Trees, Rochester Bestiary, c.1230
Transcription
Translation
esui. quia corpus non nutrit. Malum persicum
dicitur a perseo. qui huius generis arborem primo
A bad punishment is better for medicine than for food, because it does not nourish the body. The evil peach is called by Perseus, who first
lo; dicimus pescam. cui brevis vita concessa est;
Dicuntur quoque pira; poma. Piri poma iuntentis inposi-
ta; et si pauca sint. vehementer sunt erased h onerosa.
Mespila que visitato vocabulo dicimus mesles; dicun-
tur etiam poma.
Nuces magnas medici vocant simpliciter nu-
ces. Nuces vero parvas; vocant avellanas. Nux
igitur est. fructus; et nux arbor. sic vocata; quod um-
bra vel stillicidium eius proximis arboribus et her-
bis noceat. Magne nuces minus nutriunt quam
avellane. Magne nuces si a ieiunis commedantur
cum ruta; valent contra venenum. Quod si ex
eis cathaplasina. cum cepis. sale. et melle. feceri-
mus; morsui rabidi canis proficiet. Similiter
avellane; a ieiunis sumpte; faciunt contra
venenum. Avellane assate. si cum exteriore
cortice pistentur; cum veteri adipe suis vel ur-
si; locis demidatis capillos revocant. Omnes
planted a tree of this kind in Egypt. This apple is commonly called; we say a fish, to which a short life is granted.
They are also called pears; apples The apples of the pears are put together; and if they are few, they are exceedingly burdensome.
Mespila, which we call by the term mesles, are also called apples.
Doctors call large nuts simply nuts. Small nuts indeed; they call it hazelnuts. A nut, therefore, is a fruit; and the nut tree, so called; that the shadow or the drop of it may harm the neighboring trees and grass. Nuts are much less nutritious than hazelnuts. Nuts are great if they are eaten with rue by those who are fasting; they are strong against poison. But if we made cathaplasina from them, with onions, salt, and honey; the bite of a rabid dog will succeed. Similarly with hazelnuts; by fasting; they act against poison. Roast the hazelnuts, if they are roasted with the outer skin; with their old fat or bears; they bring back the hair in places that have been cut. All
sumpte. quia stomaco nocent. et ventositatem
generant. et capud turbant;
Natura dicta; eoquod nasci aliquid faciat. Gig-
nendi enim et faciendi potens est. Hanc quidam deum
esse dixerunt a quo omnia creata sunt et ex istunt.
Genus a gignendo dicitur. Cui dirivatum nomen
a terra ex quo omnia gignuntur. Ge enim grece; ter-
ra dicitur. Vita dicta propter vigorem. vel quod
vim teneat nascendi atque crescendi. Unde et arbores vi-
tam habere dicuntur. quia gignunt et crescunt. Ho-
mo dictus quia ex humo est factus erasure Sicut et in ge-
nesi dicitur. Et creavit deus hominem de humo terre.
Abusive enim pronuntiatur ex utraque substantia; totus
homo. id est ex societate anime et corporis. Nam
proprie homo; ab humo. Greci enim hominem antro-
pum appellaverunt. eoquod sursum aspectet.
sublevatus ab humo ad contemplationem artificis
sui. Quod ovidius designat cum dicit. Pronaque cum
Nature said; to do something with that which is born. For to beget and fa it is powerful to kill. Some have said that this is the god from whom all things were created and from whom they are.
A genus is called by being born. A name derived from the earth from which all things are born. For in Greek; it is called earth. Life is said because of its vigor, or because it holds the power to be born and to grow. Whence also trees are said to have life, because they give birth and grow. So called man because he was made of the earth. As it is said in Genesis. And God created man from the dust of the earth.
For it is pronounced abusively from both substances; the whole man, that is, from the union of soul and body. For properly a man; from the ground For the Greeks called man anthropo, that which looks upward, raised from the ground to the contemplation of its maker. What Ovid indicates when he says And when
lime dedit celumque videre. Iussit et erectos ad
sidera tollere vultus. Qui ideo erectus; celum aspi-
cit; ut deum querat; non ut terram intendat.
Veluti pecora que natura prona et ventris obe-
dicia finxit. Duplex est. autem homo. Interior et exte-
rior. Interior homo anima. Exterior; corpus.
Anima autem a gentilibus nomen accepit. eoquod ven-
tus sit. Unde et grece ventus animos dicitur. quod
ore trahentes aerem; vivere videamur. Sed aper-
tissime falsum est. Quia multo prius gignitur
anima; quam concipi aer ore possit. que iam in ge-
nitricis utero erasure vivit. Non est igitur aer anima;
quod putaverunt quidam. qui non potuerunt
incorpoream eius cogitare naturam. Spiritum idem
esse quod animam; evangelista pronuntiat dicens.
the other animals look at the ground, He gave the mouth to man on high and to see the sky, He ordered them to lift up their faces to the stars. Who therefore was raised; he looks at the sky; to complain to God; not to aim at the ground.
Like the cattle which nature has fashioned for the obedience of its bowels. He is double, but man. Interior and exterior. The inner soul of man. Exterior; the body.
But the soul received the name from the Gentiles, because it is the wind. Whence also in Greek the wind is called souls, because they draw air with their mouths; let us be seen to live. But it is plainly false. Because the soul is born much earlier; how much air can be conceived by the mouth, which already lives in the womb of the mother. Therefore air is not a soul; which some thought, who could not conceive of his incorporeal nature. That the spirit is the same as the soul; the evangelist pronounces saying
flexum creditur. eoquod terris fixis radicibus
adhereant. Utraque ideo sibi pene sullimia sunt; quia
ex uno alterum gignitur. Nam dum sementem in terram
ieceris; herba prius oritur. dehinc confota surgit in
arborem. et infra parvum tempus quam herbam
videras; arbustam suspicis. Arbusta dicitur quasi ar-
boris hasta. Alii arbustum dicunt locum in quo
arbores sunt. Sicut salicta et virecta. ubi salices et
virgule novelle et virentes habenter; Frutex bre-
vis est. appellatus. quod terram frond tegat. cuius
It is believed that the names of the trees or herbs are bent from the fields, because they adhere to the fixed roots of the earth. Both are therefore almost superior to each other; because from one the other is born. For while you cast the seed into the ground; the grass first rises, after that it grows into a tree, and in a little while you saw the grass; you look at the bush. A bush is said to be like a spear of a tree. Others say a bush is a place where there are trees. Like willows and greens, where willows and twigs are young and green; A short bush s is called the leaf that covers the earth,
quia pagani ydola ibi consecrabant. Sunt enim nemora
arbores maiores. umbrose frondibus. Lucus est. densi-
tas arborum alta. vocata hoc nomine eoquod exiliat in
altum. et in sullime consurgat. Inscicio dicitur; cum insciso
trunco surculus arboris sterilis inseritur. Plante
sunt de arboribus plantaria. Vere ex semine nata sunt
cum radicibus et a terra propria transferuntur. Radix
appellatur quod quasi radiis quibusdam fixa in terris;
in profunda mergitur. Nam phisici dicunt parem esse
altitudinem radicum et arborum. Truncus est statura
arboris insistens radici. Corticem veteres corucem
vocabant. dictus cortex; quod corio lignum tegat
Liber est corticis pars interior. dictus a liberato cortice id est
ablato. Est enim medium quiddam inter lignum et cor-
ticem. Rami sunt; qui de trunco manant. Surculi a
prescidere sere nuncupati. Virgultum est quod de radice
pullulat. Ramus de ipso arboris robore. virgaque de
ramis. Proprie autem virgultum nuncupatur; quod ad ra-
dicem arboris nascitur. et quasi inutile ab agricolis ampu-
the plural of which; the name of the bush Nemus was named after the gods because the pagans consecrated idols there. For the groves are larger trees, with shady leaves. It is a forest, a dense thicket of trees, called by this name because it leaps high and rises in the highest. It is said in ignorance; with the cut trunk a shoot of a sterile tree is inserted. Plantations are about trees. They are really born from seed with roots and transplanted from their own soil. It is called a root because it is fixed in the earth as if by certain rays; He sinks into the deep. For scientists say that the height of the roots and the trees is equal. A trunk is the height of a tree standing on the root. The ancients called the bark a deer, called a bark; which covers the wood with leather. The free is the inner part of the bark, the word "freed from the bark" means removed. For it is something between wood and bark. They are branches; which flow from the trunk. The shoots are called sere from cutting off. It is a bush that sprouts from the root. The branch is from the strength of the tree itself, and the rod from the branches. But it is properly called a bush; which grows at the root of a tree, and is cut off by the farmers as if it were useless.
litur. Virga a virtute dicitur. quia vim in se habeat
multam. Vel a viriditate. vel quia paucis indicium est;
quod vireat. Unde hac utuntur magi ad placandos
inter se presentes. et iccirco in ea hos sustinent illigatos.
Hanc etiam philosophi et reges et magistri et nuntii ac lega-
ti gestant. Flagella dicuntur summe arborum partes.
ab eo quod sustinent crebros ventorum flatus. Cu-
nas; quasi comas vocant. Folia filia grece dicuntur.
Unde ad nos hoc nomen dirivative translatum. flores
nominati; quod cito solvuntur de arboribus. In hiis duplex
gratia. coloris et odoris. Austro enim flores solvuntur. zephi-
ro fruuntur. Germen dicimus surculum pregnantem.
a generando. Unde et generatio fructus nomen acce-
pit. a frumine id est eminente gutteris parte. qua ves-
cimur. et sapores discernimus. Unde et fruges. Fructus
autem proprie dicuntur agrorum et arborum quibus uti-
mur. In averillibus vero abusive et translative
fructum vocari. Poma dicta ab opimo id est copia
And hence the said bush; which is removed from the rod. The rod is called by virtue, because it has much power in it. Either from weediness, or because there is little information; that is green Hence the magicians use this to appease those who are present among themselves, and therefore they support them unbound in it. This is also worn by philosophers and kings and teachers and messengers and ambassadors. The highest parts of trees are called flagella, from the fact that they support the frequent blasts of the wind. Cradles; as if they call it hair. The leaves are called filia in Greek. Whence this name is derived to us, being called flowers; which are quickly released from the trees. In these two graces, color and smell. For in the south the flowers are opened, and the zephyr is enjoyed. We call a branch a pregnant shoot, from generating. Whence also the generation of fruit took its name, from the grain, that is, the protruding part of the throat, by which we eat and distinguish flavors. Hence the crops. But the fruits are properly called the fields and trees which we use. In fact, the branches are abusively and figuratively called fruit. The apple is said to be rich in abundance.
tuntur in lumen. Unde et lignum dicitur; quod lu-
men dat. Torris lignum est. lignum adustum. quod
vulgo ticionem vocant. foco semiustum et stractum.
Palma dicitur quia victricis manum ornat
vel quia in modum palme hominis;
oppansis est. Est enim arbor insignis proceroque ac
decoro virgulto diuturiusque vestita frondibus. folia
sua sine ulla succensione conservans. Hanc greci;
phenicem dicunt. quia phenix est avis que mul-
to tempore vivit in arabia. Quia palma dum(changed to cum)
in multis locis nascatur; non tamen in omnibus fructus
percipit maturitatem. Frequenter autem in egypto
et in siria. Fructus autem eius sunt dactili. a simili-
tudine digitorum quam habent nuncupati. quibus pasti
sunt olim heremite in egypto et siria et inheremis.
Dactili sunt grossi. sanguinis generativi. calidi et
humidi sunt; et difficiles digestioni. Et si sepe com-
The trees were called; because when they are kindled they are turned into light. Hence it is called wood; which gives light. Toris is wood, burnt wood, which is commonly called tition, half-burnt and spread over the hearth.
The palm is called because it adorns the hand of the victor, or because it resembles the palm of a man; it is oppanes. For it is a remarkable tree, a tall and beautiful bush clothed with long leaves, keeping its leaves without any succession. This the Greeks; they say phoenix, because the phoenix is a bird that lives for a long time in Arabia. Because the palm grows in many places; yet he perceives not in all fruits the ripeness. But frequently in Egypt and Syria. And its fruits are dactyls, so called from the likeness of their fingers, on which the hermits once fed in Egypt, Syria, and the Heremis. Dactyls are thick, generative of blood, warm and moist; and difficult to digest. And if they are fed by the fence;
nem. duriciem. grossitiem. et tumorem. Gingivis et
dentibus sunt nocivi. et dolorem faciunt in ore
stomachi. Quidam in frigida. quidam in calida. qui-
dam in mediocri regione nascuntur. Nomine palme
aliquando dicitur iusticia et victoria vitiorum et mundi
aliquando corona et retribution vite eterne que victoribus de-
betur. ut p3 in .viio. libro. quarte partis pantheologi. ca-
pitulo. lxxxi. ;
they cause constipation, hardness, coarseness, and swelling of the liver and spleen. They are harmful to the gums and teeth, and cause pain in the mouth of the stomach. Some are born in cold, some in hot, and some in moderate regions. By the name of the palm it is sometimes called justice and the victory of vices, and sometimes the crown and retribution of the eternal life which is due to the victors, as p3 in the eighth book, the fourth part of the Pantheology, chapter 631.