Publications respecting Kentish Archaeology

( 369 ) PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO KENTISH ARCHEOLOGY. REVIEWED BY CANON SCOTT ROBERTSON. Retrospections, Social and Archceological. By CHAEIJES EOACH SMITH, E.S.A. "Vol. i. (London: G. Bell and Sons, 1883 ; price 12s. 6d., pp. 329.)—Writing in 1844, Mr. Dawson Turner said, " There is no English Antiquary to whom the science is more indebted " than to Mr. Eoach Smith. Almost forty years later, Mr. J. G. Waller has recently written in the Dover Standard:— " The establishment of Archaeological Societies, in this country, is chiefly due to Mr. Charles Roach Smith. The first step arose from a conversation between him and Mr. Thomas Wright, at which I was present, . . . . in Mr. Smith's room at Lothbury." The result of that conversation was the formation of the British Archaeological Association, with Lord Albert Conyngham as President. The first Archeeological Congress assembled in 1843, at Canterbury, where, says Mr. Eoach Smith, in his Retrospections, " I and Thomas Wright, my acting colleague (for Mr. Albert Way, appointed co-seoretary with me, did not attend), took up our abode at the Queen's Head. Here we were joined by Joseph Clarke, J. O. Halliwell, Thomas Bateman, Alfred Dunkin, W. Addison Combs, and the Rev. Stephen Isaacson." The Retrospections of an Antiquary who is the true parent of all existing Archaeological Societies, cannot fail to be of interest to their members. This volume is clearly printed, and abounds in amusing episodes. Some readers no doubt will chafe at its lack of chronological arrangement, and at the utter absence of dates; but all will agree that its matter is pleasantly put together and full of interest. Those who wish to commence with the early life of the writer must turn to pp. 88-136, where they will find that he was born at Landguard Manor near Shanklin, youngest of the ten children of a gentleman whose ancestors had possessed freeholds in the Isle of Wight for two centuries. His father died while he was young, and his early training devolved on his mother and his aunt, Mrs. John Eoach of Arreton Manor. A good ear, and great love for singing, which clung to him throughout life, brought him, when a young boy at school, into the choir of the Eev. E. Beadon (who lived to the age of 101), at Worth Stoneham, Hants, and caused him to be especially delighted with Planche's first Extravaganza, Amoroso. To this day he still delights in reading and declaiming passages TOIi. XT. B B 370 MR. ROACH SMITH'S RETROSPECTIONS. from Planches many works, and from Barham's Ingoldsby Legends, as well as from Shakespere. Placed in a solicitor's office at Newport, he received promise of a commission in the Eoyal Marines, of which corps his eldest brother was an officer. Eortune, however, led him to be apprenticed at Chichester to a chemist named Eollet, a man of good family. At that time, young Eoach Smith looked upon this step with repugnance, and cast wistful glances at another sphere of work. Events proved that the fortune which led him to Chichester might well have cried, in words which he quotes from Planche, on p. 267 :— " That was Miss Eortune, simpleton, not me; I am Dame Eortune, good as good can be." Mr. Eollet possessed a copy of Pinkerton's book on Coins and Medals. Young Eoach Smith studied it eagerly, and hearing strangers speak of a new discovery of Eoman coins, six miles off, be borrowed Mr. Eollet's horse, and rode straight away, on a dark November night, to find them. Those who had the coins were in bed, when he reached the place ; nevertheless, regardless of their slumbers, he gave them no peace until he had aroused them, and purchased twelve denarii, with which he rode back to Chichester, triumphant. This incident forms a perfect allegory of Mr. Eoach Smith's course through life. Coming to London, he entered into business in Lothbury at a time when many improvements, especially those connected with rebuilding the Eoyal Exchange, were causing excavations to be made beneath the streets. His persevering watchfulness derived from these excavations, during several years, a vast number of Eoman remains which threw floods of new light upon the history of Eoman Londinium. He obtained Eoman relics from sources which men less practical would have neglected. Eegardless of labour and inconvenience, he followed up the ballast, heaved from the bed of the Thames to deepen the river, when the foundations of old London Bridge were removed. Thence he rescued works of art, statuettes and heads of statues, of such excellence that the great sculptors Sir Eichard Westmacott and John Gibson never tired of visiting his house in Lothbury to examine them. -Twenty years earlier, when the foundations of new London Bridge were laid, a remarkable phenomenon bad been witnessed. A jet of water was forced upwards to a considerable height, and with it a large number of gold nobles of the reign of Edward III. Sparkling in the sun, as they were forced upwards, they descended in a veritable shower of gold. The large collection of Eoman remains gathered by Mr. Eoach Smith from London soil is now in the British Museum. When Mr. Smith was quitting London, Lord Londesborough sent him a cheque for £3000, intending therewith to purchase his collection; but as Lord Londesborough could not keep it entire, Mr. Eoach Smith preferred to return his cheque, and to accept £2000 from the Trustees of the British Museum, where the whole collection remains together and will be ever accessible to the public. MR. ROACH SMITH'S! RETROSPECTIONS. till In this volume of the Retrospections will be found biographical notices of many Kentish worthies, and descriptions of antiquities in many parts of Kent. That benefactor to all who are connected with India, Lieutenant Thomas E. Waghorn, a native of Chatham, who first suggested, and who brought to perfection the Overland , Eoute, is well described. Mr. Smith knew him during the last seven years of Waghorn's life, and several times came down with him to his house at Snodland for a couple of nights. A complete biography of Lieutenant Waghorn is inserted in the Appendix to this volume. William Henry Eolf e of Sandwich, who possessed the collections of his grandfather Boys, the historian of Sandwich, is duly honoured at the commencement of the book. The first page tells how " Mr. Nioholls, who had been surveying Sandwioh under the new Reform Act, talked to me of Riohborough, and of Mr. Rolf e and Mr. Reader of Sandwioh; and as it is my nature to be prompt, I at onoe resolved to visit the three." Whether the visit to Sandwich and Eeculver is placed at the commencement of the book as a typical adventure, we cannot say; but its incidents are distinctly typical of the writer's characteristics throughout his entire career. At the termination of his visit to Sandwich, he determined to walk to Eeculver, setting off early in the afternoon. Mr. Eolfe had pointed out the difficulties at that late season. At Minster the impulsive pedestrian called on Mr. Ereeman, author of Regulbium, a poem, published in 1810. " He pointed out the difficulty, and even danger to a stranger, in crossing the marshes from St. Nioholas at suoh a season, and so late in the day; but Ihad resolved I arrived at St. Nicholas late in the afternoon. Here my troubles began. Night was setting in; but the spires of Reoulver Church seemed so olose that I fanoied I must reaoh them in half an hour. " ' So little distant dangers seem : So we mistake the future's face, Eye'd through hope's deluding glass.' " I soon found myself intercepted and surrounded by impassable dykes. Much time was vainly spent in trying for an egress from the marshy labyrinth ; and now I realized my situation, and thought reproachfully of the warnings I had despised." Eventually he made his way to the sea-shore, a considerable distance from Eeculver, which, however, he reached at last. Eespecting Thomas Charles of Ohillington House, Maidstone ; founder of the admirable museum there; and his friends Edward Pretty and Clement Taylor Smythe, many interesting details are •given by Mr. Eoach Smith. The purchase by a Lenham shoemaker, at a sale at Leeds Castle, of a chest of Dutch tiles beneath which was found the correspondence of Lord Eairfax, the great Parliamentary. General, is one of the incidents connected with Mr. Clement Smythe's name. William Bland of Hartlip Place, John Brent of Canterbury, and Lord Albert Conyngham of Bourne Park,, who became Lord Londesborough, are sketched at full length. We find also an 3 B 2 372 MR. ROACH SMITH'S RETROSPECTIONS. interesting notice of Joseph Mayer, Esq., of Liverpool, who has expended large sums in purchasing from the Eev. Dr. Eaussett, of Heppington, a collection of Saxon Antiquities made by Bryan Eaussett; and in printing the description of them, Inventorium Sepulchrale, which was edited by Mr. Eoach Smith. Mr. Mayer presented the whole collection to the town of Liverpool. Thomas Wright; Charles Warne; E. W. Eairholt; Hudson Gurney; Dawson Turner; T. Crofton Croker; J. E. Planche; J. T. Akerman, and other friends are likewise commemorated at length. In the Appendix is printed Mr. Eairholt's Journey Boole, which is of much interest. Many readers will be surprised to learn that the distinguished tenor singer Mr. Joseph Maas is a Kentish man, who comes from Strood, or its immediate neighbourhood. The family of Maas has been settled in Kent for more than four centuries. They were formerly connected with Bredgar and Milton next Sittingbourne. I n 1464 William Maas of Milton bequeathed a house there to his brother Harry. In Planehi's Babil and Bijou, says Mr. Smith, "My friend Mr. Joseph Maas made his first appearance on the London stage; and him, I and Mr. Henry Coulter went to hear. It was an event unprecedented for so young a singer to step from the provincial platforms to Covent Garden Theatre." Eespecting the Eoman Wall in the north of England, twentysix pages of most interesting matter are given. Many Continental towns of antiquity are also included in the graphic sketches written in this volume. Eeaders of poetry may be gratified by finding here a poem by L. E. L. (Miss Landon) never oefore published. In notes of a visit to Ipswich Museum, where many cinerary urns of the Saxons are preserved, Mr. Smith says, " How is it that cremation was so common in these parts of Britain, and so rare in Kent where historical evidence asserts that the earliest Saxon invaders settled ? In Kent we find that inhumation of the body entire was the prevailing practice; and this custom, together with the evidence of coins, points to a comparatively late period. The oinerary urns certainly suggest a long anterior Saxon immigration at variance with written history." We will close with a note respecting the Great Duke, formerly Constable of Dover Castle and Lord Warden. " In Mr. Fitch's possession was a small bundle of documents of the humblest kind ; but important from their connection with the Duke of Wellington in his retirement. They were orders to his coachman previous to the day's journey; written tersely, with as much precision, circumspection, and foresight as if a squadron had to be set in the field. Eirst came the time for starting ; next the place for baiting the horses, and the distance; then the stage where they would rest and lunch; and so on to the close of the day, the distances and times being calculated to the greatest nicety." The Great Duke, as Warden of the Cinque Ports, exercised jurisdiction over Dymchnrch, where the following rhymes were "written, January 14, 1845, by the Eev. Stephen Isaacson, for Mr, Smith's Album or Visitors' Book:— DR. DRAKE'S HUNDRED OF BLACKHEATH. 373 " Dear Smith—'Tis the oustom of hunters of autographs To ferret out Monarchs, or Dukes, or suoh haughty Graafs; Then surely from me there is due some apology If, a humble admirer of pure ABCBDEOXOGY, To fame all unknown, I append my sign-manual, 'Midst worthies whose names shine in Monthly and Annual; Whose labours are lauded from Pekin to Buffalo; E'en this planet's fifth qttarter* has heard of them long ago. But I'll end; so believe me, both morn, noon, and even, Yours ever, most cordially, Isaacson (Stephen). At Dymchurch indited, and stans pede mw, The dullest inhabited spot, as well you know. A valid excuse, whioh I trust you will chime in; And lacking the reason, accept of the rhyming." History of Kent; Part I, the Hundred of Blackheath.—Of tho new HISTORY OF KENT, which is not yet published, no less than 250 large folio pages are lying printed before UH. They contain the history of the Hundred of Blackheath, edited by IT. U. DRAKE, LL.D., from Hasted's History, amalgamated with the MH. Collections of the EEV. T. STREATFEiLn and the EEV. LAMISERT LARKING, but very largely supplemented by Dr. Drake's own researches among Inquisitiones, De Banco, Coram Rege, and Assize Eolls, State Papers, Wills, Parish Eegisters, MH. Pedigrees, and all accessible records. These researches have occupied him incessantly during many years. The cost of setting up and printing this enormous First Part, or Volume, of the new History is generously guaranteed by John Wingfield Larking, Esq., of The P'irs, Lee, in the hope that when it is at length placed complete before the public, the gentlemen of Kent will readily purchase such a valuable mass of historical information respecting the Hundred of Blackheath, from the time of Alfred the Great. Deptford, Greenwich, Charlton, Woolwich, Eltham, Lee, Lewisham, and part of Chislehurst are described. The plan of the Editor has been to re-write Hasted's text, and to bring the history up to the present time, inserting within brackets his own additions, those (signed T. S.) of the late Mr. Streatfeild, and those of Mr. Lambert Larking. In notes which are voluminous, beyond all we could have hoped for, Dr. Drake gives everything of value that can be gleaned from all extant records.,, Pedigrees abound, and monumental inscriptions are not overlooked. Appended to the history of Eltham we find precis of seventy-one Wills, made by Eltham people, and three folio pages of extracts from the Parish Eegisters, having three columns in each page. Appended to Deptford are precis of fifty-nine Wills, and oi thirty-five Eeet of Fines, five page3 of extracts from the Parish Eegisters, and two pages of extracts from Parish Accounts, Newspaper Cuttings of the last century, and lists of Local Acts of Parliament. The engravings are numerous and valuable; some are from sketches by the Editor. I n the histories of Greenwich and Eltham the progressive steps in building the royal palaces and forming the various parks are traced; and the annals of the royal residences are detailed with minuteness from the Middle Ages downwards. In tracing the history of * Romney Marsh. 3 7 4 DR* DRAKE'S EWmPP OF BLACKHEATH. the royal parks and the descent of various manors, Dr. Drake has given much, information concerning many families not resident in the Hundred of Blackheath. The presence of the Court brought all courtiers into greater or less connection with the Hundred. Dr. Drake's very full notes thus become useful with respect to otherportions of the County. In future Parts, or Volumes, of the new History little will be needed respecting many families beyond a reference to the details and pedigrees printed in this First Part. Dr. Drake's historical INTRODUCTION will be of great value. As this Hundred has a long river frontage, many naval records have been analysed; and the results are here printed in the history of Greenwich, Woolwich, and Deptford. The modern history has not been neglected, but is made very complete;. numerous small residences erected around Greenwich, Lee, and Lewisham being individually noticed. Mr. Wingfield Larking was probably more desirous to avail himself of Dr. Drake's honorary services as Editor, from a knowledge of his family interest in Kent, and his fondness for pedigrees.* Through the families of Dowrish, Carew, Courteney, and St. Leger, Dr. Drake claims descent from the Nevills, Lords of Abergavenny; the Hollands, Earls of Kent ; the Clares, Earls of Gloucester; the Bohuns, Earls of Hereford; and the Staffcords, Dukes of Buckingham. There can be little hope that Dr. Drake can continue the HISTORY beyond the First Part (which is not yet published) ; but when that has been issued, to " shew the way," no doubt two or three Editors will be found to complete the work. If carried on with the indefatigable spirit of research displayed by the Editor of the First Part, it will become one of the most valuable of County Histories. Robert Pococh; the Gravesend Historian, Naturalist, and Printer. By GEORGE M. ARNOLD. (London : Sampson Low and Co., 188 Fleet Street, 1883-, pp. 267.)—The first History of Gravesend was published by Eobert Pocock in 1797; it was a very commendable work, the result of much research and labour. Three years later the same author printed Memorials of the Family of Tufton, Earls of Thanet; and, in 1802, Memoirs of the Families of Sir E. Knatchbull, and Filmer Honeywood, Esq. The Tufton Memorials are still of much value; and the author of these historical works was a worthy of whom Gravesend may well be proud. Mr. Arnold has put upon record the fragmentary journals which Pocock wrote in 1811-12,1815,1822, and 1823. They abound with incidents which are of interest to the Kentish naturalist or antiquary. As their writer was born in 1760 and lived until 1830, long intervals in bis life were left unnoticed in these journals. Mr. Arnold, however, has industriously and judiciously collected materials for a complete sketch of Pocock's career, which he has rendered very interesting. At the end he has inserted Pocock's valuable Introduction to a projected History of Dartford and Wilmington, which never saw the light. It includes an useful contrast between England in 1558 and in 1829. Mr. Arnold has also printed a translation of the will * Eor the Harleian Society, Dr* Drake, with Col. Vivian, edited the Visitation of Cornwall, MR. ARNOLD'S LIFE OF R. POCOCK. , 375 of Eichard de Gravesend (Bishop of London 1280-1303) which mentions his jBible, written in thirteen volumes; and other bequests. Pocock took much interest in Hasted's History of Kent, and defended it in print, although he (like Mr. Cosens of Thanet) had found over 2000 errors in that extensive work. He narrates that in 1811 he met, near Gad's Hill, a brewer who was a son of the Historian. This gentleman told Pocock that his father was then residing at Corsham, Wilts. Among the multitude of incidents mentioned in the journals, our readers will find many that will interest them. A description of the Chancel of Cobham Church* during September 1812; the baiting of a badger caught in Southfleet in the June of that year; the names of numerous regiments which passed to and fro in Kent during April and May 1812; the mention of the use, as manure, of sprats and fish upon arable land in that and previous years; discoveries of Eoman coins, silver and copper, at Springhead in August 1812; mention of Betsom Fair in Southfleet, Meopham Fair, Cobham Fair, Strood Fair, and several others, occur to us as examples. Every man of science who spent any time in the neighbourhood seems to have been brought to see Pocock. Very interesting are some of the notices. Professor Henslow, who did so much for the study of Botany in the University of Cambridge, is introduced thus with his father in January 1822: ' " Mr. Henslow of Eochester, and his son from Cambridge, called to view my Hortus Siccus. The son is a botanist." Again and again did the young Professor visit the Gravesend naturalist. In the Preface Mr. Arnold gracefully alludes to other Gravesend worthies, Eobert P. Cruden (who wrote a later History of Gravesend), and his own distinguished brothers, Arthur Arnold, M.P. for Salford, and Edwin Arnold, C.S.I. He there prints two good specimens of local poetry, one by G. Newman, the other by C. J. Clarke. Undoubtedly this book has much interest for all who are connected with the district around Gravesend, and for all who study Kentish Archaeology or the Natural History of Kent. A Glance at the Hundred of Wrotham, by the Eev. T. S. ERAMPTON, B.C.L., M.A. (Maidstone: Burgiss-Brown, 1881; 8vo, pp. 99, price 2s. 6d.), extends over a period of thirty-five years, from A.D. 1293 to A.D. 1327. The Parishes of Wrotham, Ightham, Shipbourne, Plaxtol, and Stansted lie within this Hundred; and Mr. Erampton, incidentally, devotes twenty pagesf to facts connected with the history of the Churches in those parishes. These Church-notes occur in the midst of the text of his careful translation * 1812, Sept. 6. The churoh has lately had a barrel-organ put up in the loft, the gift of Lady Darnley. The ohuroh has been whitewashed, fresh painted, and varnished, and sentences of Soripture written on the walls, which the parishioners call " decorating " it; but the anoient stalls and beautiful monument of Lord George Cobham with his lady are suffered to fall to decay. The antiquary finds himself greatly vexed by the injurious placement of a screen and communion table aoross and over the [brasses and their] inscriptions near the middle of the high ohancel, instead of its being at the furthermost east end (pp. 84 85). t Pp. 50-70. 376 MR. ERAMPTON'S HUNDRED OF WROTHAM.- of the Wrotham Hundred Plea Eolls for A.D. 1313. An Index, and a more methodic arrangement of Mr. Erampton's valuable notes upon the Eecords which he has taken great pains to translate and illustrate, would render his little book more useful. The Eecords here printed, in English, in full, are six in number. The first and second are two sets of ELEA EODIS for the Hundred ; one set dated in 1293 (21 Edward I.) ;* and the other in A.D. 1313 (6 Edward II.) .f The third Eecord is a SUBSIDY EOLDJ for A.D. 1327, which shews a total of £15 8s. 2|-d. charged upon 85 residents within the Hundred. As illustrating names which appear upon that Subsidy Eoll, Mr. Frampton has printed translations of the official Eeturns made in 1322 and in 1326 respectively, concerning the property of which William Inge§ and Eudo de la Zouche|| died possessed. The sixth Eecord here translated and printed is the Probatio Mtatis, or Eroof of Age, of Eoger Bavent in A.D. 1301 (page 94). Philipot is confused in his diverse accounts of William Inge; and Mr. Frampton is puzzled respecting Joan and Isolda, his daughter and his widow respectively. William Inge, the King's Attorney in 1286-7, was Judge of the Court of Common Pleas from September 28th,_ 1314, to March 1315-6, when he became Chief Justice of the King's Bench. In that exalted position he was superseded in June 1317 by Henry le Scrope. He married Margaret, daughter and coheir of Henry Grapenell, whose dowry, Philipot says, included the Manor of Stansted. This lady was alive in 1310, when she united with her husband in conveying to Hawisia (wife of Ealph) de Hever and to her heirs a small estate in Halsted and its neighbourhood. Joan, the daughter of William and Margaret Inge, was born about 1299; as in 1322 she was aged 23 years and more, being then the wife of Eudo de la Zouche. In her right he obtained the Manor of Stansted, after her father's death; but Eudo obtained no other Kentish lands of William Inge. In May or June 1316 (about three months after William Inge became Chief Justice of the King's Bench) we find that he had taken- a wife named Isolda; and to them, as husband and wife, in conjunction with a certain Fremond Inge, one moiety of the Manor of Eghtham was conveyed, by Master Eobert Inge, for the sum of £40. This we learn from the Eecords of Kent Fines; but the Inquisitio, after the death of William Inge, states that a moiety of Eynesford Manor, together with manors in other counties, were similarly conveyed to them, as if a new marriage settlement had then been made, Isolda being the bride. The Inquisitio adds that, from Nicholas Kyryel, William and Isolda Inge jointly acquired the other moiety of Eghteham to have and to hold to William and Isolda for their lives, and after the deaths of both of them, then to the right heirs of William. After the death of Eudo de la Zouche in Paris, August 1326, the Inquisitio then taken shews that Joan Inge brought with her as * Pp. 10-27. § Pp. 83-86. f Pp. 28-79. H Pp. 87-90. % Pp. 80-81. MR. ST. JOHN HOPE'S ROCHESTER CATHEDRAL. 377 dowry nothing in Kent but the Stansted property which her mother had inherited. This proves that her widowed stepmother Isolda was still alive. Consequently, we are not surprised to find that, in the Subsidy Eoll for 1327, Isolda Inge is assessed as the largest proprietor of land in Wrotham Hundred. The amount of subsidy paid by her is 20s. Id.; and the sum next largest is 15s. 2fd., which was paid by Margery de Pecham. Here another interesting point arises. Margery de Pecham (ne'e Aldham) had a sister and coheir named Isolda. In 1347 this sister was the wife of John St. Clere, and paid aid for land in Ightham when the Black Prince was knighted. This land is described as " a moiety of a knight's fee which Christina de Kirkoby and the heirs of Nicholas de Cryel held in Eghteham from the Archbishop." It is recognised by Ciriac Petit as being the Manor of Itham or of the Mote. The Inquisitio after the death of William Inge states that he and his wife Isolda Inge acquired from Nicholas Kyryel the moiety of Eghteham Manor. These facts suggest very strongly that Isolda Aldham, Isolda Inge, and Isolda St. Clere were the same person, who may have married John St. Clere after tho death of William Inge. In the Plea Eolls printed by Mr. Frampton are mentioned several curious cases of murderers taking sanctuaryin theChurches of Wrotham and Stanstede; and of "deodands" forfeited to the sheriff, such as pigs which bit people seriously; carts, out of which men fell and were killed. The sheriff did not seize the carts or the pigs, but accepted a sum of money equivalent to their value. Mr. Frampton also gives information respecting the gallows of the Hundred, the pillory or stretchneelc, the tumbrel, and the Boroughs in Wrotham Hundred, viz., Hale, Wrotham, Nepacre, Eogheye, Stansted, and Winefield. There are allusions to prisons belonging to the Archbishop at Canterbury, Maidstone, and Wrotham, and to the Bishop of Eochester at Hailing. In the Subsidy Eoll the Hundred is divided into three parts, and oddly enough the divisions seem to be ruled by equalising the number of taxpayers. Thus, in the Sto'ill division there are 27 names ; in that headed Cham there are 29 ; and under the heading Clyue appear another set of 29. The rationale of this arrangement it is not easy to apprehend. The Rochester Diocesan Directory for 1883 (London: Wells Gardner, Darton, and Co.; 8vo, pp. 192, price Is. 6d.), contains the most accurate, though brief sketch of the architectural history of Eochester Cathedral which has yet been published. It is by Mr. W. ST. JOHN HOPE, B.A. Cantab., of Eochester Grammar School. We observe that he enumerates six periods of work before A.D. 1300. He says :— " I. Of Gundulf's church, we can trace five bays of the south arcade of the nave up to the triforium level (but with the outer order to nave altered, and the piers recased), five bays of the south wall of nave, and three of the north wall as high as the window sills; the north campanile* (in ruins) and the * All that remains to denote the existence of Bishop Gundulf's south tower is the small building, of later date, on the east of the south-west transept, which is now used as a vestry by the masters and scholars of the King's School. 378 MR. CAVE BROWNE'S PALACES OF THE PRIMACY. western half of the crypt. II. About 1115 the nave, left incomplete by Gundulf, was taken in hand and given muoh of its present form. IH. The west front and the curious diapers filling the tympana of the trif orium are a little later. TV. At the end of the twelfth century (subsequent to a fire which ocourred in 1179), the reconstruction of the church was begun. The works included the two choir aisles, with the bases of the central tower-piers and of the four arches opening into the aisles from the transept. V. The eastern transept and presbytery were next taken in hand by William de Hoo, saorist. His work was built up around the Norman east end, whioh continued standing until the new walls were sufficiently high to carry the vaulting; when so much of it as interfered with the work was removed, and the presbytery then finished, together with an extensive crypt beneath. The Norman choir, which had up_ to this time been used for the monastio services was now altered to harmonise with the new presbytery, where the services were temporarily carried on. The work extended to the eastern tower-piers, with the arch above them, and the bay of the transept immediately adjacent on either side. The eastern half of the fabrio was now complete. It was first used in 1227, although not conseorated until 1240. VI. About 1280 the south transept was rebuilt (not quite as we now see it), and the remaining pier of the tower run up. At the same time the north, the west, and the south arches of the tower were built, and the two nearest bays of the nave reconstructed." Mr. Hope traces, in detail, all the subsequent alterations and enumerates the chief monuments. He appends exact measurements of the various parts of the church, and states that its total length is 3051- feet. Lambeth Palace and its Associations. By the Eev. J. CAVE BROWNE. Supplementary Chapter on Mediaeval Life among the Old Palaces of the Primacy. (Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons.)—This Supplementary Chapter is written with all that charm of style which characterises Mr. Cave Browne's history of Lambeth Palace, as well as the preliminary article which every one found so readable and interesting in the Quarterly Review for July 1878. The use of the word " Palaces " in the title of this Supplementary Chapter is no doubt a very small matter; yet we regret that Mr. Cave Browne has not only adopted it there, but in his text has spoken of Wingham Palace, Charing Palace, Otford Palace, Gillingham Palace, and the old Palace at Bekesbourne. So far as we can make out, from the records, the only archiepiscopal residence which was universally recognised as a Palace, before the time of Cranmer, was that at Canterbury. This fact is clearly stated by Mr. Cave Browne himself; we regret that he, nevertheless, suffered himself occasionally to adopt the popular inaccuracy. We have indeed discovered an instance in which the great manor-house at Maidstone was styled "palatium," in A.D. 1399; but the other residences of the Archbishop were either Castles, or simply Manor-houses. After Cranmer's time few of them remained in the Primate's possession. In Kent alone Mr. Cave Browne enumerates thirteen residences of the Primate, thus:— 1. Aldington. 2. Bishopsbourne (exchanged for Bekesbourne). 3. Canterbury. 4. Charing. 6. Eorde. 6. Gillingham. 7. Knole. 8. Lyminge. 9. Maidstone, 10. Otford. 11. Saltwood. 12. Teynham. 13. Wrotham. MANOR-HOUSES OE THE ARCHBISHOPS. 379 Why he omits Wingham from this enumeration we do not know. The princely Arundel did not find these fourteen houses sufficient for him in Kent; so he obtained, from the King, Leeds Castle, and Queenborough Castle, of which he was appointed Constable. At both of these he stayed frequently, and many official acts and documents of Archbishop Arundel are dated by him as from " our Castle of Leeds," or "the Castle of Queenborough." Mr. Cave Browne mentions that in the Gillingham Manorhouse Walter de Merton was consecrated to be Bishop of Eochester, but he does not, we think, allude to the consecrations held at Otford, nor to the fact that ordinations were, at some time or other, held by various Primates in the private chapels or parish churches attached to all or nearly all the Manor-houses of the See. The Manor-house at Tenham scarcely gets so much notice as it deserved. Mr. Cave Browne describes the presence there of Archbishops Baldwin and Hubert Walter, but he omits all notice of the great favour in which it was held by Archbishop Peckham. Tear after year, especially in the month of September, that Primate came to his house at Tenham. There he built a noble chapel, and thence he wrote many letters which remain extant to this day. King Edward III. was entertained there by Archbishop Stratford for five or six days in February 1345; and we find records of the residence there of Walter Eeynolds, Simon Islep, and other Primates. Mr. Cave Browne, however, has diligently collected a large number of interesting facts, and he has put them before us in the most pleasant manner possible. His style has charms for every reader. The Archbishops of Canterbury and their Palaces is the title of good and succinct articles written by Mr. GRANVILLE LEVESON GOWER, E.S. A., in The Antiquarian Magazine and Bibliographer for July and August 1883 (London: David Bogue; 8vo, pp. 56, Is. each). He has collected many interesting facts which are not put forward by Mr. Cave Browne. Unhappily he bows, like Mr. Cave Browne, to the popular custom of styling the manor-houses "palaces." He attracts our interest to Ford Place by picturing the scene of the printer Grafton's visit there, in August 1537, to lay before Archbishop Cranmer Tyndal's translation of the Scriptures, which became known as Matthew's Bible; and upon which Grafton had expended all his capital. He mentions that Whitgift hunted there. For his sketch of Otford Manor-house Mr. Leveson Gower wisely quotes the Eev. J. Hunt's Holiday Visit to Otford from Cassell's Magazine for September 1881. On a Hoard of Early English Coins of Henry I. and Stephen, A.D. 1135-40, found at Linton near Maidstone, Mr. GEORGE WAKEFORD has written a good and exhaustive paper in the Numismatic Chronicle (Part ii. for 1883, 3rd Series, No. 10. London: J. Eussell Smith; 8vo, pp. 100, price 5s.). Hidden in a small earthen pot, 15 inches below the surface of the ground, were about 180 silver pennies, or parts of pennies; for several of them had been cut into halves (for use as halfpennies), and some into 380 COINS OE KING STEPHEN, AT LINTON. quarters (to serve as fourthings, or farthings). These silver pennies had been coined at no less than thirty-three different towns; among them being six varieties struck at Canterbury; three varieties from a mint in Sandwich; and one from a mint in Hythe. Their average weight was 21 or 22 grains each; but several pennies were much lighter. The names of the Canterbury mintmasters on these coins were EOGER, EODBEET, N O . . . E, and PILLELM (=WILLELM) ; those from Sandwich bear the names of EIOARD, and IT. RIC ; that from Hythe, ESTMUND. The fact that there was a mint at Hythe had not previously been known. Mr. Wakeford assigns to Hythe this mintmark"EsTMVND : ON : .IDE •£••" The spelling of King Stephen's name is varied in fifteen ways, thus: STEFNE, STEFNIE, STEINE, STIEFE, STIEFN, STIEFNE, STIEFNE : E., STIEFNE : EE., STIENE, STIFENE, STIFNE, STIFNE : B., STIFNE BE., STIFNIE, STEFNE : BEX. The Aylesford Parish Magazine for March 1883 contains a description, by the Eev. CYRIL GRANT, of a palimpsest brass in Aylesford Church. It simply shewed, at Aylesford, an inscription of three lines: " Here lyeth John Savell gentilman su'tyme Sarvant to Syr Thomas Wiat knyght which decessid the xxixth day of Marche A0 dni mVxlv on whose soule ihu have mercy." Upon the back, or underside of this plate, is a well-engraved female figure labelled [_F]orce in black-letter text. She stands in an apse upon a pedestal beneath a canopy. Upon her left shoulder appears a small shield charged with a Latin cross. Her left hand clutches the throat of a small dragon; her right arm is cut away. The details of the engraving suggest that it is not of much earlier date than 1545, and that it was the work of a foreign artist. Mr. Grant has caused the brass to be so re-adjusted in the Church, that both sides may be examined. The Society of Antiquaries has engraved a woodcut of the female figure. Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldiea. Edited by J. J. HOWARD, LL.D. (London: Hamilton, Adams, & Co.; Monthly, price 6d.).— The following Kentish pedigrees have appeared in this Periodical during 1882-3 : KNIGHT of Cowden (1567-1692), by W. S. Ellis, in May, June, and August 1882; JORDAN of High Halden and Cranbrook (1650-1700), in July and August 1882; PETLEY of Downe, Shoreham, and Eiverhead, temp. Edward I. to the present time, from February to May 1883 ; LYNCH of Staple (1560-1803), from May to September 1883; KITCHELL of Combe, Addington, Canterbury, Dover, and Wrotham, in September and October 1883. Much information, derived from Wills and Parish Eegisters, is printed with these pedigrees. Extracts from West Wickham Eegisters appear in the number for September 1883, relating to the families of Bricket, Carew, and Lennard. We say truly that much information is given in these papers; but readers must not expect to find in them all they want. We turned in vain to the Petley pedigree to see how it mentioned Elizabeth Petley, who, in May 1581, was married to Thomas Tuttesham of West Peckham. In like manner we consulted the ORATEORD—WESTERHAM. 38 1 Jordan pedigree, without obtaining any information respecting Joane (sister of Nicholas) Jordan, whose second husband, Edmond Sheafe of Cranbrook, died in 1626. On a Crayford Cliff where Palaeolithic Implements were made, there is a paper by F. C. J. SPURRELL, E.G.S., printed in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society for November 1880, pp. 544-8, and illustrated by five engravings. At depths varying from 36 to 42 feet beneath the present surface of the soil Mr. Spurrell discovered (in brickearth deposited against a chalk cliff) a dense layer of flint chippings, which covered an area measuring 15 feet by 10. A few inches above these flint chips were remains of the lower jaw of a rhinoceros. Mr. Spurrell adduces arguments to prove that this spot, which had been buried 36 feet beneath brickeartbs, was the actual spot which the Palaeolithic workman occupied when he made flint implements by hammering these chips off rough flintstone. One flint hdche was found, by Mr. Spurrell, with the chips struck off in making it lying so close at hand that he was enabled to bring them all together again, thus reproducing the original massive stone from which the workman had fashioned the hdche. The deposit of brickearth above these works of man's hands may well be compared with Mr. Pilbrow's description of the layers of loam, 15 feet thick, which he found deposited, by water, above the remains of strong Eoman walls outside the Eiding Gate at Canterbury. (Vide Archaeologia, vol. xliii., and Archeeologia Cantiana, XV., 347.) On some Palaeolithic Knapping Tools and Modes of Using Them, by F. C. J. SPURRELL, F.G.S., there is a paper in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute for August 1883. In it Mr. Spurrell treats of flint chippings found at Northfleet and Crayford; and in a plate he not only shews the forms of some stone hammers, but, by means of lines and sections, he demonstrates the manner in which they were used by the Palaeolithic workman in fashioning flint implements. Parochial History of Westerham, by GRANVILLE LEVESON GOWER, F.S.A. (London : Mitchell and Hughes, 1883 ; small 8vo, pp. 101, price 2s.).—This is one of the best, though one of the least pretentious, Parochial Histories we have seen. It recites briefly the annals of each manor in the parish; describes the church and its plate, its vicars, its registers, and its account books. The extracts from manor rolls, parish accounts, and registers, are full and interesting. They relate chiefly to the families of Potter, Eivers of Chafford, Middleton, Warde, Dawling, Manning (whence sprung the Cardinal), Beresford, Crisp, and Minet. The baptism of Bishop Hoadley; the burials of an Earl of Jersey (1721) and Countess of Winterton (1831) are noticed; and the unique copy of the Eoyal Arms, painted during the reign of Edward the Sixth, is mentioned.