Black Rubric” of 1552 concerning kneeling in Com m union which m ight suggest transubstantiation in the Eucharist. Now the priest w as instructed to say the w ords of both prayer books when offering the bread and w ine and the m eaning w as kept deliberately vague. In addition, since m uch of the service ritual of 1549 rem ained, m oderates could accept this settlem ent. The m ajority of the population were heartened by this com prom ise. Clergy w ere once again allow ed to m arry (though Elizabeth herself did not favour this) and the M arian heresy law s w ere repealed. In their place was a fine of 1/- per Sunday for non attendance at church, though this often seem s to have been waived provided the culprit kept a low profile. Royal Injunctions later in the year m ade clear w hat w as expected, and once again there was com prom ise. All preachers were to be licensed, churches w ere to have a copy of Erasm us’s Paraphrases (and he w as certainly no protestant), a Prim er and an English Bible, and clerics w ere to carry out basic religious instruction. 'Im ages of idolatry' w ere to be rem oved and the rem aining rood to be cut dow n to the upper level of the vaulting. Vestm ents were to be 'as in the second year of Edw ard VI' ( this bland statem ent would later create m ajor controversy). Religious m usic, m uch liked by the Queen, continued. of any statem ent of beliefs from the queen w e can only surm ise that the circum stances of her birth and upbringing w ould predispose her to Protestantism . How ever, sixteenth century England needed a n a t i o n a l church and this would require a careful conciliation of both ardent protestant supporters and potentially hostile catholics. This dem and w as m ade even m ore difficult by the necessity for parliam entary co-operation. From Henry VIII onw ard the changes in the English church had been m ade by Parliam ent and could thus only be altered by Parliam ent. This w as not straightforw ard: frequent calling of Parliam ent m eant that ordinary M Ps were less in aw e of the m onarch and m ore likely to have counter dem ands of their ow n. In addition this was an age when the House of Lords had real pow er - and the Lords contained the M arian Catholic bishops. It w as not going to be easy! To quell possible unrest Elizabeth decided that nothing should be done im m ediately and so, after her accession in N ovem ber 1558, she banned all preaching outside the royal court. Hopefully this m easure would allow a breathing space to consider the m ost pressing problem , that of the Suprem acy. Legally the Pope still had jurisdiction and that w as som ething the m ajority of Englishm en w ould find frustrating; even m ost Catholics had preferred the “English Catholicism ” of Henry VIII. W hen Parliam ent m et in January 1559 bills of suprem acy and uniform ity w ere introduced: both w ere com - prehensively w recked by the Lords. This is totally opposed to the old view that the trouble cam e from a strong puritan section. Elizabeth organised a conference in April as a result of which som e catholic bishops w ithdrew from the Lords and two others w ere arrested. W ith the assertion of Elizabeth’s authority and the peace of Cateau Cam bresis in April things were calm er and a greater spirit of com prom ise existed. Both bills, som ew hat altered, w ere reintroduced in April. The Act of Suprem acy now called the Queen “Suprem e Governor of the Church of England in things ecclesiastical as well as tem poral”. This sounded less strident than Henry’s THE ELIZABETHAN RELIGIOUS SETTLEM ENT THE ELIZABETHAN RELIGIOUS SETTLEM ENT THE ELIZABETHAN RELIGIOUS SETTLEM ENT THE ELIZABETHAN RELIGIOUS SETTLEM ENT THE ELIZABETHAN RELIGIOUS SETTLEM ENT THE ELIZABETHAN RELIGIOUS SETTLEM ENT THE ELIZABETHAN RELIGIOUS SETTLEM ENT THE ELIZABETHAN RELIGIOUS SETTLEM ENT THE ELIZABETHAN RELIGIOUS SETTLEM ENT THE ELIZABETHAN ‘IDEAS and IDEALS’ This is the fifth of a series of articles describing form ative m ovem ents and ideas in the history of the church. These were the crises of thought and conviction which brought us to w here we are. THE ELIZABETHAN R E L I G I O U S S E T T L E M E N T W inter 2002/3 11 refused to endorse his actions. Edm und Grindal, a know n reform er, appointed in 1575, refused to clam p dow n on Puritan preaching and w as suspended until his death in 1583 when John W hitgift, determ ined to resist puritan advance, was consecrated. Behind W hitgift's organised Church lay the intellectual rigour of Richard H ooker's ‘Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity’. Hooker, incum - bent of Bishopsbourne near C a n t e r b u r y, produced his first volum es in 1593. Once seen by historians as a purely anti-puritan text it is now view ed as the sem inal statem ent of Anglicanism . Hooker stressed that historically the Church of England was a body w hose origins could be traced back to the early church of the New Testam ent. H e gave the church position, tradition and authority. The 'judicious Hooker' described an Anglicanism which could be supported by m ost of its critics w ithout qualm s. U nfortunately religious zeal often ran counter to com m on sense. The Royal Suprem acy, the Prayer Book and the 39 Articles together becam e the foundation of the Anglican Church and, backed by H ooker's tolerance, offered a settled Elizabethan church. M uch of w hat had been achieved had been piecem eal and at the queen's behest but by her death there w as a recognisable Church of England. The com prom ise, achieved w ith such difficulty in the sixteenth century, is com ing under fresh tension in the twenty first. Does post-Christian w orld opinion m ake a royal suprem acy interpreted on Parliam ent's term s an anachronism ? Pat M ortlock Books you m ay wish to consult: Elizabeth I: Religion and Fo r e i g n Affairs, John W arren The Sixteenth Century Reform ation, Geoffrey W oodward 2001 Religion and the Decline of M agic, Keith Thom as 1971 Early M odern Kent, ed. M ichael Zell 2000 A Chronicle of Kent 1250-1760, R.M . Film er 1971 Som e m uch older books e.g. England under the Tudors, G. Elton 1955, show interesting changes in the historiography of this period. som e lesser country gentry, w hile other radical Edw ardian clergy, including John Bale, were restored to their livings in the Canterbury diocese. Even later there was no uniform ity of aim : of 29 clerics reported to hold puritan view s in Parker's 1569 visitation 21 had conform ed by 1573. Even m ost of the 'non conform ists' had little of the fire brand m entality. M aster Richard Fletcher of Cranbrook w as reported for not w earing a surplice and for not using com m union wafers! It seem s that m ost puritanism in the county was m oderate and could, with som e com m on sense, be absorbed into the settlem ent. H ow ever, during the early 1570s Archbishop Parker w as convinced there w as a threat and Edw ard Dering, Rector of Pluckley, lost his licence to preach having let the Queen know his view s on the existing clergy, ‘The present incum bents are often ruffians, haw kers... and carders. They are blind guides.’ Five years later John Strow t got into trouble for his preaching at Yalding. Local support petitioned Archbishop Grindal to allow Strow t to resum e preaching. This at least proves the existence of educated puritan laity since eight of the supporters w ere county m agistrates. There is, though, little evidence in Kent of w idespread 'godly protestantism '. Nationally after 1580 divisions am ong the sects increased and som e 'separatists', unable to face a church w ith an episcopate, fled abroad. The other opposition w ing, of Rom an Catholics, grew gradually. After Elizabeth's excom m unication in 1570 Catholics w ere seen as traitors and subversives. This increased antipathy started in 1568 when M ary, Queen of Scots, fled to England and becam e a figurehead for Catholic plots. By 1574 the first catholic m issionary priests from Douai began arriving in England. The m ost fam ous was Edm und Cam pion w ho so im pressed Elizabeth thar she offered him a senior post in the Church of England if he would return to it. His refusal gained him the death penalty and in 1581 fines for recusancy w ere raised to £20 per m onth. In Kent m ost anti catholic opinion involved accusations of w itchcraft: m ore educated support w as lim ited to a few m inor gentry. Throughout the argum ent and dissension Elizabeth's suprem acy w as exercised through her chosen Archbishops of Canterbury, w ho did not always receive the backing that they felt w as their due. The Queen always played events in herinterests. W hen M atthew Parker (on Elizabeth's orders) tried to solve the vestiarian controversy by issuing his Ad v e r t i s m e n t s in 1566, the Q ueen How m any of these orders w ere im m ediately obeyed is questionable. There had been so m uch change in the previous 12 years that the average Kentish parish m ay w ell have w aited to see how things w ere going before involving itself in m ore expense. Hawkhurst sold its altar stones in 1560 and other Churchw ardens accounts show m oney spent on dism antling catholic furniture. At Sm arden the parish 'received of Thom as Norton, for part of the roodloft, 20s'. M ost parishes pulled their roods dow n com pletely; the only two rem aining vaulted screens in the county w ere at Shoreham and Lullingstone. There are few entries for the purchase of a new com m union table but in Bethersden the accounts for 1560/1 show , 'to Richard W hattle for the com m unyn tabylle 3/2d'. Changes m ust, how ever, have gone ahead for W illiam Harrison in his Description of England in 1577 says, 'all im ages, shrines and m onum ents of idolaterie are taken dow n and defaced, only the stories in glass window s excepted'. In 1563 Convocation published 38 Articles reaffirm ing the Settlem ent though there w as no m ention of the eucharist. However, when parliam ent confirm ed these in 1571 this w as rem edied and the 39 Articles becam e the basis of the Anglican Church. M uch of the credit for the widespread acceptance of such doctrines m ust go to Elizabeth herself and her episcopate. There was never any doubt that the Settlem ent w as one approved by the Queen herself. In m ost other protestant countries decisions w ere taken by a synod; in England the episcopacy w as part of a chain of royal com m and. Elizabeth's ability to select the right episcopate w as clearly vital since problem s were never far aw ay. It w as clear that the im posed via m ediahad its critics. The m ain thrust cam e from the puritans w ith their conviction that an individual response of faith to Christ w as the w ay to salvation. At first m any of them w ere returned M arian exiles, full of European ideas and burning with zeal to im plem ent them . Their very enthusiasm was the key to their lack of real success, in that they w ere never a united, organised entity w ith com - m on aim s. Com ing hom e from Geneva, Frankfurt and Strasburg their doctrines and priorities varied. Half a century ago historians saw the puritan challenge as a radical and threatening alternative to the Elizabethan settlem ent but recent local research in several areas has show n a widely disparate group of opinions. 35 M arian exiles returned to Kent betw een 1558 and 1559 all with very different backgrounds and agendas. Som e like Edward Boys w ere county m agnates, THE ELIZABETHAN RELIGIOUS SETTLEM ENT THE ELIZABETHAN RELIGIOUS SETTLEM ENT THE ELIZABETHAN RELIGIOUS SETTLEM ENT THE ELIZABETHAN RELIGIOUS SETTLEM ENT THE ELIZABETHAN RELIGIOUS SETTLEM ENT THE ELIZABETHAN RELIGIOUS SETTLEM ENT THE ELIZABETHAN RELIGIOUS SETTLEM ENT THE ELIZABETHAN RELIGIOUS SETTLEM ENT THE ELIZABETHAN RELIGIOUS SETTLEM ENT THE ELIZABETHAN that at least one V1 bom b did land in an adjacent field and arm y m anoeuvres in the area m ay not have helped m atters. The tow er and west wall of the south aisle along w ith a m ortuary chapel (originally a south porch) are the best preserved parts of the structure. The tow er and south aisle are usually regarded as being of fifteenth century date. The south aisle is one of those rare occurrences of chalk being used as a building stone not only in the inner face of the walls but also in the outer face. Since (at least) the early part of the twentieth century this w all seem s not to have had a m ortar render to protect it from frost dam age. The inner wall face, perhaps m ade from a softer chalk, is beginning to suffer from frost and w ater dam age m ore than the outer. W ithin the fabric of the inner face of the west wall of the nave and a short surviving length of the north wall dark brow n sandstone (‘ironstone’) blocks are very noticeable at the north-w est corner. The sam e type of stone can be seen in the inner south-east corner of the chancel and the external north-east corner at ground level. The surviving portion of the north wall of the nave is m ade from un-knapped field flints separated by w ide m ortar joints. Som e of the flint courses on the inner w all face are laid at a slant. There is also perhaps just a hint of so called herringbone w ork w ithin som e of the coursing. All of these points taken together are probably enough to give a tw elfth century (perhaps m id-twelfth) date to the earliest visible structure. That there is an earlier building than the fifteenth century tow er there is certainly no doubt. Any inform ation about the church or any illustrations w ould be gratefully received by the present writer (c/o Canterbury Archaeological Trust, 92a Broad Street, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 2LU). Full acknow ledgem ent w ould of course be given in any future article. Alan W ard his is the first in a hoped for short series of articles - on church archaeology. The publication of a photograph (taken by the Editor of this m agazine) of the ruined church of St M ary’s, Eastwell, near Ashford in the last Newsletter at last shook the present writer into beginning a project that the ow ners of the land had given perm ission for back in 1999. The Friends of Friendless Churches have looked after this ‘rom antic’ ruin for m any years and w ith their perm ission and the backing of the Kent Archaeological Society a draw ing survey w as finally undertaken in Septem ber of this year. M y thanks go to the sm all group of volunteers, nearly all of w hom w ere ex-adult education students of the present writer, for undertaking the survey work. This short article is m erely a W inter 2002/3 12 CH URCH ARCHAEOLOGY CH URCH ARCHAEOLOGY CH URCH ARCHAEOLOGY CH URCH ARCHAEOLOGY CH URCH ARCHAEOLOGY CH URCH ARCHAEOLOGY CH URCH ARCHAEOLOGY CH URCH ARCHAEOLOGY CH URCH ARCHAEOLOGY CH URCH ARCHAEOLOGY CH URCH ARCHAEOLOGY CH URCH ARCHAEOLOGY CH URCH ARCHAEOLOGY CH URCH ARCHAEOLOGY CH URCH ARCHAEOLOGY CH URCH ARCHAEOLOGY CH URCH ARCHAEOLOGY CH URCH ARCHAEOLOGY CH URCH ARCHAEOLOGY CH URCH ARCHAEOLOGY CHURCH ARCHAEOLOGY 1 St M ary’s Church, Eastwell prelim inary note on the project and its m ain purpose is to publish an interim plan of the church. No doubt changes w ill be m ade prior to final publication. Elevation draw ings and recording of all the grave m arkers was also undertaken. Study of secondary docum entary sources is still being undertaken. Unfortunately no church at Eastwell is m entioned in Dom esday Book (1086) although of course this does not m ean such a structure was not present. During the project two distinct m edieval structural phases were identified and no doubt if the church had been surveyed prior to its sudden collapse in 1951 m ore architectural detail would have been recorded thereby m aking dating of the earliest visible phase easier. The m ost convincing reason so far encountered for the collapse of the structure is that the creation of the adjacent post-m edieval ornam ental lake gradually led to the stone, especially the chalk, within the building soaking up water and thereby being w e a kened. Eventually a failure within the chancel arch led to the collapse of the roof. The tradition that this building w as hit by a Second W orld W ar flying bom b has been transferred from the equally fascinating ruined Little Chart Church a few m iles to the southwest. Having stated that, it is know n anterbury Archaeological Trust is currently carrying out a series of m ajor excavations w hich together occupy around 10% of the historic city. The Canterbury W hitefriars project began in 2000 and will finish in 2004. W ith com pletion of the third m ajor phase in August 2002 w e now have a year’s break and this seem s a suitable tim e to relate how a public hungry for all things archaeological w as invited to experience the discovery of Canterbury’s heritage - as it happened. The Trust realised that excavation on this scale w as unlikely to occur in the city again and that W hitefriars represented the best opportunity it had ever had to provide good public access to our work. So it was that in the spring of 2001 TH E BIG DIG Visitor Centre opened at the first m ajor site at St George’s Street and becam e the public face of the W hitefriars project. The three consecutive BIG DIG project m anagers, Helen Evans, Helen Pa r ke r, Jo Hall and their assistants are all to be com m ended for its success, and the venture really would not have been possible without the com m itted team of 40 volunteers. Betw een M arch 2001 and August 2002 TH E BIG DIG centre attracted 1000’s of visitors, m oving from site to site, tracking the digging. Daily access w as supplem ented by ‘Special Events’ program m es w hich included: ‘M eet the Specialists’, re-enactm ent groups, lectures, craft days w ith Canterbury Young Archaeologist Club, environm ental w orkshops, A n g l o - S a xon w eaving, m aking lanterns from anim al horn, National Archaeology w eek- e n d , The Little Dig (below ) and flint knapping w ith Tim e Team ’s Phil Harding. Special interest groups M any different groups took the opportunity to see the live archaeology. Am ong these w ere school children. M y chief responsibility as Education O fficer lies w ith the county’s schools and I becam e personally involved for the sum m er 2002 phase. A few of TH E BIG DIG stew ards w ere ex-school teachers and w e arranged briefing sessions for those w ho had a rapport w ith young people but w ere not so fam iliar w ith the school curriculum . So with a little support, their enthusiasm and som e com m on sense the job was done. Very m any thanks to all of you who took part and kept cool w hen it got pretty hot! ‘Thank you for a BRAINSTORMING day!’ This is w hat one young visitor thought of THE BIG DIG. H e also said ‘It w as different to see lots of w om en digging’ – w ell noticed Sean. W inter 2002/3 13 BIG DIG LITTLE DIG BIG DIG LITTLE DIG BIG DIG LITTLE DIG BIG DIG LITTLE DIG BIG DIG LITTLE DIG BIG DIG LITTLE DIG BIG DIG LITTLE DIG BIG DIG LITTLE DIG BIG DIG LITTLE DIG BIG DIG LITTLE DIG BIG DIG LITTLE DIG BIG DIG LITTLE DIG BIG DIG LITTLE DIG BIG DIG LITTLE DIG BIG DIG LITTLE DIG BIG DIG LITTLE DIG BIG DIG LITTLE DIG BIG DIG LITTLE DIG B I G D I G little dig BIG DIG little dig BIG DIG little dig So what were we able to offer schools? W e saw this project as a stim ulating opportunity to support classroom teaching; in History for exam ple: * Looking at types of evidence (all Key Stages) * Studying the Rom ans or the Anglo-Saxons (K ey Stage 2) * A Local Area study (Key Stage 2) * Looking at M edieval Society (K ey Stage 3) * Teaching GCSE (Ke y Stage 4) or A Level Archaeology There w ere other applications, for exam ple in Geography and Citizenship. A typical visit included: * The aerial walkw ay. Children w ere fascinated by the different tasks going on. W e wanted our young visitors to use this opportunity to look at w hat w as happening (there w as so m uch!) and ask their questions. Af t e r som e experim entation w e found that a sim ple pictorial ‘jobs’ record sheet was a useful aid to focus young prim ary school pupils. Large colour photos of the spectacular discoveries brought the site to life! * The exhibition. There were finds from the site for children to identify and m ini-digs with finds hidden in gravel. Children could identify the period they cam e from , using a sim ple stratigraphy diagram . A range of finds from other excavations w ere housed in cases. W all displays illustrated the history of the area and the varied work of the archaeologist and a plasm a screen presentation show ed the latest discoveries. * A sm all shop. Here there were sm all souvenirs for the pupils and resources for the teachers. THE BIG DIG Resource Pack (available on-line) Teachers w ere given a free BIG DIG pack including background m aterial and ways to incorporate a visit into teaching plans. Even without a site available, m any elem ents of the pack provide a valuable classroom resource for History, Geography and Citizenship program m es. Jonathan Barnes, W illiam Stow e and Stephen Scoffham of the Faculty of Education at Canterbury Christ Church University College w rote the content and production of the Continued on page 14 ‘M edieval parchm ent with script – a rare survival’ Dear Editor I write in response to the Reverend Stephen Taylor’s query about Fylfot Crosses in the last Newsletter. I refer to the M anx Note Book, edited by A W M oore, published in 1885 in Douglas. The article, com m encing on page 14, ‘A Few W ords on the Fylfot’ by Llew ellynn Jew itt, notes that the fylfot Dear Editor In reply to Revd Stephen Taylor’s query. There is one single m ason’s m ark of a fylfot on the rem ains of the 12C Knights Tem plar’s church situated on the W estern Heights at Dover. Yours sincerely Ben Stocker (H on.Chairm an DAG) W inter 2002/3 14 Why did they come? Teachers are recognising the role that Archaeology plays when investigating the past and reasons for com ing included work on: local history, Rom an lifestyle, Anglo-Saxon lifestyle, the city of Canterbury, Tudor tim es, m edieval tow ns, U nderground, the Ancient Greeks, the Indus Valley and A Level History. For m any of them , answ ering the question ‘How do we know ?’ was in the forefront of their thinking – and if the levels we were digging on the day coincided w ith their area of study, then so m uch the better! Our involvem ent with a Citizenship project during the St George’s Street phase w as an interesting deviation from the norm . The Citizenship approach During the 2000/2001 school y e a r, English H eritage Education ran an innovative pilot project designed to help m eet the requirem ents of Citizenship Education in the National Curriculum (Heritage Learning, spring 2002). It w as LETTERSTO THE EDITOR W IN TER 2002/3 pack w as funded by the K e n t Archaeological Society w h o s e m em bers have consistently supported the Trust’s education w ork over a num ber of years. Who came? M ost were prim ary school groups. One brought all its children, from 4 to 11 year olds – m ercifully not all at once… W e also had secondary schools and som e special schools, for students with learning difficulties. Where did they come from? M ost cam e from K ent schools; Ashford, Hersden, Fo l k s t o n e , D o v e r, Gillingham , Broadstairs, Sheerness, M onkton, M argate, W hitstable and the Canterbury area. M any of the non-Canterbury teachers had planned the visit to include other local sites and the Dane John public gardens nearby were a perfect spot for lunch break in fine weather. called ‘Citizenship and the historic environm ent’ and 5 Canterbury schools took part for EH South East Region. The Canterbury project focused on the issues surrounding the redevelopm ent schem e at W hitefriars. This of course includes the archaeology and EH gave us the opportunity to participate. It was a stim ulating exercise as children w ere encouraged to interrogate the whole process of archaeological excavation. SCHOOL’S OUT FOR SUMMER! Sum m er term 2002 and visits continued right up to the end. There were two w eeks left until the closure of THE BIG DIG centre and there was a further treat in store. The Little Dig The idea of The Little Dig w as brought to Canterbury by Jo Hall, TH E BIG DIG project m anager, sum - m er 2002. Jo had participated in this fam ily activity at the M useum of London w here it originated last sum m er and it had been very popucan be found “… on the brass of Thom as de H op (circa 1300) a priest, in Kem sing Church.” I hope this will be of interest and prove to be correct after such a passage of tim e. Yours sincerely Anne Brew, Cranbrook LETTERS TO THE EDITOR LETTERS TO THE EDITOR LETTERS TO THE EDITOR LETTERS TO THE EDITOR LETTERS TO THE EDITOR LETTERS TO THE EDITOR LETTERS TO THE EDITOR LETTERS TO THE EDITOR BIG DIG LITTLE DIG BIG DIG LITTLE DIG BIG DIG LITTLE DIG BIG DID LITTLE DIG BIG DIG LITTLE DIG continued from page 13 DO YOU RECOGNISE TH ISSPOT? This idyllic scene is one of m any im ages held in the KASlibrary collection which have no provenance. Do you recognise the church or the houses ? If you do know the location of either please contact the editor at 55 Stone Street, Tunbridge W ells, Kent TN1 2QU way to end the latest phase of the Canterbury W hitefriars excavations. M arion Green Education Officer Canterbury Archaeological Trust For m ore about TH E BIG DIG, the W hitefriars excavations and Citizenship, visit www.canterburytrust. co.uk his year the Society will follow the five-day pattern for our Sum m er Excursion that w e tried w ith great success last year, leaving a valuable sum - m er w eekend free. M em bers and friends w ho have not joined us on previous holidays w ill be w arm ly welcom ed on this 5 day tour. As usual, our coach w ill have 4 pick-up points in Kent and w ill provide our transport throughout the holiday. Our base is The Chase Hotel, Ross-on-W ye, a Georgian building set in 11 acres of grounds and landscaped TIN TERN ABBEY, beautifully situated further dow n the W ye Valley. KILPECK, a unique twelfth century parish church (cf Barfrestone), w ith exc e p t i o n a l l y fine carvings. B E R R I N GT O N H ALL, a Henry Holland great house. Can all this be accom plished in 5 days? W e will try! Total cost £268 per person, half board (including som e entrance fees and gratuities). M odest single room supplem ent. Please contact Joy Saynor, E xcursions Secretary, Friars, S h o r e h a m , S e v e n o a k s TN 14 7TD or tel: 01959 522713 for further details or a booking form . gardens and r e t a i n i n g m any of its o r i g i n a l G e o r g i a n f e a t u r e s . All 36 room s have e n - s u i t e facilities. The historic m arket tow n of Ross overlooks a w ide sw eep of the River W ye with local w alks and a H eritage Trail to explore. The w hole area has been described as ‘the blood-soaked seam of England and W ales’, close to the border and Offa’s Dyke. Am ong other sites w e hope to visit: The 2 border castles of GOODRICH and CHEPSTOW . H E R E F O R D C AT H E D R A L, including the fam ous M APPA M UNDI. S e v e r a l Cistercian foundations, including ABBEY DORE and W inter 2002/3 15 W YE VALLEY & KILVERT COUNTRY EXCURSION W YE VALLEY & KILVERT COUNTRY EXCURSION W YE VALLEY & KILVERT COUNTRY EXCURSION W YE VALLEY & KILVERT COUNTRY EXCURSION W YE VALLEY & KILVERT COUNTRY EXCURSION BIG DIG LITTLE DIG BIG DIG LITTLE DIG BIG DIG LITTLE DIG BIG DIG LITTLE DIG BIG DIG LITTLE DIG BIG DIG LITTLE DIG BIG DIG LITTLE DIG SUM M ER EXCURSION W YE VALLEY & KILVER T COUN TRY JUN E 16-20 2003 The beautiful ruins of Tintern Abbey One of Kilpeck’s finely carved doorways. The Chase Hotel. Ross overlooks a beautiful sweep of the River W ye. l a r. Four trenches w ere quickly built, each with a replica set of walls and m osaic floor. Genuine finds, play sand to bury them , a reference collection and equipm ent for ‘excavating’ and recording com pleted the kit. W ith guidance, groups of m iniarchaeologists tackled each trench, identifying and interpreting their discoveries. The Little Dig w as a great success and all the m ore appealing as it took place at the excavation site, set against a backdrop of the real thing. W ell done Jo – a fun ‘Rom an inhum ations, a surprise discovery’ Above: ‘W hitefriars, Gravel W alk site (aerial walkway to left) Below: ‘A nest of m edieval jugs’ Keith Parf i t t W inter 2002/3 16 withy rope. He had read about the Bronze Age Ferriby boat being sew n together with twisted fibre w hen he w as at college, “I couldn’t visualize it – it sounded doubtful… ” but realisation hit as to w hat he m ight have found. The w orkm en w ere told, a dash w as m ade to fetch the senior engineer to the site and all gathered to look. The w hole A20 project was 19 w eeks behind schedule at this point; the tow n w as w orking around it, Victorian buildings were shifting uneasily and gas m ains needed m oving. It is to their credit that Keith stresses the cooperation of the contractors – M ott M acdonald and Norw est Holst; he w as given the rest of the day to explore the shaft. By 3.30 pm a copy of the Ferriby Boat report (Proc. Prehist. Soc.) was brought to the site. K eith stood in the hole, turning the pages. As he m entally ticked off, one by one, com parative features, the sim ilarity was obvious – this w as definitely a boat, and prehistoric too, since M artin Bates had now confirm ed the age of the sedim ents. All this tim e Barry had been quietly exposing further rem ains, “like w et digestive biscuit with the odd crunchy bit.” By m idday next the M inistry of Transport had been inform ed, tim e had been granted and penalty clauses for tardiness on behalf of the contractors had been squared. “If ever there w as a place notto find a Bronze Age boat of international significance, that was it”. M any agencies sw ung into action to help – English Heritage, Dover District Council, Dover H arbour Board and the contractor’s PR departm ent. Tw o days after the discovery the m edia descended, som ething of a hindrance to Keith and his team spending 13 hours each day in a cold, wet, 7 m etre-deep hole with no tim e to answ er questions. He describes the dig as a series of sharp intakes of breath – exciting, but with m any experts hovering. BACK PAGE PEOPLE BACK PAGE PEOPLE BACK PAGE PEOPLE BACK PAGE PEOPLE BACK PAGE PEOPLE BACK PAGE PEOPLE BACK PAGE PEOPLE BACK PAGE PEOPLE BACK PAGE PEOPLE BACK PAGE PEOPLE BACK PAGE PEOPLE BACK PAGE PEOPLE BACK PAGE PEOPLE BACK PAGE PEOPLE BACK PAGE PEOPLE en years have passed since the discovery and excavation of the Dover Bronze Age Boat. The conservation process and construction of its aw ard-w inning gallery were lengthy – in total contrast to the allow ed tim e-scale of recovery. Keith Parfitt w as faced w ith the m onum ental task of retrieval; it seem s fitting that an archaeologist born and bred in Dover should have done so. He talked to m e about the excavation and a career which led to being in the right place at an opportune tim e. Keith’s interest in the past had crystallized into vocational zeal by the tim e he left Tem ple Ew ell prim ary school; he recalls learning about ‘pit dw ellings’ in the Iron Age (“holes with pointy roofs – how interpretations have changed!”) and m odelling “our ow n cave, w ith people and a fire” for a ‘cave m en’ project. The num erous archaeology books and clubs for children of today did not exist in the 60’s – Keith found it difficult to find contacts to further his interest. However, with supportive parents and an A level in Ancient History am ongst others, he w ent on to read Archaeology at Cardiff from 1975-78. Volunteering during vacations with KARU at the excavations of the Classis Britannica fort and Rom an Painted H ouse in Dover led to full tim e work with the Unit from 1978 until 1990, w hen Keith joined Canterbury Archaeological Trust. A Dover sub-office of CAT was subsequently form ed as a direct result of the A20 project and Keith, Barry Corke and Barry’s wife, Ingrid, now fit snugly into their seafront offices. The team spend roughly half their tim e out on site, w eather dependent, “the blokes upstairs use us as a weather vane - if we’re going out they know it’s going to rain.” N o archaeological im plications report had been prepared in advance of the A20 project, so Keith and his team were literally follow ing the contractors around at the eleventh hour as w ork progressed. They looked at som e 20 sites, from 20th century pillboxes to Ice Age sedim ents. Part of the project required the construction of an underpass at Bench Street off the M arket Square. A deep shaft here, sunk for the installation of a w ater pum ping unit, cut dow n through sedim ents infilling the old harbour estuary; Dr M artin Bates was keen to collect som e low level sedim ent and was escorted dow n by K eith during the w orkm en’s lunch break. At a loose end, Keith poked around in the m ud - and found som e w ood. W hat he had found was ‘D’ shaped, which at first sight looked “like a door handle” but is now know n to be one of the cleats of the Dover Boat. Frantic clearing back over the next 3/4 hour led to Keith discovering m ore w ood and a twisted yew EDITOR :LYN PALM ER 55 Stone Street, Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN1 2QU Telephone: 01892 533661 Mobile: 07810 340831 Email evelyn.palmer@virgin.net or newsletter@kentarchaeology.org.uk The boat’s m id-section w as brought out after 6 days – it took another 8 days to retrieve the southern end, in total 32 pieces. The northern end w as never excavated – if existing still, it is under the m edieval tow n wall, with Rom an harbour w all tim bers above it (“after all, the Rom an engineers m ay have rem oved it – anyw ay, any longer and it w ouldn’t fit in the new display gallery”) and probably lies buried beneath the concrete floor of the underpass. Aside from this singular excavation, Keith recalls other m em orable sites, such as the Buckland Anglo-Saxon cem etery of som e 250 graves w hich he is currently writing up, and the fisherm en’s com m unity of 1150-1300 at Townwall Street, Dover excavated in 1996. This last he interprets as the sim ple hom es of the M en of the Cinque Ports, ordinary m en who provided ships crew s as service to their king - but a law unto them selves. He will continue work at Ringlem ere, w here the Gold Cup was recently found and w here the BBC have offered funding in the hope of further excitem ent; “as long as I get m y hole they can m ake of it what they like… ” His enthusiasm does not extend, how - ever, to som e of the due processes within his subject; “w e w rite endless reports on what we m ightfind – and why we shouldn’t dig there to preserve it.” W eekends see Keith involved w ith the voluntary Dover Archaeological Group, “at least wecan pick and choose the interesting stuff!” Som e w ould say that Keith has had his fair share of ‘interesting stuff’ – discovering and lifting a 3,500 year-old boat has to rate fairly highly. W hatever com es his w ay next, I’m sure the w ry sense of hum our evident throughout our interview will m ake for a witty evaluation! The Editor Copy deadline for the next issue in April is M onday M arch 3rd. The editor wishes to draw attention to the fact that neither she nor the Council of the KAS are answerable for opinions which contributors m ay express in their signed articles; each author is alone responsible for the contents and substance of their work. Keith Parfitt in the M arket Square underpass, probabably standing over the boat’s northern end. Published by the Kent Archaeological Society, The M useum , St Faith’s Street, M aidstone, Kent. M E 14 1LH www.kentarchaeology.org.uk Field Officer, Canterbury Archaeological Trust; KAS Field Work Committee member; (New Director of KAS Minster villa excavation)