Fish, Rochester Bestiary, c.1230
Transcription
Translation
tandi habent speciem et naturam. Quamvis se
in profundum mergant; tamen in natando repunt. Unde
et david ait. Hoc mare magnum et spatiosum val-
de illic reptilia quorum non est numerus. Amphia sunt
quedam genera piscium sic dicta quod ambulandi in
terris et natandi in aquis officium habeant. Am-
phi enim grece; utrumque dicitur. id est quia in aquis et
in terris vivunt. Omnes pisces generaliter frigide sunt
nature; et humide. Quidam habitant tantum in aquis.
Quidam in terris et in aquis. ut phoce. cocodrilli. yppo-
tami. hoc est. equi fluctuales. qui in indie in aquis commoran-
tur. et nocte segetes depascunt. qui prima parte equi
sunt; postrema soluuntur in piscem;
Fishes are said to swim, therefore they are called reptiles; they have the appearance and nature of crawling. Although they sink into the depths; yet in swimming they crawl. Whence also David said. In this large and spacious sea there are many reptiles, of which there is no number. Amphibians are a kind of so-called fish that have the job of walking on land and swimming in water. For Amphi in Greek; they are said to be both, that is, because they live in water and on land. All fish are generally cold by nature; and moist Some live only in water. Some in the land and in the water, such as phoces, crocodiles, hippopotami, that is to say, wave horses, which dwell in the water in the indies, and graze the crops at night, which are in the first part horses; the latter are dissolved in the fish.
presciencie munus accepit. Etenim si fenum sic deus ves-
tit. ut miremur si pascit volatilia. siparat corvis escam.
pulli enim eorum ad domini clamant. si mulieribus dedit
texture sapientiam. si araneam quetam subiliter
et docte laxos casses(corrected) suspendit in foribus sapientie non
relinquit immunem(corrected). si ipse equo virtutem dedit et soluit
occurrens regibus arrideat. odoretur bellum eminus.
excitetur sono tube. Si hec irrationabilia plurimaque
alia insensibilia. ut fenum. lilia. replevit dispositione
sue sapientie. quid dubitamus quod etiam in echinum
contulerit gratiam eius presciencie; Nichil enim inexplo-
ratum. nichil dissimulatum relinquit. Omnia videt;
qui omnia pascit. Omnia replet sapientia qui omnia
in sapientia fecit sicut scriptum est. Et ideo si echinum
visitationis sue exortem non pretermisit. et futurorum
format inditus. tua non considerat. Immo vero consi-
derat. sicut testatur eius divina sapientia dicens. Si
respicit volatilia. si pascit illa. none vos plues estis illis;
nisi(? covered by capita) fenum agri quod hodie est et cras in ignem mittitur
deus sic vestit. quanto magis vos minime fidei;
Lupus marinus alios pisces devorat. et est. ingeniosus.
ita ut reti circundatus; cauda aranas(changed to harenas) arat. Et sic conditus
transire rete. Phagrus ita duros dentes habet; ut ostreis
in mari alatur. Mulus libidinem inhibet commestus
I believe that through the indulgence of the lord of all things this (changed from hiiiiiis) received the gift of foreknowledge. Indeed, if the hay is like this, God wears it. that we may wonder if he feeds the fowls, separates the food for the crows, for their chicks cry out to their masters; , that he may rejoice in the fields, and smile when he meets kings, smell the war from afar, be excited by the sound of the trumpet. If he filled these unreasonable things and many other insensible things, such as hay and lilies, by the disposition of his wisdom, what doubt can we have that he also imparted his grace to the hedgehog with his foresight? For he leaves nothing unexplored, nothing hidden. He sees everything; who feeds all things. All things are filled with wisdom, who made all things in wisdom, as it is written. And therefore if the hedgehog has not foregone the beginning of his visit, and has entered into the form of future ones, he does not consider yours. On the contrary, he considers, as his divine wisdom testifies, saying: If he looks at the fowls, if he feeds them, you are no rain for them; unless the hay of the field, which is today and tomorrow is thrown into the fire, is thus clothed by God, how much more you have little faith; The sea-wolf devours other fish, and is, being clever, so encircled by a net; the tail plows the spiders. And so seasoned to cross the net. The pheasant has such hard teeth; as he feeds on oysters in the sea. A mule restrains his lust when he eats his eyes;
iiiverit hiis; qui ex vino hoc bibunt. Megilis ita est
agilis; quod transvolat rete. et dicitur mugilis quasi
multum agillis. Timallus est specie graus et sapore;
iocundus. Sicut flos fragrat et corpore aspirat odorem;
Escarius; escas ruminat. ingeniosus. In vase vimineo
inclusus; non fronte exit sec cauda foramina facit lata;
ut exeat. Et si alius escarius videt exeuntem; adiuvat
apprehensa cauda(changed from causa) exeuntis. Vranuscopus; habet
oculum in capite quo sursum semper intendit;
Milago quotiens extra aquam videtur avolare; tempes
tatem sedari significat. Anguilla in limo oritur. et
limosa est. ut quinto plus presseris; tanto cicius de manibus
elabitur. Et in gaugen fluvio; sunt.xxx. pedum
anguille. Si in vino necantur. tedium vini prestant
bibentibus ex eo. Murena est tantum feminei sexus.
et concipit ex serpent. Unde a piscatoribus sibilantibus; De h’ supra
capitur. Fuste vix interficitur. ferula protinus. Animam
habet in cauda. Nam in capite percussa; vix interimitur;
who shall drink of this wine. Megilis is so agile; which flies over a net, and is said to be a mule, as if it were very agile.
The timallus is coarse in appearance and in taste; funny As the flower breaks and the body inhales the fragrance. Escarius; he chews the cud, he is intelligent. Enclosed in a wicker vessel; it does not come out in front, but the tail makes wide holes; to come out And if another baiter sees him going out; helps by catching the tail coming out.
Vranuscopus; he has an eye in his head which always aims upwards.
Milago often seems to fly out of the water; it means to calm the storm.
The eel grows in the mud, and it is muddy, so that the fifth is pressed more; so much the faster it slips out of his hands. And in the gaugen river; They are 30 foot eels. If they are killed in the wine, they make the wine boring to those who drink from it. The murena is only of the female sex, and conceives from the serpent. Hence from the fishermen whistling; Of h' is taken over. He is hardly killed by a club, but directly by a cane. It has a soul in its tail. For she was struck in the head; he is hardly killed;
brachiis hamum amplectatur. et sic escam circum-
rodit. Sepia ore concipit sicut vipera. Cuius attra-
menti vis tanta est; ut si lucerne addatur; ethio-
pes facit homines videre. Concharum id est cocleae
multa genera sunt. Et crescente luna; crescunt. et
decrescente; decrescunt; Quedam ex hiis nocturno tem-
pore littora appetunt. et ex celesti rore; margaritam
concipiunt. Murica est coclea maris. dicta conchil-
cum. quia circumscisa ferro; lacrimas(corrected) purpurei colo-
ris emittit. ex quibus purpura tingitur. Cancri sunt
conche. crura habentes. retro incedentes. ostreis iiiiii-
ci. ex quorum carnibus nutriuntur. Explorant enim
quando ostrea claustra testarum aperiunt. et sic latenter
lapillum iniciunt. et sic carnes eorum rodunt;
strea sunt quorum carnis mollicies testa tegitur
que concipiunt lacte musculi coclearum id est mas-
culo coclearum; Et dicuntur musculi quasi masculi;
Nota quod cancer quia aperire clausum ostreum nulla
vi potest. et periculosum est si chelam eius includat; ad ar-
gumenta confugit. et insidias nova fraude molitur. Itaque
quia omnia genera piscium delectatione aliqua mulcentur;
explorat si quando ostreum remotis in locis ab omni vento contra solis
radium aperiat os suum. et referet claustra testarum. ut
libero aere visceris sui voluptatem quandam capiat. et
tunc clanculo calculum immittat qui lapidem conclusio-
nem ostrei inpediat. Ac sic aperta claustra aperiens. inserit che-
las. visceraque interna depascitur. Sic igitur in visi sunt qui
cancri usu in alieno usu circumscriptionis irrepunt. et infir-
mitatem proprie virtutis astu quodam suffulciunt. fratris
bonum vescuntur. et alterius pascuntur erumpna. tu ut dolum
autem propriis esto contentus. et aliena te dampna non pascant
Bonus cibus est simplicitas innocentie. sua bona habens.
Insidiari nescit alienis. nec avaricie fascibus inardescit. cui lu-
men omne ad virtutem dispendium est; ad cupiditatem;
incendium. Et ideo beata est si bonam noverit cum veritate
paupertatem. et omnibus preferenda thesauris. quia melius
the tail immediately.
Colippus is so talented; so that he embraces the hook with his arms, and thus gnaws around the meat.
Cuttlefish conceives with its mouth like a viper. The force of whose ink is great; as if a light were added; Ethiopians make people see.
There are many kinds of shells, that is, snails. And the growing moon; they increase and decrease; they decrease Some of these they desire at night on the shores, and from the heavenly dew; they conceive a pearl.
Murica is a snail of the sea, called a shell, because it is circumcised with a steel; it emits tears of a purple color, from which it is dyed purple.
Crayfish are shell-like, having legs, walking backwards, and eating oysters, from whose flesh they are nourished. For they spy when the oysters open the barriers of their shells, and thus secretly throw in a pebble, and thus gnaw their flesh; They are striae whose soft flesh is covered by a shell, which they conceive with the milk of the muscles of the cochlea, that is, the male of the cochlea. And the muscles are said to be male. Note that cancer, because no force can open a closed oyster, and it is dangerous if it includes its shell; he flees to the evidence, and devises a plot by a new trick. Therefore, since all kinds of fish are filled with some delight; he examines whether, when the oyster is removed from every wind in places against the rays of the sun, it opens its mouth, and brings back the barriers of its shells, so that it may take some pleasure in the free air of its bowels, and then with a clang it throws in a pebble which indents the stone of the oyster's conclusion. And thus opening the gates open, he inserts the shells, and devours the internal viscera. Thus, therefore, there are seen those who, with the use of cancer, creep in the use of a stranger's circumscription, and support infirmity with a certain cunning of virtue, they feed on the good of their brother, and feed on the outbursts of another. having his goods. He does not know how to lie in wait for strangers, nor is he avariciously enflamed by bundles, for whom all light is wasted on virtue; to desire; fire And therefore she is blessed if she knows that poverty is good with the truth, and that it is preferable to all treasures, because a little is better
more. Melior est enim hospitalitas in omnibus cum gratia;
quam vitulorum pinguium preparatio cum discordia. Utamur
ergo ingenio ad querendam gratiam. et salutem tuendam.
non ad alienam circumscribendam innocentiam.
with the fear of God. than great treasures without trembling. For hospitality is better in all things with grace; than the preparation of fat calves with discord. Let us therefore use our intelligence to claim grace and protect salvation, not to limit the innocence of others. Although no
alienis uti exemplis et etiam maritimis. ad profectum nostre
salutis; et non ad(added) alienum periculum. Tradunt quidam .x.cem
cancris cum ocimi(changed from ocino) manipulo alligatis; omnes qui ibi sunt
scorpiones; ad eundem locum coituros; Duo sunt genera
chancrorum. fluviales et maritimi.
Testudo dictus; quod tegmine teste sit coopertus in
camere modum. Sunt autem quatuor genera testudinum.
Terrestres. maritimi. lutarii id est in ceno et palude vi-
ventes. quartum genus fluctuale. quod in dulci aqua vi-
vit. Tradunt aliqui quod incredibile est; tardius ire navi-
gia; testudinis pedem dextrum vehentia.
Rane a garrulitate dicte. eoquod circa genitales strepunt
paludes. et sonos vocis inportune; clamoribus reddunt.
Ex quibus quedam aquatice dicuntur; quedam palustres
twice to use foreign examples and also maritime ones, for the advancement of our salvation; and not at the risk of others. Some bring 100 crabs tied with a bunch of basil; all that are there are scorpions; they will come together to the same place. There are two kinds of cancer, fluvial and marine. Said to be a tortoise; that he was covered with a covering in the manner of a chamber. Now there are four kinds of turtles. Terrestrial, maritime, and luthers, that is, living in seas and swamps, the fourth kind of waves, which live in fresh water. Some say that it is incredible; the boats go more slowly; the right foot of the tortoise is violent. Say the frog from the chattering, that which makes the marshes rustle around the genitals, and the sounds of the voice are obnoxious; they return with cries. Some of these are called aquatic; some marshes,
omnium. et viridissime. mute et sine voce sunt. Egdu-
le rane parvule sunt. in sicco vel agris morantes. Unde et
nuncupate; Negant quidam canes latrare quibus in offa
rana fuerit viva data. Innumeri itaque usus; innumera
piscium genera. Alii ova generant. ut varii maiores.
quos tructas vocant. et aquis fovenda committunt. Aqua igitur
animat(corrected) et creat. et adhuc mandati illius tanquam legis
perpetue munus exequitur. blanda quidam mater animan-
tium. Alii vivos fetus edunt de suo corpore. ut cete ingen-
tia. Delphines et phoce. aliaque cetera huiusmodi. que cum
ediderint partus; si quid forte insidiarum terrorisque presen-
serint circa catulos suos; numquam molliri quo tueantur
eos vel tenere etatis pavorem materno affectu compri-
mant; aperire ora. et innoxio(changed from innoxia) dente partus suos suspendere.
Interno quoque recipere corpore feruntur. et alvo ab scondere genitali;
Quis non miretur et stupeat. ut servet natura in piscibus.
quod non servat in hominibus; Plerumque in suspitione no-
vercalibus odiis appetiti; suos occiderunt filios. Alie pre-
some red, and those that live in the brambles, common to all, and the greenest, are mute and speechless.
Egdule frogs are small, living in dry land or fields. Whence and name. Some deny that dogs bark at which a live frog has been shot. Innumerable uses therefore; innumerable kinds of fish. Others lay eggs, such as various larger ones, which they call trout, and begin to foster them in the waters. Water, therefore, animates and creates, and still the office of that commandment is perpetually executed as a law, a sort of soothing mother of the living. Others eat the living offspring from their own bodies, such as the giant whale. Dolphins and porpoises, and other such things, which when they give birth; if, by any chance, they have been present with intrigues and terrors around their cubs; they never soften with which they protect them, or suppress the fear of age with maternal affection; to open their mouths, and suspend their births with a harmless tooth. Internally, too, they are directed to receive the body, and the abdomen from the cleansing of the genitals; Who does not wonder and wonder that nature preserves in fish what it does not preserve in men. Generally, in the suspicion of maternal hatred of the appetite; they killed their children. In other
nis pignoribus mater sepulcrum facta est. piscium proli
uterus parentis sicut muro quodam intimorum
viscerum pignora inoffensa conservat. Nam utique
maius est quod nature colluvione committitur; quam quod
in persone iniuria. Et o homo ista procuras; interpres adul-
terii iumentalis. Et illud animal pretius putas quod
adulterinum quam quod verum est. Ipse genera aliena confun-
dis. diversaque miscens semina. et ad vetitos coitus ple-
rumque cogis invitos. Et hoc industriam vocas. quia de
hominibus hoc facere non potes ut diversi generis com-
mixtio; fetum possit excludere. Tollis homini quod na-
tus est. et virum de viro exuis. abscisaque corporis parte
sexum necas. spadonem efficis. ut quod natura negavit
in hominibus impleret audacia. Quam bona mater
sit aqua; hinc homo considera. Tu homo docuisti pa-
trum in filios separationes. odia. offensas. Disce que sit
parentis et filiorum necessitudo. Vivere pisces sine
aqua non queunt. nec a sue parentis consortio separari.
words, as we read before, they ate their own births, the mother became a sepulchre, with human pledges, the womb of the fish of the offspring, like a wall, preserves the pledges of the innermost viscera harmless. For of course it is greater that nature begins with a shower; than that in the wrong person. And O man, you procure these things; Interpreter of adul-terii umental. And that animal you think is more valuable than what is genuine. He himself confounds foreign races, and mixes different seeds, and generally compels the unwilling to forbidden intercourse. And you call this industry, because you cannot do this about people as a mixture of different types; can exclude the fetus. You take away from man what he was born with, and you take away the man from the man, and by cutting off the part of the body you kill the sex, you make a sword, so that what nature denied in men, boldness may fill. What a good mother water is; hence consider man. You, a man, have taught fathers to children separations, hatreds, and offenses. Learn that there is a relationship between parents and children. Fish cannot live without water, nor can they be separated from the company of their parents,
quadam. ut separati; moriantur ilico. Quid autem de den-
sitate dentium dicam; Non enim ut oves aut boves. ex una
parte dentes habent. sed utraque pars armata est dentibus eorum
qui in aqua sunt. et si diutius cibum versarent et non
cito transmitterent; aquarum alluvione dentibus eorum
esca(changed from escam) posset auferri. ac dilui. Inde densos et acutos
habent dentes. ut cito incidant. citoque conficiant cibum.
et ut facile et sine aliqua mora transmittant. Denique
non ruminant. Solus tamen escarius ruminare perhi-
betur; de cuius natura superius tractatur. Sunt pis-
ces qui invicem se devorant. et sua carne pascuntur.
Minor apud illos esca maioris est; et rursus ipse maior
a validiore invaditur. et fit esca alternis; preda
alieni. Itaque usu venit ut cum ipse alium devoraverit
ab alio devoretur. et in unum ventrem utrumque conveni-
at. Hec quoque in signum hominibus sunt. ut in hiis;
nostrorum mori videantur vitia. et eorum caveamus
exempla. Ne quis fortior inferiorem invadat. Da-
nor can they be distinguished from their brood, and this is done by a certain nature, as if they were separated; let them die on the spot. But what can I say about the density of the teeth? For they do not, like sheep or cattle, have teeth on one side, but both sides are armed with the teeth of those who are in the water; the food might be taken away from their teeth by the inundation of the waters. Then they have dense and sharp teeth. so that they may cut down quickly, and prepare the food quickly, and that they may convey it easily and without any delay. Finally, they do not chew. However, only the carrion is given to chew; the nature of which is discussed above. There are fish that devour each other and feed on their own flesh. With them the smaller is the food of the greater; and again the greater himself is invaded by the stronger, and becomes the bait of the alters; prey to strangers And so it came to pass that when he himself had devoured another, he was devoured by another, and both came together in one belly. This also is a sign to men, as in these; Let our faults be seen to die, and let us beware of their examples. Let no one who is stronger invade the inferior. He will give
qui alium ledit; sibi laqueum parat in quem ipse incidat.
Et tu piscis es qui viscera invadis aliena qui demer-
gis infirmum. qui persequeris credentem usque in profun-
dum(corrected from dundum). Cave ne dum alium persequeris incidas;
ipse in validiorem. et deducat(changed from deducas) te in alienas insidias;
qui tuas vitat. priusquam tuam expectet erumpnam;
qui te persequente propriam reformidabat.
a more powerful example of injustice. Therefore, whoever injures another; he prepares a trap for himself into which he himself falls. And you are a fish who invades the entrails of strangers, who drowns the weak, who pursues the believer to the depths. Take care not to fall in pursuit of another; himself into a stronger one, and lead thee into strange snares; he who avoids yours before he waits for your outburst; who, in pursuing thee, shrank his own.
and removed the fear from his neck, so that he may rejoice in the fields, and smile when he meets kings, smell war from afar, be excited by the sound of the trumpet. If he filled these unreasonable and many other insensible things, such as hay and lilies, by the arrangement of his wisdom. What do we doubt that he also bestowed his grace on the hedgehog with his foreknowledge? For he leaves nothing unexplored, nothing hidden. He sees everything; who feeds all things. All things are filled with wisdom, who made all things in wisdom, as it is written. And therefore, if the hedgehog did not miss the start of his visit, and the shape of those to come. He does not consider yours. Indeed, he considers as his divine wisdom testifies, saying If he looks at the fowls, if he feeds them, you are no rain for them; unless (? covered by heads) the hay of the field, which is today and tomorrow is thrown into the fire, God so dresses, how much more you who have little faith.
The sea-wolf devours other fishes, and is, being clever, so surrounded as with a net; the tail plows the sand. And so seasoned to cross the net. The pheasant has such hard teeth; as he feeds on oysters in the sea. A mule restrains his lust when he has eaten, he has his eyes; who shall drink of this wine. Megilis is so agile; which flies over a net, and is said to be a mule, as if it were very agile. The timallus is coarse in appearance and in taste; funny As the flower breaks and the body inhales the fragrance. Escarius; he chews the cud, he is intelligent. Enclosed in a wicker vessel; it does not come out in front, but the tail makes wide holes; to come out And if another baiter sees him going out; helps by catching the tail coming out. Vranuscopus; he has an eye in his head which always aims upwards. Milago often seems to fly out of the water; it means to calm the storm. The eel grows in the mud, and it is muddy, so that the fifth is pressed more; so much the faster it slips out of his hands. And in the gaugen river; They are 30 foot eels. If they are killed in the wine, they make the wine boring to those who drink from it. The murena is only of the female sex, and conceives from the serpent. Hence the whistling fishermen. It is taken from above. He is hardly killed by a club, but directly by a cane. It has a soul in its tail. For she was struck in the head; he is hardly killed; the tail immediately. Colippus is so talented; so that he embraces the hook with his arms, and thus gnaws around the meat. Cuttlefish conceives with its mouth like a viper. The force of whose ink is great; as if a light were added; Ethiopians make people see. There are many kinds of shells, that is, snails. And the growing moon; they increase and decrease; they decrease Some of these they desire at night on the shores, and from the heavenly dew; they conceive a pearl. Murica is a snail of the sea, called a shell, because it is circumcised with a steel; it emits tears of a purple color, from which it is dyed purple. Crayfish are shell-like, having legs, walking backwards, and eating oysters, from whose flesh they are nourished. For they spy when the oysters open the barriers of their shells, and thus secretly throw in a pebble, and thus gnaw their flesh; They are striae whose soft flesh is covered by a shell, which they conceive with the milk of the muscles of the cochlea, that is, the male of the cochlea. And the muscles are said to be male.
Note that cancer, because no force can open a closed oyster, and it is dangerous if it includes its shell; he flees to the evidence, and devises a plot by a new trick. Therefore, since all kinds of fish are filled with some delight; he examines whether, when the oyster is removed from every wind in places against the rays of the sun, it opens its mouth, and brings back the barriers of its shells, so that it may take some pleasure in the free air of its bowels, and then with a clang it throws in a pebble which indents the stone of the oyster's conclusion. And thus opening the gates open, he inserts the shells, and devours the internal viscera. Thus, therefore, they are seen to be those who, by the use of cancer, creep into a strange use of circumcision, and support their weakness by a kind of artifice properly so called virtue. They feed on the good of their brothers, and they feed on the slanders of others, but you, as a trick, be content with your own, and do not feed on the harms of others. He does not know how to lie in wait for strangers, nor is he avariciously enflamed by bundles, for whom all light is wasted on virtue; to desire; fire And therefore she is blessed if she knows that poverty is good with the truth, and that it is preferable to all treasures, because a little is better with the fear of God. than great treasures without trembling. For hospitality is better in all things with grace; than the preparation of fat calves with discord. Let us therefore use our intelligence to claim grace and protect salvation, not to limit the innocence of others. It is permissible for us to use the examples of foreigners and even maritime ones, for the advancement of our salvation; and not at the risk of others. Some bring 100 crabs tied with a bunch of basil; all that are there are scorpions; they will come together to the same place; There are two types of cancer. rivers and seas. Said to be a tortoise; that he was covered with a covering in the manner of a chamber. Now there are four kinds of turtles. Terrestrial, maritime, and luthers, that is, living in seas and swamps, the fourth kind of waves, which live in fresh water. Some say that it is incredible; the boats go more slowly; the right foot of the tortoise is violent.
Say the frog from the chattering, that which makes the marshes rustle around the genitals, and the sounds of the voice are obnoxious; they return with cries. Some of these are called aquatic; some marshes, some red; The commonest of all, and the greenest, are mute and voiceless. Egdule frogs are small, living in dry land or fields. Whence and name. Some deny that dogs bark at which a live frog has been shot. Innumerable uses therefore; innumerable kinds of fish. Others lay eggs, such as various larger ones, which they call trout, and begin to foster them in the waters. Water, therefore, animates and creates, and still the office of that commandment is perpetually executed as a law, a sort of soothing mother of the living. Others eat the living offspring from their own bodies, such as the giant whale. Dolphins and porpoises, and other such things, which when they give birth; if, by any chance, they have been present with intrigues and terrors around their cubs; they never soften with which they protect them, or suppress the fear of age with maternal affection; to open their mouths, and suspend their births with a harmless tooth. Internally, too, they are directed to receive the body, and the abdomen from the cleaning of the genitals.
Who does not wonder and wonder that nature preserves in fish what it does not preserve in men. Generally, in the suspicion of maternal hatred of the appetite; they killed their children. In other words, as we read in the preface, they ate their own birth, the mother became a sepulchre, with human pledges, the womb of the fish of the offspring, like a wall, preserves harmless the pledges of the innermost viscera. For of course it is greater that nature begins with a shower; than that in the wrong person. And O man, you procure these things; interpreter of human adultery. And that animal you think is more valuable than what is genuine. He himself confounds foreign races, and mixes different seeds, and generally compels the unwilling to forbidden intercourse. And you call this energy. because you cannot do this about men as a mixture of different races; can exclude the fetus. You take away from man what he was born with, and you take away the man from the man, and by cutting off the part of the body you kill the sex, you make a sword, so that what nature has denied in men, boldness may fill. What a good mother water is; hence consider man. You, a man, have taught fathers to children separations, hatreds, and offenses. Learn that there is a relationship between parents and children. Fish cannot live without water, nor can they be separated from the company of their parents, nor can they distinguish themselves from their brood, and this is done by a certain nature, as if they were separated; let them die on the spot. But what can I say about the density of the teeth? For they do not, like sheep or cattle, have teeth on one side, but both sides are armed with the teeth of those who are in the water; the food might be taken away from their teeth by the inundation of the waters, and I Hence they have dense and sharp teeth, so that they can cut quickly, and quickly prepare food, and so that they can transmit it easily and without any delay. Finally, they do not chew. However, only the carrion is given to chew; the nature of which is discussed above. There are fish that devour each other and feed on their own flesh. With them the smaller is the food of the greater; and again the greater himself is invaded by the stronger, and becomes the bait of the alters; prey to strangers And so it came to pass that when he himself had devoured another, he was devoured by another, and both came together in one belly. This also is a sign to men, as in these; Let our faults be seen to die, and let us beware of their examples. Let no one who is stronger invade the inferior. He will give a more powerful example of injustice. Therefore, whoever injures another; he prepares a trap for himself into which he himself falls. And you are a fish who invades the entrails of strangers, who drowns the weak, who pursues the believer to the depths. Take care not to fall in pursuit of another; himself into a stronger one, and lead thee into strange snares; he who avoids yours before he waits for your outburst; who, in pursuing thee, shrank his own.