KAS Newsletter, Issue 60, Spring 2004

Issue number 60 Spring 2004 www.kentarchaeology.org.uk tle care for their positioning: one was buried face down, another with its limbs tucked under the body. Of probable fourth century date, yet buried within the town walls, their nature and location appears to show scant disregard for the normal Roman burial practices. Representing the Anglo-Saxon period would be the intact lengths of cobbled roads, possibly the earliest evidence for the origin of Canterbury’s street plan, as well as the many sunken-floored structures which were located across the development area. Interestingly, these were nearly always located along or adjacent to the lengths of former Roman roads, suggesting some form of continuity for these early routes. Another Anglo-Saxon feature of note, probably of tenth century date, was a cellared structure which, after abandonment, had been partly backfilled and etween November 1999 and December 2003, the Whitefriars area of Canterbury was the scene of the largest series of excavations ever undertaken within the city. Working behind the demolition contractors, and ahead of the construction teams, Canterbury Archaeological Trust was involved in a rolling programme of work investigating some 5% of the area contained within the city walls. Three major open-area excavations were undertaken, at times employing up to 65 archaeological excavators, together with numerous finds and support staff. In addition, the project was interspersed by a series of smaller site investigations and an almost continual watching brief presence. Looking back over the four years of site work, it is not difficult to pick out some of the many highlights. The Roman town houses, with their evidence of under-floor heating systems (see overleaf), floors with mosaic panels, and fine painted walls, would rank highly. These were probably the residences of the towns elite and probably dated to the third century AD. Another feature would have to be the wall turret, abutted against the line of the Roman town wall, erected in AD 270-90 as part of the settlement’s defences. Still standing some 1.50m high, it was a totally unexpected discovery. Perhaps the most intriguing Roman discovery, however, was the line of eight articulated bodies buried unceremoniously within a shallow ditch. The bodies had been placed in the ditch at different times, since some were intercutting, with apparently lit- Spring 2004 1 the body of a young woman lain centrally within it. This is one of the many instances where archaeology can only tell part of the story: was this the burial of the occupant? We shall never know. The most dominant medieval structure was the Austin friary, later called Whitefriars and so giving its name to this area of Canterbury. Documentary evidence indicates that the establishment, founded in 1324, finally covered an area of 1.5 acres, and a large part of this area was uncovered during the course of the Whitefriars project. Revealed were parts of the church, main cloister, possible infirmary cloister and significant elements of the southern range which included the kitchens, refectory, dormitory and the latrine. The latter (see above) was quite spectacular, being formed from a Inside 2-3 X-ray unit finds Library Notes 4-5 Piltdown memories Grants & new books 6-7 Lectures, Courses, Conferences & Events 8-9 Notice Board 10-11 ‘Ideas & Ideals’ The Tractarians 12-13 Mystery objects Victorian recycling A call to arms 14-15 Letters to the Editor Kent Records Crundale late bronze age hoard 16 Shiela Broomfield news l e t e r K E N T A RC H A E O LO G I C A L S O C I E T Y W H I T E F R I A R S H I G H L I G H T S Cleaning the subterranean vaulted latrine. continued on page 2 Your AGM information (and Annual Report) is inside - we hope to see you there! Spring 2004 2 X-RAY UNIT PROBES BIG DIG FINDS X-RAY UNIT PROBES BIG DIG FINDS X-RAY UNIT PROBES BIG DIG FINDS X-RAY UNIT PROBES BIG DIG FINDS X-RAY UNIT PROBES BIG DIG FINDS X-RAY UNIT PROBES BIG DIG FINDS X-RAY UNIT PROBES BIG DIG FINDS X-RAY UNIT PROBES BIG DIG FINDS X-RAY UNIT PROBES BIG DIG FINDS X-RAY UNIT PROBES BIG DIG FINDS X-RAY UNIT PROBES BIG DIG FINDS the most wonderful sequence of cess deposits. These will undoubtedly shed light on the diet and health of the friars. Alongside the archaeological work was an ambitious programme of public involvement, principally taking the form of a ‘Big Dig’ visitor centre. This public involvement initiative enabled people to view the excavations in progress from an aerial walkway, where volunteer stewards were on hand to explain what was happening. Alongside was a visitor centre displaying some of the finds, together with information boards explaining previous and ongoing work. The visitor centre attracted many people during the course of the project, perhaps the most rewarding groups being the school parties, many of whom will have left with a far greater understanding of Canterbury’s archaeology than they had before. With completion of the exc a v a t i o n work just before Christmas last year, a programme of post-excavation analysis is now in full swing. With thousands upon thousands of artefacts to process and analyse, paper records and plans to examine and photographs to study, this is no mean task, and it is not projected to finish until summer 2007. However, when complete, the resulting publications on the Whitefriars area of Canterbury will undoubtedly rewrite the history of this important city. Alison Hicks Whitefriars Project Co-Director vaulted structure, set down into the ground to a height of some 5.50m, and containing continued from page 1 continue to save money for the Trust for years to come.” The major advantage of X-ray assessment is that the technique is entirely non-destructive. It is also ‘instant’, revealing the original form of a metal object and any fine detail, such as decoration. One recent example is a disc, with a 5 cm diameter and 1 cm thick, found during the Whitefriars excavations. This copper alloy disc bears an heraldic design in relief (possibly part-enamelled). * Membership of the Friends of the Canterbury Archaeological Trust has been increasing over the past six months. More members are needed, however, to support Canterbury’s professional archaeologists in important tasks, including the processing of the Whitefriars finds. Contact Canterbury Archaeological Tr u s t (on 01227 462062), or complete the form enclosed with this issue, to become a member of the Friends network. Archaeological X-ray Unit, deepening his understanding of the latest X-ray techniques for non-intrusive assessment of metal objects. Adrian Murphy says: “The Bradford course was very valuable, especially the part of the programme concerned with digitising and enhancing images. This training came at just the right time as we are now very busy with objects from Whitefriars, which range from iron knives, household and architectural fittings, to bronze mounts, coins (for identification) and rather delicate cosmetic items such as tweezers and ear scoops. We have two main tasks. The first is to examine objects and identify those which require assessment and conservation by specialists. Here, it is important to set priorities as funds for conservation are limited. Secondly, we are available to provide instant support for experts who may require X-ray photography of particular artefacts. Thanks to the Friends’ successful fund-raising, we no longer need to despatch these objects around the country for X-ray analysis. We have the equipment at our Canterbury headquarters. It is available at all times and is likely to anterbury Archaeological Trust’s compact Faxitron X-ray analysis unit is working overtime helping to assess thousands of metal artefacts from the Whitefriars series of excavations. The X-ray equipment was purchased last year following a £6,000 donation from the Friends of the Canterbury Archaeological Tr u s t . This was followed last November by a second donation to fund training for Trust Conservation Assistant Adrian Murphy. He spent two days at Bradford University’s CANTERBURY’S X-RAY UNIT PROBES BIG DIG FINDS The 5cm diameter disc and its ‘instant’ X-ray showing the heraldic design. Adrian Murphy examines some of the recent X-rays of objects found in Whitefriars. Tim Tatton-Brown has donated to the library a copy of his excellent book on Lambeth Palace. Should readers wish to acquire a copy for themselves at reduced price, they should apply to Tim; tel.01722 334929. Mrs. Mary Butcher has kindly donated a selection of books on Kent History and Archaeology from the Library of her late husband, John B u t c h e r, who was a valued member of KAS for over 30 years, and was a volunteer in the library, working on the indexing of visual records. The books are now being added to our index, and a list of them will appear in the next Newsletter. Soldiers of the Castle; Dover Castle Garrisoned. By G. M. Atherton. An account of the garrisoning of Dover Castle through the centuries. A beautifully researched and important contribution to Kentish military history. 0-953478-3-1. Dover Tr i a n g l e publications. A New History of Wye. The Heritage of a Kent Vi l l a g e . Illus., maps, tables. Wy e Historical Society 2003. 0-954649907. Images of Wye 1900-1925. Illus. Wye Historical Society 1999. 187395321. A School at Bearsted. Illus. Tables. Kathryn Kersey 2003. 0- 954831-0-8. A record of the life of a village school, with many photographs and a detailed index, giving insights into the story of Bearsted in the wider context. Hastingleigh 1000-2000 AD. Brian Berry. Illus., Maps, Diagrs. Baltimore Gateway Press. An English, now American, academic has compiled an impressive account of the Village of which he now holds the title of Lord of the Manor. For the KAS History and Archaeology Show in the Maidstone Museum on 5 June, at which the work of over three dozen Kentish historical and archaeological societies, trusts and groups will be on show, the KAS Library in the Museum will be open to all visitors, and will contain displays of the work of KAS committees, including Library, Publications, Fieldwork and Education. Members of the committees will be on hand to explain and answer questions. Put this date in your diary now; anyone in the slightest interested in the history and archaeology of Kent and Kentish locations must not miss this unique occasion, organised by Denis Anstey for the KAS with the assistance and cooperation of Maidstone Museum. Work by volunteers in the Library proceeds with all deliberate speed. Posting of the index of the Gordon Ward collection of Kentish pamphlets, booklets and ephemera has now reached the letter ‘H’ and should be completed in the next few months. The indexing of the Hussey collection of files of genealogical and family history interest has so far dealt with about a quarter of the files. We still need someone to tackle cataloguing and assessing our brass rubbing collection – volunteers forward please! Surrey Archaeological Collections Vol. 90. 2003. Archaeologia Aeliana (Newcastle) Vol. XXXV. 2003. Antiquaries Journal Vol. 83. 2003. Nomina. Vol. 26. 2003. A School at Bearsted. Kathryn Kersey. 2003 Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History. Vol. XL. P.3. 2000 (2003). Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society. Vol.III . 3rd series (2003). Archaeologia Cambrensis. Vol. CXLIX. 2000 (2003). Post Medieval Archaeology. Vol. 37. P.2. 2003. Lincolnshire Historical and Archaeological Society. Vol. 2003. Continuity and Civilisation. Alan Everitt. Bequest of John Butcher. Bygone Kent. Vols. 24 Nos. 11 and 12 2003. Vol.25 Nos. 1 and 2. Archaeometry. Vol. 45. P.4. 2003. Materialheft zur Archaeologi. (Stuttgart). 2003. Durham Archaeological Journal. Vol.17. 2003. Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society. Vol. 77. 2003. English Place Names Society Journal. No. 35. 2002-2003. Cranbrook Journal. No.14. 2003. Oxoniensis. Vol. LXVI. 2001 (2003), and LXVII. 2002 (2003). Hastingleigh 2000. Brian J.L.Berry. ODAS Archives. Vol. 25 No.4. 2003. New History of Wye. Ed. Paul Burnham and Maureen de Saxe. 2003. Dr. John Wallis. (of Ashford.) Arthur Rudeman. Wadhurst Then and Now. Michael Harte. 2003. Britannia. Vol.XXXIV. 2003. Journal of Roman Studies. Vol. XCIV 2003. Images of Wye. 1900 to 1925. Arthur Gittings. Prehistoric Society Vol.69. 2003. Societe Jervaise Bulletin. 2001. Woolhope Club. (Herefordshire.) Vol. L. 2000. (2003). Lower Medway Archaeological Research Group Transactions. 2000. Schooldays at Wrotham. (Wrotham Historical Society.) Numismatic Chronicle. Vol. 163. 2003. Greater London Quarterly Review of Archaeology July-October 2003. Surrey Archaeological Collections Vol. 90. London and Middlesex Archaeological Society Vol. 53 2002 (2003). Sussex Archaeological Collections Vol. 140 (2002). Montgomeryshire Collections Vol. 91. Discovery and Excavation of Anglo-Saxon Dover. Brian Philp. Fornvannen 2003/4 parts 1-4. (Swedish Antiquaries.) Transactions of the Monumental Brass Society Vol.XVI p.5 2003. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland Vol. 131. Norfolk Archaeology Vol. XLIV p II 2003. Hampshire Studies Vol. 58 2003. Transactions of the Historical Society of Lancashire and Cheshire. Vol. 152. Hastingleigh 1000-2000 AD. Brian Berry. Spring 2004 3 L I B R A RY NOTES LIBRARY NOTES LIBRARY NOTES LIBRARY NOTES LIBRARY NOTES LIBRARY NOTES LIBRARY NOTES LIBRARY NOTES LIBRARY NOTES LIBRARY NOTES LIBRARY NOTES LIBRARY NOTES LIBRARY NOTES LIBRARY NOTES LIBRARY NOTES LIBRARY NOTES LIBRARY NOTES LIBRARY NOTES LIBRARY NOTES LIBRARY NOTES NEW ADDITIONS TO LIBRARY DONATIONS TO LIBRARY NOTES ON ACQUISITIONS Spring 2004 4 PILTDOWN RECOLLECTED PILTDOWN RECOLLECTED PILTDOWN RECOLLECTED PILTDOWN RECOLLECTED PILTDOWN RECOLLECTED PILTDOWN RECOLLECTED PILTDOWN RECOLLECTED PILTDOWN RECOLLECTED PILTDOWN RECOLLECTED PILTDOWN RECOLLECTED PILTDOWN RECOLLECTED PILTDOWN RECOLLECTED PILTDOWN RECOLLECTED PILTDOWN RECOLLECTED PILTDOWN RECOLLECTED PILTDOWN RECOLLECTED PRECOLLECTED PILTDOWN RECOLLECTED kull fragments and a jawbone found at the end of the first decade of the twentieth century were for long believed to be the oldest human remains in Europe. They were found by Charles Dawson, FSA, FGS, an Uckfield solicitor, also an active antiquary, and endorsed by his friend Arthur Smith-Woodward, a palaeontologist and Keeper of Geology at the British Museum (Natural History) from 1901 to 1924. Indeed, the association of humanoid cranial fragments with the jawbone, which had simian characteristics, convinced them, and others, that the long predicted ‘missing link’ between apes and man had been discovered. Half a century ago, in 1953, the pieces were shown to be the elements of an elaborate hoax. The thick cranial fragments, human but medieval, had been stained to match the patchy ocherous Piltdown gravel, a modest, recent deposit. The jaw was that of an orangutang which had been broken, the teeth flattened by filing and all finally painted. Digging into the gravels produced faunal remains, a substantial bone implement resembling a cricket bat besides flint artefacts, also painted. Further and similar human remains were subsequently, and allegedly, found at Sheffield Park and Barcombe Mills, but their contexts and sites were never revealed. The first decade of the twentieth century was the zenith of the ‘Ightham Circle’1 the enthusiasts who surrounded Benjamin Harrison2. Because of the eoliths they maintained that Pliocene man had existed and that eventually his remains would be found. For them Piltdown was a vision of a humanoid living upon the high chalk of Kent and Sussex, at the beginning, or even before, the Palaeolithic period. From 1911 onwards, Charles Dawson instigated a correspondence with Benjamin Harrison of Ightham regarding the geological position of Piltdown, while sending him samples of flint and gravel. During May 1913, while motoring in Kent, Charles Dawson called upon Harrison with a small Piltdown flint implement. Harrison already had doubts regarding the Piltdown ‘tools’, illustrated in the Geological Society’s journal, and thought most of them meaningless. Dawson’s small flint was considered as natural and the best group of eoliths were shown to him3. they could not retreat. This is surprising as it is unlikely that Kenneth Oakley would have made such a revelation to an informal gathering. More recently11 Chris Stringer of the BM (Nat Hist) considers that everything points to Charles Dawson as the author of the forgeries, because of his continued involvement which extended to other discoveries in the locality. Notwithstanding the question must be asked as to whether or not Dawson’s antiquarianism was capable of concocting this ingenious fraud, which was so closely attuned to the notions of the earliest prehistory then current? Indeed, it is not impossible that Dawson and Smith- Woodward may have been carefully selected dupes, and the sophisticated masterpiece of scientific deception, which stood for four decades, the adroit handiwork of persons unknown, perhaps even for arcane political reasons? At that time, as Europe drifted into near- mortal conflict, the earliest European was the Mauer jaw from near Heidelberg. What better than remains of even greater antiquity from Sussex, the earliest Englishman12. Paul Ashbee 1. Weiner 1955, 71-2 2. Harrison 1928 3. Harrison 1927, 303 4. Zeuner 1950, 300 5. Jessup 1930, 28 6. Oakley 1964, 340 7. Oakley 1964, SV 8. Weiner, Oakley & Le Gros Clark 1953, 141 9. Walsh 1996, 79 10.Sunday Times Magazine 26 Oct 03 11. British Archaeology 74, Jan 04 12. Woodward 1948 Piltdown, further reading; Harrison, Sir Edward 1928 Harrison of Ightham Oxford Zeuner, F K 1980 Dating the Past London Oakley, K P 1964 Frameworks for Dating Fossil Man London Jessup, R F 1930 The Archaeology of Kent London Weiner, J S, Oakley, K P & Le Gros Clark, W E 1953 The Solution of the Piltdown Problem, Bulletin of the British Museum (Nat Hist), Geology, 2, No.3 London Walsh, J E 1996 Unravelling Piltdown New York Weiner, J S 1955 The Piltdown Forgery Oxford Millar, R 1974 The Piltdown Men St Albans Woodward, A S 1947 The Earliest Englishman London Harrison’s concerns may have been written down and might still exist among his notes and papers, which were, in the 1950s, housed in Maidstone Museum. F. K. Zeuner4 considered the Ouse gravels as much later than had been previously claimed and wondered whether or not the anomalies of Piltdown would ever be solved. A prescient footnote however, records the application of fluorine assay to the Galley Hill skeleton5 w h i c h emerged as recent6. The advent of the Swanscombe skull7 led indirectly to the displacement of Piltdown. It was after a palaeontological congress during July 1953, that J.S.Weiner realised that the organic content of the Piltdown mandible had never been examined and showed that the filing down of the teeth of a chimpanzee, breaking, and appropriate staining, portrayed it almost exactly8. It was also realised by Kenneth Oakley, when he drilled the Piltdown jaw for a dentine sample, that it was, below a thin surface staining, pure white and unaltered. Thereafter it was ascertained that simian teeth had been flattened by filing to resemble human wear. The cranial fragments had also been stained to match the gravel, and later, radiocarbon d a t i n g9 showed that they were medieval. The faunal remains, which included a radioactive piece from Tunisia, had also been stained, as had the flint implements. The c r i c ket bat- l i ke bone ‘implement’ had been shaped with a steel knife. At apposite junctures all these things were planted in the gravel for Charles Dawson, Arthur Smith- Woodward and Teilhard de Chardin, then a seminarist, to find. The skill of the hoax should not be underestimated, and its details could have been conceived by only a few active at that time. Kenneth Oakley was quite well known to the present writer, via the Prehistoric Society, as he always attended papers and conferences. He never spoke of Piltdown, but, more than once, the anomalies of Aylesford and the remains of a human cranium from Wagon’s Pit, were discussed, as was the generality of sites. It has been claimed that at a dinner party he named C. P. Chatwin and Martin Hinton, assistants at the BM (Nat Hist) during the first decade of the twentieth century, as befooling Arthur Smith- Woodward because of his dictatorial regime10. Matters went too far and P I LT D O W N R E C O L L E C T E D he Society has limited funds available with which to support individuals researching the archaeology and local history of the Canterbury District. It is envisaged that grants would not normally e xceed £500 and would be awarded annually. Preference will be given to work which will lead to early publication. Please apply in writing to the Honorary Secretary by Wednesday 30 June 2004. Your letter should mention your qualifications, the nature and length of your research, the amount you are asking for, and any other funding anticipated and proposals for publication. You may be asked to name a referee whom the sub-committee making the grants could consult. If successful you would be expected to account for the money spent and give a copy of any article or pamphlet etc to the Society’s Library. For further details please contact the Hon. Secretary, Mrs Jean Crane, Dane Court, Adisham CT3 3LA. Spring 2004 5 C A N T E R B U RY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY R E S E A R C H A N D P U B L I C AT I O N G R A N T S N E WB O O K S Chelsfield Chronicles, Annals of a Kentish parish, 1450 – 1920 by Geoffrey Copus. 1-872886-01-9 £10.00. Based on original research over the past 55 years, this book contains much hitherto unpublished material and, although scholarly and well-documented, is written with a light touch that makes it interesting to the general reader. 180 pages with many line illustrations, plus 12 pages of plates and a fold-out map of the ancient parish in 1914. Amongst other topics, the 16 chapters include ‘Scandal in the parish’, ‘Church, priest around the mid 19th century, with much detail about working in each occupation and with special attention paid to women in commerce, richly illustrated with advertisements from femaleowned enterprises. The third section, which includes many original press cuttings, relates to women’s dealings with the law, as both plaintiffs and offenders, including poisoners and burglars. A short chapter about the emancipation movement and the Sussex women involved ends the book. In bookshops or by mail order ( p o s t-free) from The Hastings Press, PO Box 96, Hastings TN34 1GQ tel: 0845 4585947 email: hastings.press@virgin.net. and people’ before and after the Reformation, ‘The great Chelsfield inheritance case’, the Manors of Chelsfield, Goddington and Norstead, ‘Lilleys Farm – a well-documented history with a tragic end’ and ‘Mormon emigrants’. Currently available in Chelsfield from St Martin’s church or the ‘ Kent Hounds’, Well Hill, or at Bromley Local Studies Library. Available shortly from local bookshops also. Alternatively, it may be bought direct from the author at 17 Oakdale Road, Tunbridge We l l s , TN4 8DS for £11.50 (includes UK p&p). Women of Victorian Sussex by Helena Wojtczak. 1904-109-055 £9.99 The lives of the women in our neighbouring county serve as a microcosm of English life in the early to mid Victorian period. The first part details women’s poor social, employmental and legal status between 1800 and 1870, giving real examples of how the law worked against women. The second part lists, in subheadings, many different occupations followed NEW BOOKS & PUBLICATION GRANTS NEW BOOKS & PUBLICATION GRANTS NEW BOOKS & PUBLICATION GRANTS NEW BOOKS & PUBLICATION GRANTS NEW BOOKS & PUBLICATION GRANTS NEW BOOKS & PUBLICATION GRANTS NEW BOOKS & PUBLICATION GRANTS NEW BOOKS & PUBLICATION GRANTS NEW BOOKS & PUBLICATION GRANTS NEW BOOKS & PUBLICATION GRANTS NEW BOOKS & PUBLICATION GRANTS NEW BOOKS & PUBLICATION GRANTS LECTURES, CONFERENCES, COURSES AND EVENTS LECTURES, CONFERENCES, COURSES AND EVENTS LECTURES, CONFERENCES, COURSESAND EVENTS LECTURES, CONFERENCES, COURSESAND EVENTS LECTURES, CONFERENCES, COURSES AND EVENTS LECTURES, CONFERENCES, COURSES AND EVENTS LECTURES, CONFERENCES, COURSES AND EVENTS LECTURES, CONFERENCES, COURSESAND EVENTS LECTURES, CONFERENCES, COURSESAND EVENTS Spring 2004 6 The KAS History & Archaeology Show Saturday 5 June 10am-5pm at Maidstone Museum Come and meet the KAS Committees, Affiliated Societies and other guest groups with an interest in the past – over 40 exhibitors will be inviting visitors to find out about their work. Bring along that strange object dug up from the garden for identification by Kent’s Finds Liaison Officer. KAS Churches Committee Outing Monday 21 June You are invited to visit the churches of Bearsted and Thurnham. We meet at Bearsted at 6.45 for 7pm. Tour £2 (£1 for students), £1 for tea. Please return the enclosed booking form by Monday 14 June. Replies to Philip Lawrence, Barnfield, Church Lane, East Peckham, Tonbridge TN12 5JJ tel: 01622 871945. KAS Place-Names Group Day Conference Saturday 17 July 10am-3.30pm at the Free Church, Station Road, Staplehurst S p e a kers for the day are Dr David Pa r s o n s , Director of the Institute for Name-Studies, Nottingham University, and Dr Paul Cullen, Institute for Name-Studies and Academic Advisor to the KAS Place-Names Committee. Sessions are: Introduction to English Place-Names by Dr Parsons Introduction to Kent Place-Names by Dr Cullen Digital Place-Names and Distance Learning by Dr Parsons Digital Place-Names – The Old English Bounds of Godmersham, Kent by Dr Cullen A full programme, costs and catering arrangements can be found on the booking form which appears as an insert within this issue. Following the sell-out of the Place-Names day in February ’03, this event looks set to be a repeat success, so please book early to avoid disappointment. Brattle Farm Museum will be open to visit after the Conference, displaying a collection of agricultural bygones showing the country life, skills and tools from rural trades and crafts of the last two centuries. New Perspectives on Four Kent Towns Saturday 16 October at Charing Barn This event replaces the traditional KAS 3 short excursions. Four expert speakers will contribute: Keith Parfitt ~ Early Dover Sarah Pearson ~ Faversham and Sandwich Ken McGoverin ~ The History and Industrial Archaeology of Northfleet Liz Finn ~ An Outline History of Maidstone Further details of time and cost will appear in the July Newsletter. Enquiries to the Hon.Excursions Secretary at saynor.shoreham@amserve.com or 01959 522713. Archaeology with the University of Kent Archaeology can be studied at various levels with the University of Kent on its well-established parttime programmes. The prospectus is now available. Applications are welcome from anyone who wishes to study for a university qualification in the subject. The part-time evening programmes leading to the Certificate, Diploma or BA in Archaeological Studies (at Canterbury or Tonbridge) are recruiting for entry in September 2004. Programmes in Classical & Archaeological Studies are also run in the daytime on the University’s Canterbury campus. They can be followed on either a full or part-time basis. Demonstrable aptitude and commitment are more important than formal qualifications for entry to the Certificate in Archaeological Studies. For further information, contact the Information and Guidance Unit, the Registry, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NZ Tel 0800 9753777 or e-mail info@kent.ac.uk The Kent Archaeological Field School ~ Roman Holidays Guided Field Trips during 2004 include visits to Imperial Rome in May, Roman Provence in June, Pompeii and the Bay of Naples in May & September, Roman and Medieval Spain in October and Roman Germany, the edge of Empire, in December. For more details of the above and also information on short courses or excavation with the Field School tel: 01795 532548 email: info@kafs.co.uk. The Whitefriars Dig Uncovered on 24 April with Mark Houliston (Co-director of Whitefriars Excavations). A Regional Dayschool from the University of Kent, at the University campus, Canterbury. Cost £25.00, concessions £12.50. Further details on freephone 0800 975 3777 or email: information@ kent.ac.uk L e c t u res, Conferences, Courses and Events KAS EVENTS COURSES OTHER EVENTS FROM AROUND THE COUNTY North Downs Young Archaeologists’ and the Museum of Kent Life invite you to a family fun day! All children go f r e e. A large contingent of the Saxo n r e - e n a c t m e n t group, Re g i a Anglorum, will d e m o n s t r a t e combat and ancient craft skills, with the opportunity to have a go at many of these. Timed talks on Saxon life from archaeological evidence throughout the day. Lots of ‘make & do’ activity stalls and games for children, artefacts of the period for handling and food for tasting, finds identification and exhibition of local history & archaeology groups. The Sutton Hoo Society Conference 2004 on Saturday 16 October, 9am-5.30pm Anglo-Saxon Landscapes: Real and Imaginary The Royal Hospital School, Holbrook near Ipswich Chaired by Professor Martin Carver (Uni of York) & Angela Care Evans (Brit Mus) Speakers: Dr Andrew Rogerson (Norfolk Museums Service) Prof. Peter Fowler (Prof Emeritus Newcastle Uni) Dr Helena Hamerow (Uni of Oxford) Prof David Dumville (Girton Coll, Cambridge) John Newman (Archaeological Services Suffolk County Council) Dr Tom Williamson (Uni of East Anglia) Price (lunch included), Soc members £17.50, non-members £20.00, students £10.00 Contact The Treasurer, Sutton Hoo Society, 2 Meadowside, Wickham Market, Woodbridge, Suffolk IP13 0UD Ancient Crafts & Technology 12 – 16 July at the Iron Age Activity Centre, Michelham Priory, Upper Dicker, Hailsham from 10am to 5pm each day. A unique opportunity to explore ancient crafts & technologies from a practical and hands-on point of view; pottery, textiles, metal & woodworking, building technologies, boat building and flint knapping. Fee £148.00, concession £64.00, Sussex Archaeological Society members £143.00 (does not include accommodation or materials). Information from Centre for Continuing Education, Sussex Institute, Essex House, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QQ, tel: 01273 877888 email: si-admissions@sussex.ac.uk Annual Open Day of City Churches 8-9 June Further information from friendsoflondonchurches@ yahoo.co.uk. Spring 2004 7 Horton Kirby & South Darenth Local History Society 10 May St Mary’s Church by Malcolm Green 12 July Inland Waterways of Kent 1740-1850 by John Elderton 13 September The Life of Edward Hasted by Shirley Black 8 November A Roman re-enactor by Leslie Allman All on Mondays at 8pm in the Village Hall, South Darenth Farningham & Eynsford Local History Society 17 September (Eynsford Hall) The Anglo-Saxon Jutes in Kent by Andrew Richardson 12 November (Farningham Hall) A Journey along the River Cray by Denise Baldwin Both at 8pm. Church Coach Tours Led by John Vi g a r, Trustee of the Friends of Friendless Churches and Field Officer to the Churches Conservation Trust. Wednesday 26 May P r e s t o n - n e x t-Wingham, West Stourmouth, Wickhambreaux & Fordwich. Pick-ups in Tonbridge & Canterbury Wednesday 30 June East Peckham, Capel, Tu d e l e y, Leigh & Chiddingstone Pick-ups in Rochester & Maidstone Tuesday 27 July C a p e l - l e - Ferne, West Hougham, Temple Ewell, Alkham Pick-ups in Rochester, Maidstone & Ashford Each tour costs £18.50. For bookings & enquiries tel: 01622 718118 or 07958 409336, or www.johnevigar.com Finds Identification Saturday 17 July a t M i n s t e r- i n - S h e p p e y Museum, 10am-4pm with Andrew Richardson, Finds Liaison Officer for Kent. National Archaeology Days 2004. This annual event will be held over the weekend of 17-18 July. A full listing of events in the area can be found on the Council for British Archaeology website at www.britarch.ac.uk. Life & Death In Saxon Kent Sunday 18 July, 11am-4.30pm. National Archaeology Days event in the Museum of Kent Life, Cobtree, Maidstone. LECTURES, CONFERENCES, COURSESAND EVENTS LECTURES, CONFERENCES, COURSESAND EVENTS LECTURES, CONFERENCES, COURSES AND EVENTS LECTURES, CONFERENCES, COURSES AND EVENTS LECTURES, CONFERENCES, COURSES AND EVENTS LECTURES, CONFERENCES, COURSESAND EVENTS LECTURES, CONFERENCES, COURSESAND EVENTS LECTURES, CONFERENCES, COURSESAND EVENTS LECTURES, CONFERENCES, COURSES AND EVENTS EVENTS LECTURES EVENTS ELSEWHERE Spring 2004 8 NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD MEMBERSHIP SECRETARY You and Your Society If you haven’t already sent me your renewal please do as soon as possible to ensure that you will receive your copy of Archaeologia Cantiana at no extra cost. If you are going to conferences, meetings etc. please help to publicise KAS by putting out a pile of application forms in a prominent position. I have plenty here so do get in touch for your supplies. I am pleased to welcome the following new members: AFFILIATED SOCIETIES Bearstead & District Local History Society, Legood, Mrs A, 52 Madginford Road, Bearsted, Maidstone, Kent, ME15 8LB Herne & Broomfield Local History Group, Bundock, Mr M, Gilmour Gates, 91 Selsea Avenue, Herne Bay, Kent, CT6 8SE JOINT MEMBERS Smith Briggs, Mr 1, & Miss, 1 Cubitt House, Black-Bull Road, Folkestone, Kent, CT19 5SH JUNIOR MEMBERS Underdown, Mr L, Little Tortworth, Busbridge Road, Loose, Maidstone, Kent, ME15 0ES ORDINARY MEMBERS Davis, Major M C J, 1 Rookwood Way, Great Missenden, Bucks, HP16 0DF Dive, Mrs M J, 12 Howlsmere Close, Halling, Rochester, Kent, ME2 1ER Gilbert, Mr S, 22 Tom Joyce Close, Snodland, Kent, ME6 5BT Hogben, Mr E, White Horses, 5 Bridleway, Seabrook, Hythe, Kent, CT21 5TR Johnson, Miss C V, 33 Greenway, Bromley, Kent, BR2 8EZ Johnston, Ms H, 4650 N Washington Blvd, Appt 1004, Arlington, VA, 22201, USA Limbrey, Mrs C, 1 Goldstone Court Cotts, Upper Goldstone, Ash, Canterbury, Kent, CT3 2DP Madden, Miss C L, 43 Houselands Road, Tonbridge, Kent, TN9 1JJ McNally, Mrs S, 61 Island Road, Sturry, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 0EF Reid, Dr P M, 8 Provender Walk, Faversham, Kent, ME13 7NF Slater, Mrs K, Bullockstone Farm, Bullockstone Road, Herne Bay, Kent, CT6 7NL Vidler, Mr R E, 1 Ware Street, Bearsted, Maidstone, Kent, ME14 4PH Winterbotham, Mr J, 48 Oakley Road, London, N1 3LS Woolley, Mr G W, Four Throws House, Rye Road, Hawkhurst, Cranbrook, Kent, TN18 5DW The address for all correspondence relating to membership is – Mrs Shiela Broomfield, KAS Membership, 8 Woodview Crescent, Hildenborough, Tonbridge, Kent TN11 9HD. Telephone 01732 838698. E-mail: membership@kentarchaeology.org.uk or s.broomfield@dial.pipex.com. ABBEY FARM EXCAVATION The KAS, in conjunction with the Trust for Thanet Archaeology, will be holding an eighth season of excavation at Abbey Farm, near Ramsgate. Settlement here spans from prehistoric times through to the Anglo Saxon period. As most members know, the site is dominated by a large Roman Villa complex. Work will commence on Sunday August 15 2004 and continue for two weeks. The excavation is open to people aged 16 years and above. Participants can attend for the two week period or for one of either weeks. Registration fee for members of the KAS or the Thanet Archaeological Society is £35 for one week (non members £50) or £50 for two weeks (non members £70). For enrolment or further details please contact: Chris Pout, Sunnydene, Boyden Gate Corner, Marshside, Nr. Canterbury CT3 4EE. Tel: 01227 860207 KAS 2004 SUMMER EXCURSION 14-18 JUNE There are only a few places still available for this exploration of the historic landscape of Dorset. Coach pick-up points are throughout Kent. Cost is £249 inclusive, with no single room supplement, staying at the 3 star Cliffside Hotel in Bournemouth. Enquiries to Hon. Excursions Secretary, Joy Saynor, Friars, 28 High Street, Shoreham, Seveonoaks TN14 7TD, tel: 01959 522713 email: saynor.shoreham@ amserve.com One of Shiela’s cats, Fred, enjoying Arch.Cant. (see Back Page People) Spring 2004 9 NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD NOTICE BOARD KAS COMMITTEE ROUND-UP You and Your Society Excavation Ringlemere: The Bronze Age gold cup site (see Newsletters no.53 & 57). In 2004, there is to be another season of excavation at this prehistoric site. The e xcavation will be led by Keith Parfitt of Canterbury Archaeological Trust. The survival of the base of the barrow mound here has served to trap important evidence of earlier activity below it. Very extensive collections of prehistoric struck flints and pottery indicate previous occupation on the site during both the Mesolithic (c.8000-4000BC) and later Neolithic periods. As this site is on arable land, it is most important that it be investigated sooner rather than later. Much of the excavation work is to be done by volunteers. For members who would like to participate on this dig, or who would like to know more about the site, please contact David Bacchus (see address below). Recording Kent Underground Research Group have recently surveyed a chalk mine at Abbey Wood. A site at Sheldwich: Andrew Richardson (FLO) reported that recovered building debris in this locality indicates the existence of a Roman building. It is hoped that a geophysical survey can be undertaken here. Equipment Two augers have been purchased. Members of the Society can apply to use one of them for their fieldwork projects. Contacts: Chris Pout, Sunnydene, Boyden Gate, Corner, Marshside Nr Canterbury CT3 4EE 01227 860207 David Bacchus, Telford Lodge, Roebuck Road, Rochester ME1 1UD 01634 843495 The Committee heard about the opening of the Archaeology Museum at Valley Pa r k Community School, Maidstone, where a laptop provided by the Society is now installed and how the Society’s support of Canterbury Archaeological Trust’s education work has enabled almost 13,000 visitors to see the final phase of the Whitefriars excavations last autumn. The Committee agreed to make a contribution to the History and Archaeology Show in the KAS library in June. Marion Green (Sec) The Committee last met on Saturday 28 February and will next meet on Saturday 12 June. The forthcoming volume of Archaeologia Cantiana is complete and several other possible publications are making good progress. The Hon.Editor and Professor Killingray have delivered the text of the Historical Atlas of Kent to the publisher and publication is expected in the Autumn. The Committee is open to suggestions in writing concerning a publication to mark the 150th anniversary of the Society in 2007. From the Kent History Fund a grant of £250 has been awarded to the Horton Kirby and South Darenth Local History Society towards the publication costs of a book on local schools. A display of publications will be mounted for the History & Archaeology Show at Maidstone Museum on 5 June 2004. A sub-committee under the chairmanship of Dr Panton has been set up to explore the possibilities, implications and costs of electronic publication. It will report back to a future meeting of the Publications Committee. John Whyman (Chair) Entries are coming in for our Essay Competition attracting a prize of £100. Contributions of 500-1000 words on some unusual, interesting or bizarre feature of any church in Kent should go to: Mrs S Petrie Sunningly Farm House Bells Yew Green Tunbridge Wells TN3 9AG Plans are being made for an all day study ‘Interpreting a Church’, with speakers considering aspects of architecture, artefacts and usage. Consideration is also being given to a means of focusing attention on Kent’s rich heritage of monastic sites. Hon. Gen. Secretary Andrew Moffat Three Elms, Woodlands Lane, Shorne Gravesend DA12 3HH Email: secretary@kentarchaeology.org.uk Hon.Treasurer Robin Thomas 1 Abchurch Yard, Abchurch Lane London EC4N 7BA Email: treasurer@kentarchaeology.org.uk CHURCHES COMMITTEE CONTACT ADDRESSES FIELDWORK COMMITTEE FIELDWORK COMMITTEE PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE hat has been referred to as the Oxford Movement or Tr a c tarianism – the main nucleus of support was within the University of Oxford and its ideas were published between 1833 and 1841 in the ninety volumes of The Tracts for the Times – was, together with Evangelicalism, one of the main catalysts for theological change within the Church of England, and other Anglican churches, during the nineteenth century. Tractarianism began as a response to the concerns of some of the younger Anglican high churchmen in the 1820s that political and religious reform was threatening the stability of the churchstate relationship as it had been conceived in the seventeenth century and had largely operated since that date. The British Isles had never had complete religious uniformity since the Reformation and a degree of toleration of religious minorities had always existed. During the eighteenth century religious minorities obtained even greater freedom of worship but they did not have full political rights. Public office could only be held by those that were prepared to communicate in the established churches. Successive governments had maintained close relationships with these established churches and used them to promote public morality, education and social welfare. The decision to repeal the Corporation and Test Acts in 1828, thus admitting Protestant dissenters to political office, and the granting of Catholic Emancipation in 1829, were seen to be undermining the traditional relationship between church and state and the role that the established churches had performed in sharing to some extent in the government of the nation. The aim of the Spring 2004 10 strate their continuity with high churchmen of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and republished their works in The Library of Anglo- Catholic Theology, they quickly departed from traditional high church orthodoxy in a number of key areas. Whereas older generations of Anglican high churchmen had always regarded themselves as Protestants and had maintained good relations with other Protestant churches, Tractarians emphasised the importance of episcopal succession and were not willing to collaborate with non-episcopal Protestants. They therefore objected to the proposal to create a joint Anglican-Lutheran bishopric in Jerusalem in 1841. Anglican high churchmen had always emphasised the doctrine of the real presence in the eucharist but preferred not to define it too closely. Tractarians promoted a doctrine of the real presence which was much closer to that held by Roman Catholics. They also laid much more emphasis on the value of private confession to a priest. There had always been provision for this in The Book of Common Prayer but it was seen as an exceptional practice, before death or when someone was in spiritual turmoil. Tractarians saw private confession as a regular part of a disciplined spiritual life, which might also involve fasting and other physical mortifications of the body. By the end of the 1830s many Tractarians were forming alliances with groups known as ecclesiologists. They were people who wanted to build new churches, and restore existing ones, in a manner which replicated the Gothic art and architecture of the Middle Ages. This alliance between Tractarian theology and ecclesiology had produced by the 1840s the phenomenon known as ritualism. This began Tractarians was to remind the United Church of England and Ireland that it was not just a creature of the state but that it had rights and privileges that governments needed to respect. Tractarians were therefore keen to promote ideas that emphasised the links between the contemporary church and its predecessors, and that made clear the divine institution of its ministry. They moved on from this to argue that the independence of the church had been, to an extent, compromised by the nature of the Protestant Reformation and that it was the duty of the church to seek to recover some of the attributes of the pre-Re f o r m a t i o n church. In doing so they were joining other pressure groups that saw in the Middle Ages a society that was very different from, and somewhat preferable to, their own. The leaders of the Oxford Movement were very diverse in their backgrounds. Tr a c tarianism attracted some traditional high churchmen such as John Keble, author of a popular collection of religious poems, The Christian Year, and Professor of Poetry at Oxford. It also attracted a number of distinguished Oxford scholars such as the Regius Professor of H e b r e w, Edward Bouverie Pusey. Pusey was one of the first people in England to be interested in the liberal ideas of the German biblical critics but he abandoned these to promote Tractarian views. Several former Evangelicals, dissatisfied with what they felt were the limitations of Evangelical t h e o l o g y, also became Tr a c tarians. Chief among them, and the acknowledged leader of the Tractarian party before he became a Roman Catholic in 1845, was John Henry Newman, vicar of the University Church in Oxford. Although the early Tractarians were keen to demon- THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS ‘IDEAS and IDEALS’ This is the tenth of a series of articles describing formative movements and ideas in the history of the church. These were the crises of thought and conviction which brought us to where we are. T H E T R A C TA R I A N S Spring 2004 11 still exists today and looks unlikely to be resolved. In the last twenty years divisions between church parties which had their roots in the nineteenth century have resulted in major disputes within the world-wide Anglican Communion over the ordination of women to the priesthood and attitudes to homosexuality. 3 On the positive side, Tractarianism brought a richness to Anglican worship very different from the long and tedious services which had characterised the pre- Tractarian church. However, ceremonial changes were, in other respects, as divisive as theological developments and they have made Anglicanism very much more congregational than it used to be. Nevertheless these changes in worship allowed Anglicanism to develop a liturgical authority which has made a positive contribution to the modern liturgical movement and encouraged churches of very different traditions to borrow liturgical ideas from one another. 4 The concerns that Tractarians raised about the nature of the church-state relationship in the British Isles led to a gradual separation between the two institutions which has given the church a much greater degree of control over its doctrine, its worship and the way in which it operates within society. The gradualist nature of these changes, despite pressure for more radical change at various points of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, has enabled them to happen in a way in which Christianity has not been totally marginalized in a growingly secularist society, in stark contrast to the way that it has to a much greater extent in parts of Europe where anti-clericalist movements were much stronger. Tractarians helped to promote a new image of a more confident and independent church, less reliant on the protection of the state, but one which still recognised that it was worth maintaining the benefits of partnership. Nigel Yates vestments. Churches in the Rochester diocese, covering the western half of Kent, had been less willing to adopt these ceremonial innovations but the statistics for the diocese still exceeded the diocesan average for England and Wales as a whole. There is no doubt that, substantially as a result of Tractarianism, Anglicanism was very different at the end of the nineteenth century from what it had been at the beginning. The principal changes and developments can be summarised as follows: 1 The Anglican churches saw themselves no longer as just one of the branches of Protestantism but as churches with a distinct theology that provided the bridge between Catholicism and P r o t e s t-antism. This had a clear impact on ecumenical relations. It reinforced the Anglican contempt for Protestant dissent, which had been growing through the eighteenth century, and led to an unseemly rivalry which lasted until well into the twentieth century. Anglicans became less interested in other foreign Protestant churches and more interested in Eastern Orthodoxy and Ro man Catholicism. Lack of a positive response from both led to a reassessment of these attitudes and by the early twentieth century Anglicans had established close relations with non- Roman Catholic churches that had preserved episcopacy such as the Dutch Old Catholics and the Swedish Lutherans. However, the desire of many Anglicans to distance themselves from their Protestant past made them pursue limited ecumenical initiatives with non-Protestant churches at the expense of potentially more successful ones with other Protestants. 2 The theological unity of Anglicanism, still apparent in the early nineteenth century, was shattered and fragmented by the combined impact of Evangelicalism and Tr a c tarianism on Anglican theology. Most Anglican churches became institutions prone to party bickering between different theological pressure groups. This is a situation that very modestly with the placing of a cross and candlesticks on the altar, vesting choirs in surplices and placing them in stalls in the chancel, preaching in a surplice rather than a black gown, and celebrating Holy Communion in front of rather than at the north side of the altar. In due course, during the 1850s and 1860s, some churches began to introduce even more ceremonial into the services, including the use of lighted candles, vestments and incense. Many Anglicans, not just Evangelicals and liberals but some high churchmen as well, opposed these innovations. In 1874 the Pu b l i c Worship Regulation Act was passed to prevent the growth of ritualism but it proved ineffective. The number of ritualist churches increased considerably during the last quarter of the nineteenth century and practices, such as the introduction of surpliced choirs, once regarded as extreme, became normal in Anglican churches. Kent was one of those parts of England that was deeply influenced by Tr a c t a r i a n i s m from the earliest days of the Oxford Movement. There were early Tractarian ministries at Brasted, Chislehurst, East Farleigh and Gravesend, all of which were the focus of much correspondence in the local press. By the 1860s Folkestone was beginning to rival Brighton as a centre of ritualist activity on the south coast and the vicar of St Peter’s, C J Ridsdale, was the first clergyman to be prosecuted under the Public Worship Regulation Act. Another, Arthur Tooth of St James’, Hatcham, went to prison rather than obey the directions of the court to abandon his ceremonial practices. Several churches in the county, such as Bicknor and Kilndown, were early examples of Anglican churches designed to implement the ideas of the ecclesiologists. By the end of the nineteenth century the diocese of Canterbury, which covered the eastern half of Kent, was, after those of Truro and London, the English diocese in which the largest number of churches had adopted the use of the eastward position at Holy Communion, lighted candles on the altar, the mixing of water with wine in the chalice, and eucharistic THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS THE TRACTARIANS autious examination of the inside of the spine of the early volumes of Archaeologia Cantiana reveals that Victorian bookbinders were re-using scrap paper, a practice that is not unusual in nineteenth century publications. Inside the false spine of my copy of volume one is part of what appears to be a hand-written legal note. Without invasive archaeology which would destroy the binding, it is possible to read only parts of each end of the sentences, the beginnings and ends of which are obscured by the folded-back blue cloth from the spine, or lost in trimming. However it seems worth recording what is legible, in case other members can find other pages of the same document in their volumes. The following, in a neat but not easily legible hand, is visible: to appeal from……………………….by the Court ... Berbra in……………………….........we are info... this latter gentleman…………...presents in York… we shall therefore……………....taking (illeg)ed… Some of my later volumes have been rebound or repaired, but the spine of volume five contains part of a printed page, as does that of volume seven, which was cut on the skew and employs the “long s”. I quote the latter in full (without the “long s”) in case someone can recognise it, or supplement the parts I cannot read: to the immense numbers who will arrive from……… thus submitting for their free inspection ………………..…….a large and generous Public… embodying all the elements of high quality…………of manufactures: productions which, w.. are yet confined within the limits of a judicious………….…a studied regard to purity of defi… In anticipation of the requirements of……and doubtless will receive large and gratifying ref.. Messrs Mechi and Bazin have not been…………………….specially prepared very large, va….. of novelties, of an useful and appreciable character……souvenirs to relatives and friends.. being themselves precluded sharing in “London’s glorious…opportunity afforded them of.. This could be some form of promotional literature, and more might be revealed if Messrs Mechi and Bazin could be identified. Finally, inside the spine of volume eight (published in 1872) is part of a printed sheet with the date 1871 and, in bold capitals, CHAMBERS ENGLISH DICTIONARY, and the names Christy, Manson and Woods. Were these gentlemen the editors of that edition of Chambers? Volumes one to eight of Archaeologia Cantiana were printed by Messrs Taylor of Little Queen Street, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, but generally the binder is not identified. It is possible, of course, that Taylor bound books as well as printing them, in which case it would make good sense to use their own waste paper from proofs, or from trials runs, for those parts of the binding which were not usually visible. However, the back cover of volume one contains a small insert which shows that it was bound by Edmonds & Remnants of London, a bookbinding concern that dominated early Victorian London, with a degree of mechanisation which resulted in a formidable through-put. Was it normal practice to acquire job lots of legal waste from the nearby legal chambers in Lincoln’s Inn or Gray’s Inn? Michael Leach Spring 2004 12 MYSTERY OBJECTSAND VICTORIAN RECYCLING MYSTERY OBJECTSAND VICTORIAN RECYCLING MYSTERY OBJECTS AND VICTORIAN RECYCLING MYSTERY OBJECTSAND VICTORIAN RECYCLING MYSTERY OBJECTSAND VICTORIAN RECYCLING MYSTERY OBJECTSAND VICTORIAN RECYCLING MYSTERY OBJECTSAND VICTORIAN RECYCLING MYSTERY OBJECTSAND VICTORIAN RECYCLING MYSTERY OBJECTSAND VICTORIAN RECYCLING MYSTERY OBJECTSAND VICTORIAN RECYCLING E V I D E N C E O F V I C T O R I A N R E C Y C L I N G I N A R C H A E O L O G I A C A N T I A N A he object featured in our January issue has been identified by an Honorary Member of the KAS, Michael Moad. Now retired, Michael was for 30 years curator of the Guildhall Museum in Rochester and prior to this worked at the British Museum. It is a Chinese portable inkwell, which would originally have held a brush within the hollow stem. The compass has nothing to do with finding direction, but would have been used for esoteric divination. The symbols are M Y S T E RY O B J E C T S almost certainly the Chinese zodiac. Objects like this were in use up until the early years of the 20th century. Below and right is another object which has defied identification. Found in the ploughsoil at Colliers Green, it is a nearperfect tetrahedron of polished stone with high quartz content, with slightly rounded edges. S u g g e s t i o n s have included a gaming piece, or even a love token, as coins and other objects were sometimes shaped in this way and given by a swain to his beloved. Can any KAS member identify this? Please contact the editor at the usual address, email or telephone number. Spring 2004 13 A CALL TO ARMS A CALL TO ARMS A CALL TO ARMS A CALL TO ARMS A CALL TO ARMS A CALL TO ARMS A CALL TO ARMS A CALL TO ARMS A CALL TO ARMS A CALL TO ARMS A CALL TO ARMS A CALL TO ARMS A CALL TO ARMS A CALL TO ARMS A CALL TO ARMS A CALL TO ARMS A CALL TO ARMS A CALL TO ARMS A CALL TO A C A L L T O A R M S results of research will be synthesised into a range of outputs, such as a complete revision of the publication Defending London’s River (editions 1985 and 2002), and monographs on particular topics and themes for A r c h a e o l o g i a Cantiana and other journals. An informational web site is in the process of creation and, in time, a publicly accessible paper research archive may be created. Contributions to the process will be sought from those already working in this field and from others. There are opportunities for interested members of the Kent Archaeological Society to participate. If they wish, they may also become involved in the restoration and display of New Tavern Fort, the Gravesend Blockhouse and a Cold Wa r b u n ke r, managed by Thames Defence Heritage in partnership with Gravesham Borough Council. For all these activities, a genuine interest in the subject, staying power and willingness to be a team player are qualities needed. Enquiries to Victor Smith, Director of Thames Defence Heritage, 65 Stonebridge Ro a d , Northfleet, Kent DA11 9BA (Tel: 01474 323415). * Formed in 2000 and incorporating the New Tavern Fo r t Project, founded in 1975. n keeping with London’s vital strategic importance, from the mid-16th – mid 20th centuries, its Thames river approaches were protected by a powerful group of shoreline gun positions. These formed a system-based approach to defence. The continuing development of this system was driven by an imperative to counter the risk of attack or invasion during war, the need to keep pace with innovation in military technology and by a requirement to incorporate changes resulting from strategic decision making. As individual elements, several of the Thames forts have been successfully displayed to visitors for educational and heritage tourism purposes. But there is scope for doing more to enhance an understanding of all of the Thameside sites as a defensive system involving forts and batteries crossing their fire from both sides of the river in staged layers of defence - as well as to encourage an appreciation of other networked methods of defence which emerged during the later 19th and 20th centuries. Pa r a d oxically though, the very existence of the Thames itself, which gave these defensive systems meaning, has been a problem as a psychological barrier and a perceived impediment to reciprocal visiting. These difficulties were noted as ones for solution in Andrew Saunders and Vi c t o r Smith, Kent’s Defence Heritage, Kent County Council et al (2001). Thames Defence Heritage* has formed an informal partnership with Gravesham Borough Council in Kent and Thurrock Council in Essex to explore possible ways forward. An early result in 2003 was the creation of the Crossfire Trail which utilised the Gravesend/ Tilbury Ferry, to visit forts on both sides of the water. Even more popular and, indeed, oversubscribed, was Sailing through History, an all day boat trip from Gravesend and Tilbury down to the estuary, viewing the forts as a system and as an enemy would have seen them. This approach will be repeated in subsequent years but it can be regarded only as a start. The creation of a defence heritage trail leaflet covering the Greater Thames seems a logical next step. As well as this, Thames Defence Heritage has begun a re-examination of the origins, rationale and evolution of the defences of the Thames. This study embraces an historical span extending outside the era of artillery fortification from the first century AD to the present day. Its scope is from London itself to the extremity of the estuary. Building on earlier work, which was supported in various ways by the Kent Archaeological Society, this involves archaeological investigation and recording, documentary research, interviewing and analysis. In addition to the usual focus on military architecture and weapons, a greater consideration will be given to the role of the navy and there will be enhanced coverage of the technological, political context, as well as the effect on Thameside communities and the influence of London’s own government and of the river management organisations on the schemes for defending the river. Recently completed research by a TDH member on a British garrison in the Caribbean has strongly underscored the potential for taking a more holistic view of forts, batteries and the other sites along the Thames, to include much more about the regime of daily life which went on within them. The Interior of the restored Victorian main cartridge store in the magazines of New Tavern Fort at Gravesend, managed by Thames Defence Heritage in partnership with Gravesham Borough Council. Dear Editor KENT COUNTY CHURCHES For many months, I have been searching on the internet and in bookshops, for the first volume of J.A.Syms three books on Kent churches. Its title is Kent Country Churches, published by Meresborough Books. I have had no luck at all. If a member of the KAS has a copy that he/she is willing to sell to me, I shall be very pleased to hear. John Physick Please contact Mr Physick direct at: 49 New Road, Meopham, Nr Gravesend, DA13 0LS Tel: 01474 812301 Dear Editor WESLEY & METHODISM Joy Saynor’s article on Wesley and Methodism (winter 2003/4 Newsletter) makes a point of its appeal in the Wealden area of Kent, which she rightly describes as having “remained a centre of dissent” from earlier times. However, surely it is inaccurate to trace this simply, as she does, to its responsiveness to earlier Protestant teaching brought across the Channel. The radical reformers of the Kentish Weald in the 16th century, who paid so dearly for their beliefs during the Marian persecutions, were surely the inheritors of a local tradition of Lollardry, which had been strong in this part of Kent before Protestantism arrived from the Continent. This tradition of radical non-conformism appears to have still been a factor in the early 20th century, contributing to the remarkable victory of the Wesleyan Minister, Reverend R M Kedward in Ashford as a Liberal at the 1929 general election. The Ashford constituency was then more rural, extending further into the Weald, than the present parliamentary division. I wonder whether the connection of this dissenting tradition over some five centuries has been traced by any local historian, and whether there are still signs of it in the 21st century amongst the indigenous people of Wealden Kent. Michael Steed Canterbury Dear Editor A FAMILY HOME? I would be really pleased if any member of the KAS can recognise this house and especially as to where it is. The photo was in a chest of drawers which I inherited from my greatuncle, Montie Maylam, who was born in the 1870’s at New Shelve Farm, Lenham. He had relations around Throwley and the edge of Romney Marsh. He moved to the Tonbridge area in 1897. Richard Maylam Yalding Please contact the editor at the usual addresses if you have any information for Mr Maylam. Spring 2004 14 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR SPRING 2004 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR LETTERS TO THE EDITOR LETTERS TO THE EDITOR LETTERS TO THE EDITOR LETTERS TO THE EDITOR LETTERS TO THE EDITOR LETTERS TO THE EDITOR LETTERS TO THE EDITOR TO THE EDITOR LETTERS TO THE EDITOR TO THE EDITOR LETTERS TO THE EDITOR TO THE EDITOR LETTERS TO THE EDITOR Kent Records New Series Volume 4 Volume 4 in this series has commenced with a calendar of the Kent Feet of Fines for Edward VI compiled by Dr Michael Zell. Combining material from the main CP25/2 series at the National Archives and those Kent fines to be found in ‘diverse counties’ and ‘cities & towns’ the calendars provide an extremely important finding aid for this county. Kent is way behind most other counties in its publishing of such important calendars and indexes from our national records and this publication will be greatly welcomed by both local and family historians. Volume 4 parts 1 & 2 are available for £6 (post free) from the Ke n t Archaeological Society, Ashton Lodge, Church Road, Lyminge, Fo l ke s t o n e , Kent CT18 8JA. Part 1 is currently with the printers and part 2 will be published later in the year completing the reign of Edward VI and including those for Jane, Mary and Philip & Mary. For back numbers see the website. Volume 3 part 10 is the index to the whole of volume 3 and although compiled is currently being consolidated because of its size. Those patiently waiting this part will have two parts for their money and we hope to be able to send it shortly. Spring 2004 15 CRUNDALE LATE BRONZE AGE HOARD CRUNDALE LATE BRONZE AGE HOARD CRUNDALE LATE BRONZE AGE HOARD CRUNDALE LATE BRONZE AGE HOARD CRUNDALE LATE BRONZE AGE HOARD CRUNDALE LATE BRONZE AGE HOARD CRUNDALE LATE BRONZE AGE HOARD CRUNDALE LATE BRONZE AGE HOARD the pit, with the other artefacts m i xed above. These artefacts include rings and gouges, whole and fragmented razors, axeheads and spearheads, fragments of swords and daggers and cast copper cake fragments. The socketed and looped axeheads, short lengths of sword and dagger blade and ‘cake’ are typical of late Bronze Age hoards from the south east. Traditionally described as ‘Founder’s Hoards’, they have been interpreted as representing collections of scrap metal stored by a smith and intended for recovery. This interpretation has been challenged recently (for example by Martyn Barber in Bronze and the Bronze Age). There are certainly examples of deliberate breakage and damage within the Crundale hoard that are hard to reconcile with a simple interpretation of ‘random scrap’. In one instance objects have been inserted into the socket of a broken axehead, which was then squeezed tight to hold them in. In another, several objects have been forced tightly into the socket of a spearhead. The impression is one of deliberate acts of breakage in order to put them beyond use, rather than objects broken or worn through everyday use. However, detailed analysis by specialists will be required to confirm this impression. Whatever the case, the hoard is certainly important, not only because of its size, but also the large number of unusual items, including copper alloy rings with lead(?) cores. It is hoped that further fieldwork at the site will provide the find with a more detailed context. Andrew Richardson s promised in the last issue, here are further details of this large hoard. On consecutive weekends in September 2003, a metal detectorist on farmland at Crundale made three scattered finds which suggested dispersal from a hoard in the vicinity. He reported these to Andrew Richardson, Finds Liaison Officer for Kent. Returning to the site in early December, he pinpointed and uncovered the hoard in a shallow pit just below the ploughsoil. The hoard consists of 185 pieces of metalwork, comprising both fragments and largely complete objects. The pieces of cast copper ‘cake’ were mainly deposited in the bottom of C R U N D A L EL AT EB R O N Z EA G EH O A R D S H I E L A BROOMFIELD 40 years an ‘amateur’ Spring 2004 16 London, especially at the Wi g m o r e Hall. It was music that brought she and Chris together, as they met in the arena, “most appropriate…”, of the Royal Albert Hall. Holidays, not surprisingly, tend to have an archaeological/historical theme linked with food and wine with France as a regular destination. Shiela’s map reading often puzzles Chris, until on the horizon looms a megalith, roman villa, hillfort or cave (of both kinds). Her linguistic powers are tested to the full when collecting the output from the rows of vines dotted around France, some of which they have rented for over ten years. She joined the To n b r i d g e Historical Society and its archaeological group run by Andrew Webster (one time treasurer of the KAS) and has been its Secretary for the last nine years. Excavation with the group included the medieval pottery site at Lower Parrock and the Iron Age hillfort at Garden Hill, both in Sussex. The medieval site of Huggetts Farm near Buxted followed and she became joint director with Dot Meades, the site owner from 1980. Dot, a founder member of the Wealden Iron Research Group, persuaded Shiela to join the WIRG committee, and she became Secretary from 1987 to 2002, BACK PAGE PEOPLE BACK PAGE PEOPLE BACK PAGE PEOPLE BACK PAGE PEOPLE BACK PAGE PEOPLE BACK PAGE PEOPLE BACK PAGE PEOPLE BACK PAGE PEOPLE BACK PAGE PEOPLE BACK PAGE PEOPLE BACK PAGE PEOPLE BACK PAGE PEOPLE BACK PAGE PEOPLE BACK PAGE PEOPLE BACK PAGE PEOPLE nyone interested in the history and archaeology of the southeast must be aware of Shiela Broomfield’s name recurring frequently on committee lists in various publications. Shiela is one of the cogs without which the mechanisms of many local societies would grind to a halt, and is currently the Membership Secretary of the KAS, sitting also on the Fieldwork and Membership Committees and on the KAS Council. She also represents KAS on the Standing Conference for London Archaeology. Her father took great glee in telling everyone that Shiela’s great grandfather ‘had built Stonehenge!’ (He was in fact Clerk of Works on the Antrobus Estate at the start of the twentieth century and did help to reerect one of the fallen stones). As a child she accompanied her parents, or sometimes just her father on the back of his tandem, to various museums and sites. This kindled an interest which found an outlet when she attended summer courses in 1964/5 at Wr oxeter run by Birmingham University which was “infinitely preferable” she feels, to her other option of going to Benidorm with the girls from the Australian bank where she worked! Excavation at the Staines Moor causewayed enclosure followed, a five minute bike ride away from her home in Stanwell, Middlesex. Over the next few years she dug whenever possible with the City of London Excavation Group under Nick Fuentes, mainly Roman sites, although a day’s excavation was often followed by crossing the river to help the Southwark group sort pottery, usually seventeenth century tin glaze. This was before the Museum of London was created so most of the tools were stored in Peter Marsden’s office in the Guildhall and Shiela has pushed wheelbarrows through most streets in the City. Newly-wed in 1968, Shiela moved to Kent; “we drew circles around a map of London until the circumference reached affordability.” She joined the Maidstone Archaeological Group and subsequently the KAS in 1969, although commuting to London left less time for practical archaeology. However, she still managed to do some digging in Barming and Cranbrook. Moving to Hildenborough in 1973 after the birth of their daughter, she and husband Chris now share their home with four cats named after composers, reflecting another of her passions, classical music. You can see Fred (Delius) enjoying Archaeologia Cantiana on page 8. As the Treasurer and Membership Secretary, Shiela is heavily involved with Tonbridge Music Club which puts on six concerts a year, and she and Chris also attend concerts in EDITOR: LYN PALMER 55 Stone Street, Tunbridge Wells, Kent TN1 2QU Telephone: 01892 533661 Mobile: 07810 340831 Email evelyn.palmer@virgin.net or newsletter@kentarchaeology.org.uk and is now Treasurer. This added further to her responsibilities, having been Subscriptions Secretary and Treasurer of the London Archaeologist since 1978. Her acceptance of the LA role came on a day when she had already allowed her arm to be twisted to join the PTA committee at her daughter’s school. Packing the quarterly LA magazine takes place in her home, cats amongst boxes, envelopes and labels. Feline ‘help’ notwithstanding, at least new computer technology enables greater efficiency, the former three-day task of addressing envelopes with a roller spirit duplicator now but a memory. The KAS sponsored excavation of the Sedgebrook Roman Villa coincided with a long held wish to add to her practical skills with an academic qualification. The Diploma in Archaeology, being run for the first time at the University Centre in Tonbridge in 1987, gave her the ideal opportunity. The input of people like Shiela, organising quietly and efficiently behind the scenes, often goes largely unrecognised by the majority. But the appreciation of those with whom she works closely is evident; displayed on her desk is a plaque of polished bloom in honour of her work with WIRG. She was recently elected an honorary member of the CBA, in recognition of her work in London and the South East. She dislikes the word ‘amateur’ as having derogatory overtones, but what do you call someone who is as knowledgeable, capable and hard working as any professional, yet unpaid? Having had the opportunity to work in the field alongside professionals, including the Oxford Archaeology Unit at St Nicholas Church, Sevenoaks, she has always felt their total acceptance, and sees recent pressures for excavation only by ‘qualified’ persons as a move towards reducing the opportunity for ‘amateur’ involvement. As for her many administrative roles, “I’m a practical person in the lucky position of being able to contribute to the archaeological world in so many different ways”. Her contribution to archaeology is to be applauded… and Fred would agree! Copy deadline for the next issue in July is Wednesday June 2nd The editor wishes to draw attention to the fact that neither she nor the Council of the KAS are answerable for opinions which contributors may express in their signed articles; each author is alone responsible for the contents and substance of their work. Published by the Kent Archaeological Society, The Museum, St Faith’s Street, Maidstone, Kent. ME 14 1LH www.kentarchaeology.org.uk