Church payments for Chrism oil, c.1123
Folio
Transcription
Translation (see Translation Notes)
220v (select folio number to open facsimile)
De numero ecclesiarum Rofensis episcopatus
Concerning the number of churches within the Rochester episcopate
& de reddittibus quos singulæ reddunt quando
and the amounts each pays when they
accipiunt sanctum crisma a matre ecclesia episcopatus.
receive the holy chrism from the mother church of the episcopate.
Tonebrigga, reddit nouem denarios.
Tonbridge, pays nine silver coins.
barindena . ix denarios. Ealdinga ix denarios.
Barinden, nine silver coins. Yalding nine silver coins.
Lega ix denarios Brancesle .ix. denarios. Hors-
Leigh nine silver coins. Brenchley nine silver coin.
bundenne .ix. denarios. Theudelei .ix. denarios. Lam-
Horsmonden nine silver coins. Tudeley nine silver coins.
burherste .ix. denarios. Peppingeberia .ix. denarios.
Lamberhurst nine silver coins. Pembury nine silver coins.
Speldherste .ix. denarios. Wotringaberia. ix.
Speldhurst nine silver coins. Wateringbury nine
.ix. denarios. Eastpecham .ix. denarios. West pecham .ix. denarios.
silver coins. East Peckham nine silver coins. West Peckham nine silver coins.
East Eearnlega .ix. denarios. Becceham .ix. denarios.
East Farleigh nine silver coins. Beckenham nine silver coins.
Trottescliui .ix. denarios. Ciselherste .ix. denarios.
Trottescliffe nine silver coins. Chislehurst nine silver coins.
Cudena .ix. denarios. Aeischerste .ix. denarios. Aeiles-
Cowden nine silver coins. Ashurst nine silver coins.
ford .ix. denarios. Berlingis .ix. denarios. Meallin-
Aylesford nine silver coins. Birling nine silver coins.
gis .ix. denarios. Codeham .ix. denarios. Reiersce
East Malling nine silver coins. Cudham nine silver coins. Ryarsh
.ix. denarios. Offeham .ix. denarios. dictuna .ix. denarios.
nine silver coins. Offham nine silver coins. Ditton nine silver coins.
Huntintune .ix. denarios. Netlesteda .ix. denarios.
Hunton nine silver coins. Nettlested nine silver coins.
Burcham .ix. denarios. Wlydam .ix. denarios. Sancta
Burham nine silver coins. Wouldham nine silver coins. Saint
margarita .ix. denarios. Caetham .ix. denarios.
Margaret nine silver coins. Chatham nine silver coins.
Sancti Clemens .ix. denarios. Cuclestena .ix. denarios.
Saint Clements nine silver coins. Cuxton nine silver coins.
Hallingis .ix. denarios. Snodlande .ix. denarios.
Halling nine silver coins. Snodland nine silver coins.
Wroteham .ix. denarios. Meapeham .ix. denarios.
Wrotham nine silver coins. Meopham nine silver coins.
Pennes herste .ix. denarios. Ehteham .ix. denarios.
Penshurst nine silver coins. Ightham nine silver coins.
Cadintuna .ix. denarios. Lisna .ix. denarios. Leuese-
Addington nine silver coins. Erith nine siver coins
ham .ix. denarios.
Lewisham nine silver coins.
[ ] Erde .ix. denarios.
[ ] Crayford nine silver coins.
Wilinentuna .ix. denarios. Lullingestuna .ix. denarios.
Wilmington nine silver coins. Lullingstone nine silver coins.
Le .ix. denarios. Maruurtha .ix. denarios. Wester-
Lee nine silver coins. Mereworth nine silver coins.
ha’ .ix. denarios. Watlande .ix. denarios. Cimi-
Westerham nine silver coins. Woodlands nine silver coins.
singa .ix. denarios. Wicham .ix. denarios. Brade-
Kemsing, nine silver coins. Wicham nine silver coins.
steda .ix. denarios. Faermingeham .ix. denarios. Ha-
Brasted nine silver coins. Farningham nine silver coins.
selholte .ix. denarios. Readlega .ix. denarios.
Hadlow nine silver coins. Ridley nine silver coins.
Aisce .ix. denarios. Herclei .ix. denarios. Sunder-
Ash nine silver coins. Hartley nine silver coins.
ersce .ix. denarios. Mapeldreskampe .ix. denarios.
Sundridge nine silver coins. Maplescombe nine silver coins.
Heure .ix. denarios. Scorham .ix. denarios. Hludes-
Hever nine silver coins. Shoreham nine silver coins.
dune .ix. denarios. Otteford .ix. denarios. Rokes-
Ludsdown nine silver coins. Otford nine silver coins.
se .ix. denarios. Leleburna .ix. denarios. Culinga.
Ruxley nine silver coins. Leybourne nine silver coins. Cowling
ix. denarios. Juelda .ix. denarios. Cidingestane .ix.
nine silver coins. Ifield nine silver coins. Chiddingstone nine
.ix. denarios. Terstana .ix. denarios. Ailentune
nine silver coins. Teston nine silver coins. Allington
Freondesbyri .ix. denarios. Lilecirce .ix. denarios.
Frindsbury nine silver coins. Lillechurch nine silver coins.
Heahham .ix. denarios. Cobbeham .ix. denarios. Scoene
Higham nine silver coins. Cobham nine silver coins. Shorne
.ix. denarios. Halgesto .ix. denarios. Hnutstede.
nine silver coins. High Halstow nine silver coins. Nurstead
.ix. denarios. Sca’ wereburh dehou .ix. denarios.
nine silver coins. Saint Werburgh in Hoo nine silver coins.
Dereuuoldes treop .ix. denarios. Ordmares-
Dode nine silver coins. All Hallows/St. Mary's
circe dehou .ix. denarios. Dodes circe .ix. denarios.
Church in Hoo nine silver coins. Dode Church nine silver coins.
Deremannes cirte. dehou .ix. denarios. Clue
All Hallows/St. Mary's Church in Hoo nine silver coins. Cliffe
.ix. denarios. Falkenham .ix. denarios. Denituna .ix.
nine silver coins. Fawkham nine silver coins. Denton nine
denarios. Meletuna .ix. denarios. Grauesaende.
silver coins. Milton nine silver coins. Gravesend
ix. denarios. Eadelmesbrege .ix. denarios. Stokes.
nine silver coins. Edenbridge nine silver coins. Stoke
ix. denarios. Grean .ix. denarios. Gilesfeld .ix. denarios.
nine silver coins. Grain nine silver coins. Chelsfield nine silver coins.
Celca .ix. denarios. Northcrai .ix. denarios. Rodulfes
Chalk nine silver coins. North Cray nine silver coins. Rudolf’s
crai .ix. denarios. Fotescrai .ix. denarios. Nordfleotes.
Cray nine silver coins. Foots Cray nine silver coins. Northfleet
.ix. denarios. Sudfleotes .ix. denarios. Bixle .ix. denarios.
nine silver coins. Southfleet nine silver coins. Bexley nine silver coins.
Suaneskape .ix. denarios. Haltesteda .ix. denarios. Deren-
Swanscombe nine silver coins. Halstead nine silver coins.
te. .ix. denarios. [ ] Derte-
Darenth nine silver coins.
ford .ix. denarios. Sud clerente .ix. denarios. Sud-
Dartford nine silver coins. South Darenth nine silver coins.
tuna .ix. denarios. Stanes .ix. denarios. Orpingtu-
Sutton-at-Hone nine silver coins. Stone nine silver coins.
na .ix. denarios. Hortune .ix. denarios. Plustede
Orpington nine silver coins. Horton Kirby nine silver coins. Plumstead
.ix. denarios. Bromlega .ix. denarios. Aelteham .ix.
nine silver coins. Bromley nine silver coins. Eltham nine
denarios. Witcham .ix. denarios. Cerlentune1 .ix. denarios.
silver coins. Wickham nine silver coins. Charlton nine silver coins.
Greneuuic .ix. denarios. West greneuuic2 .ix. denarios.
Greenwich nine silver coins. West Greenwich nine silver coins.
Wleuuic .ix. denarios. Gillingeham3 .ix. denarios.
Woolwich nine silver coins. Gillingham nine silver coins.
Bearmlinges4 .ix. denarios. [ ] .ix. denarios.
Barming nine silver coins. [ ] nine silver coins.
Seouenaca .ix. denarios. Meallingetes5 .ix. denarios.
Sevenoaks nine silver coins. Malling nine silver coins.
De capellis. Bitteberga. reddit sex de-
The chapels: Bidborough, pays six
narios. Chitebroc .vi. denarios. Comba .vi. denarios.
silver coins. Kidbrooke six silver coins. (Westcombe in Greenwich?) six silver coins.
Strodes .vi. denarios. Capella de hou .vi. denarios.
Strood six silver coins. The chapel at Hoo six silver coins.
[ ]. Hal-
gelei .vi. denarios. Aeflingeham .vi. denarios. West-
Hawley six silver coins. Aflingeham(?) six silver coins.
cliue .vi. denarios. Greuuic .vi. denarios. Stanste-
West Cliff six silver coins. Greenwich six silver coins.
de .vi. denarios. Thorinduna .vi. denarios. Lindisinge.
Stanstead six silver coins. Thorinduna(?) six silver coins. Lidsing
vi. denarios. Mersctuna .vi. denarios. Lullingestana .vi. denarios.
six silver coins. Merston six silver coins. Lullingstone six silver coins.
Hescendena. Bearmlingetes .vi. denarios
Nashenden and Barming six silver coins.
Cusintune. Bearlesteda. Graie.
Cossington, Bearstead, Grain,
Cretenersce. Sciburna. Helle .vi. denarios
Greatness, Shipbourne, Helle (St Margarets in Darenth), six silver coins.
Fearnberge. vi. denarios. Sancti Leonardus.
Farnborough six silver coins. Saint Leonard’s
Lilintuna. Sancta Maria decastello.
Linton. Saint Mary at the Castle.
Jacob Scott
Research Guild
With thanks for the notes of Dr Christopher Monk and the research of the Kemsing Heritage Centre and Sevenoaks Society.
Footnotes
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1 An annotation ‘Chitebroc’ in the margin is possibly linked to Cerlentune.
2 An annotation ‘Comba’ in the margin is linked to Greneuuic.
3 An annotation ‘Greine. Lidisinga’ (Grain, Lidsing) in the margin is possibly linked to Gillingeham, although it’s symbol is truncated by the edge of the folio.
4 An annotation ‘Bearmlingetes’ in the margin is linked to Bearmlinges.
5 An annotation ‘Sc’i Leonard’’ in the margin is linked to Meallingetes (i.e. St Leonard’s Church in Malling).
Watch and ward list, c.1337
to cause proclamation to be made in cities, boroughs, market towns and other fit places that archbishops, bishops, all abbots and priors and other ecclesiastical persons, earls, barons, knights, lords of towns, merchants and other rich people of that county, shall be at Rochester on the morrow of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross next, to hear the king’s intention and will concerning the defence of the realm against the king of France, who is waging war on it, which will be set forth to them by those whom the king will send for this, making known to them that if they refuse to come, the king will punish them as disobedient.2
On the same day, the king appointed John de Stratford, archbishop of Canterbury, and William de Clynton, earl of Huntingdon, both responsible for the defence of Kent, to impart the king’s ‘intention and will’ to the county’s landowners. However, because the earl and the archbishop had pressing duties elsewhere, they were replaced on the following day by Hamo de Hethe, bishop of Rochester, John de Sheppey, prior of Rochester, John de Cobeham and Thomas de Aldon.3 When the assembly was subsequently held at Rochester on 15 September, perhaps in the cathedral itself or more likely in the hall of the nearby castle, the county’s elite agreed to - or were told - who would be providing the individual watches and wards, the number of men required, and the portions of coastline they would be guarding, from the Hoo Peninsula all the way round to Dungeness. This list was drawn up by Huntingdon, who was able to attend this assembly despite his pressing duties elsewhere, together with de Cobeham and de Aldon.4 All, or a part of it, was subsequently copied into the Textus Roffensis, where it served as an aide memoire to the prior and his successors on their obligations. John de Sheppey, the prior at the time, later succeeded Hamo de Hethe as bishop and subsequently became the treasurer of England. His magnificent effigy, in its original polychrome, can still be seen in the cathedral today.5 The prior was expected to provide three men-at-arms, with eleven more supplied by seven other local landowners, making a total of fourteen. They were supplemented by seven ‘hobelars’ or mounted infantrymen, probably armed with longbows.6 These latter soldiers were named individually in the list and seem to have lived in the area concerned, one coming from Cliffe and another from Higham. Their collective task was to patrol the area along the ‘Yenlade in Hoo’ to prevent any French raiders landing there. In addition, the local communities between Dartford and Strood were expected to provide nine men to keep watch at night, ‘according to ancient practice.’ These may have been based at Cliffe and Hoo, where in later times warning beacons were ordered to be set up and which may already have been in place.7 The ‘Yenlade’ or Yantlet used to be a navigable creek that separated the Isle of Grain from the rest of the Hoo peninsula, crossed by a single bridge. During medieval times and beyond, it provided a sheltered passageway for smaller craft to traverse the water between the Thames and Medway estuaries.8 As most of the coastline of the Hoo peninsula consisted of marshland, the Yantlet creek seems to have been the most likely point where any French raiders could make a landing. The 17th-century map of Kent in John Speed’s The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain in the Chapter Library shows Yantlet creek separating the Isle of Grain from the rest of the Hoo Peninsula. Similar watches and wards were also provided for Sheppey, Thanet, and Kentish coastline beyond. Only those are far as Walmer are included in the Textus list, where it abruptly ends. Why it terminates here is not clear. Perhaps a further folio, containing the rest of the list was lost before the Textus was bound in its present binding. Fortunately, a more complete version can now be found in the British Library, bound at the end of Additional Manuscript No. 38006. This lists the same defensive arrangements that can be found in the Textus but continues all the way round the coast to Dungeness. The same manuscript also contains an updated version of the list, which was compiled after Easter 1346 by John de Cobeham, Roger de Northwood, Thomas de Brockhull and the sheriff of Kent, William Langley. This was the year in which Edward III invaded France with a large army, resulting in his famous victory at Crecy. In this revised list, only the bishop and prior of Rochester are listed as being responsible for the ward at ‘Yenlade in Hoo’. This fuller version is probably the source of the list found printed in Philipott’s ‘Villare Cantianum.’9 Just a year after the list was compiled, the watch and ward system would have been put into operation in earnest. Portsmouth was sacked and burnt in March and a devastating raid was also made on Southampton in early October. It was also thought that the French would attempt to land on the Isle of Sheppey and that they would go on to attack London. With the king absent abroad, on 14 October 1338 the keeper of the realm and the king’s council sent letters to the bishop and prior of Rochester, Sir Philip de Pympe, and other landowners in Kent commanding them to send men-at-arms and archers urgently to Sheppey to defend it.10 This was no doubt in addition to their existing duties, ensuring that other sections of the Kentish coastline were patrolled and watched. It is therefore likely that the prior’s three horsemen and their counterparts spent many weary hours in the saddle that autumn, making sure that the French did not also land in the Hoo peninsula. There was no let-up in the following year, with the French first attacking Harwich, followed by further descents on Southampton, Plymouth, and the Isle of Wight. Thereafter various attempts were made to attack the Kent and Sussex coasts, but only Hastings was successfully sacked and burnt. On this occasion, William de Dene recorded in his chronicle, the Historia Roffensis, that Bishop Hamo de Hethe provided six men-at-arms with ‘covered’ or barded horses (sex homines ad arma cum equis coopertis) to help defend the Kent coast from the attacks made by the French fleet.11 It was only after that fleet was defeated and destroyed by Edward III himself at the battle of Sluys in 1340, that the prior’s busy men-at-arms would have found some rest at last from their onerous duties.12
Randolph Jones
Transcription and translation:
The ‘Watch and Ward’ for Yantlet in Hoo, 1337
Watch
Hundred of Number of men to provide
Hoo 2
Malling 1
Shamel13 5
Dartford 1
Total 9
Ward
Men-at-arms14
Prior of Rochester 3
Philip de Pympe, Knight15 2
Thomas Malmayns16 2
John de Frenyngham17 2
Stephen de Dalham18 1
Thomas Walram 1
John Giffard 2
Henry de Greffort 1
Total 14
Hobelars
Roger de Estcheker 1
John att Forde 1
Robert Vyannde 1
Henry Lomer 1
Robert le Ram 1
John Mortemere de Clyve 1
Michael Sunna de Hieham19 1
Total 7
Footnotes
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1 Jonathan Sumption, The Hundred Years War: Vol. I. Trial by Battle (London, 1990), p. 164.
2 CCR 1337-39, pp. 254, 255.
3 CPR 1334-38, pp. 502, 504.
4 For careers of these three men see: Matthew Raven, ‘William Clinton, Earl of Huntingdon, and the county of Kent: a study in magnate service under Edward III,’ Archaeologia Cantiana, Vol. 142 (2021), pp. 59-80, Nigel Saul, Death, Art, and Memory in Medieval England. The Cobham Family and their Monuments 1300-1500 (Oxford 2001), pp. 19-20; Dorothy Gardiner, ‘The Manor of Boughton Aluph and Sir Thomas de Aldon,’ Archaeologia Cantiana, Vol. 50 (1939), pp. 122-130.
5 For Sheppey’s biography, see the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
6 Summary at the end of this list erroneously mentions a total of 12 men-at-arms and 6 hobelars for the Yantlet ward.
7 CPR 1377-81, p. 77.
8 Edward Hasted, The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent, Vol. 4 (Canterbury, 1798), pp 250-1.
9 Thomas Philipott, Villare Cantianum: or Kent surveyed and illustrated (London, 1659), pp. 4-7. This source states that the prior of Rochester was responsible for providing eight men-at-arms, but this is an error.
10 CCR 1337-39, p, 609; Thomas Rymer (ed.), Foedera, Conventiones, Litterae, et cujuscunque generis Acta Publica, inter Reges Angliae (London-1821), Vol. II, part II, p. 1026; Sumption, The Hundred Years War, pp. 248-9.
11 Henry Wharton, Anglia Sacra, sive Collectio Historiarum, Partim antiquitus, partim recenter scriptarum, de Archiepiscopis & Episcopis Angliae, a prima Fidei Christianae susceptione ad Annum MDXL (London, 1691), vol. 1, p. 374.
12 Sumption, Hundred Years War, pp. 261-5.
13 The Hundred of Shamel contained the parishes of Halling, Cuxton, Cobham (part), Shorne, Chalk, Denton, Merston, Higham, Cliffe, Cooling, Frindsbury, and Strood.
14 All of these men are mentioned in the Kent Lay Subsidy of 1334/5, though not all necessarily in connection with the Hundreds of Hoo and Shamel. See H.A. Hanley and C.W. Chalklin (eds.), The Kent Lay Subsidy of 1334/59 (1961), available online here
15 Frequently sitting in parliament as a knight of the shire for Kent, Sir Philip’s principal seat was at Pympe’s Court, Nettlestead, but he also held an estate in Allhallows on the Hoo peninsula. See Hasted, Survey of Kent, Vol. 4, p. 29.
16 In the Kent Lay Subsidy of 1334/5, Thomas was assessed for 9s. 10½d. for property held in the Hundred of Hoo. He held three quarters of a knight’s fee in Stoke. Hasted, Survey of Kent, p. 39.
17 John de Frenyngham or Farningham.
18 In the Kent Lay Subsidy of 1334/5, Stephen de Delham was assessed for 8s. 3¾d. for property held in the Hundred of Hoo and 4s. 7¾d. in the Hundred of Shamwell.,
19 Possibly ‘Michael Somers’.
Excommunication curse no. 8, mid-10th to 11th century
This document is essentially ecclesiastical and relates to the expulsion of a person from the society of the Church. Tristram Shandy, the eighteenth-century novel by Laurence Sterne, borrows from this excommunication document found in Textus Roffensis. A section of the text was translated by Sterne for the notoriously long-winded curse of Obadiah. In no sense dull, it incorporates a passionate cursing of all parts of the excommunicated person’s body and bodily functions. It even manages to slip in an expletive or two!
Michael Wood reading from Excommunicatio VIII.
Transcription
98r (select folio number to open facsimile)
Excommunicatio
Ex auctoritate dei omnipotentis pa-
tris, et filii, et spiritus sancti, et sanctorum ca-
nonum, sanctaeque et intemeratae uirginis dei
genitricis mariae atque omnium caelesti-
um uirtutum, angelorum, archangelorum, throno-
rum, dominationum, potestatuum, cheru-
bin, ac seraphin, et sanctorum patriarcharum,
prophetarum, et omnium apostolorum et euangeli
starum, et sanctorum innocentum qui in con-
spectus agni soli digni inuenti sunt
canticum cantare nouum, et sanctorum
martyrum, et sanctorum confessorum, et sanctarum
uirginum, atque omnium simul sanctorum et
electorum dei. Excommunicamus et ana-
thematizamus hunc furem, uel
hunc malefactorem ameN. et a limini-
bus sanctae dei aecclesiae sequestramus, ut
aeternis suppliciis cruciandus man-
cipetur cum dathan et abiron, et cum his
qui dixerunt domino deo recede a nobis,
scientiam uiarum tuarum nolumus, et sicut
aqua ignis extinguitur, sic extingua-
tur lucerna eius in secula seculorum, nisi
resipuerit et ad satisfactionem uene-
rit, amen. Maledicat illum deus pater,
qui hominem creauit. Maledicat
illum dei filius, qui pro homine passus
est. Maledicat illum spiritus sanctus, qui in
baptismo effusus est. Maledicat
illum sancta crux, quam christus pro nostra salu-
te hostem triumphans ascendit. Maledicat illum sancta dei genitrix et
perpetua uirgo maria. Maledicat
illum sanctus michael animarum susceptor
sacrarum. Maledicant illum omnes angeli
et archangeli, principatus et potestates,
omnisque militia caelestis exercitus.
Maledicat illum patriarcharum et
prophetarum, laudabilis numerus.Ma-
ledicat illum sanctus iohannes precursor et
baptista christi praecipuus. Maledicat
illum sanctus petrus et sanctus paulus, atque sanctus
andreas, omnesque christi apostoli simul et caeteri
discipuli, quattuor quoque euangelistae qui
sua predicatione mundum uniuersum
conuerterunt. Maledicat illum cune-
us martyrum et confessorum mirificus,
qui deo bonis operibus placitus inuentus
est. Maledicant illum sacrarum uir-
ginum chori, quae mundi uana, causa ho-
noris christi respuenda contempserunt.
Maledicant illum omnes sancti qui ab initio
mundi usque in finem seculi, deo dilecti inue-
niuntur. Maledicant illum caeli et terra, et
omnia sancta in eis manentia. Maledictus
sit ubicunque fuerit, siue in domo, si-
ue in agro, siue in uia, siue in semita
siue in silua, siue in aqua, siue in aec-
clesia. Maledictus sit uiuendo, mo-
riendo, manducando, bibendo, esu-
riendo, sitiendo, ieiunando, dormitan-
do, dormiendo, uigilando, ambulan-
do, stando, sedendo, iacendo, operando,
quiescendo, mingendo, cacando, fle-
botomando. Maledictus sit, in totis ui-
ribus corporis. Maledictus sit, intus et
exterius. Maledictus sit, in capillis.
Maledictus sit in cerebro. Maledictus
sit in uertice, in temporibus, in fronte,
in auriculis, in superciliis, in oculis, in ge-
nis, in maxillis, in naribus, in dentibus
mordacibus, in labris, siue molibus, in la-
biis, in gutturae, in humeris, in har-
mis, in brachiis, in manibus, in digitis,
in pectore, in corde, et in omnibus interi-
oribus stomachotenus, in renibus, in in-
guinibus, in in femore, in genitalibus, in
coxis, in genibus, in cruribus, in pedibus,
in articulis, et in unguibus. Maledi-
ctus sit in totis compaginibus membror-
um, a uertice capitis usque ad plantam
pedis, non sit in eo sanitas. Maledi-
cat illum christus filius dei uiui toto
suae maiestatis imperio, et insurgat ad-
uersus eum caelum cum omnibus uirtuti-
bus quae in eo mouentur ad damnandum
eum nisi poenituerit, et ad satisfacti-
onem uenerit, amen.
Fiat. Fiat. AMEN.
Translation
Excommunication:
By the authority of omnipotent God the Father, and of the Son, and of the spirit of the holy, and of the holy canons, Holy and the spotless of the Virgin Mary Mother of God and that of all of the celestial powers, the angels, archangels, thrones, dominions, powers, of the cherubim, and seraphims, and the saints of the patriarchs, prophets, and all the apostles and evangelists, a work of the soil, and of the holy innocents, who in the sight of the lamb, have been found to be worthy to sing the new song, and the saintly martyrs, and saintly confessors, and holy virgins, the saints, and at the same time all the elect of God. Excommunicate and anathematise this thief, or criminal, and for the threshold of the holy church to sequester the eternal punishment with Dathan and service, with those who said the god away from us, knowledge of your ways, such as water and fire it is extinguished, so let the light of him, forever and ever, unless it shall repent him and make satisfaction to these evil-doers are - they must be tortured and enslaved.
May he be cursed by God the Father, who created man.
May he be cursed by the Son of God, he who suffered for us.
May he be cursed by the Holy Spirit, who is in baptism discharged to us.
May he be cursed by the holy cross, which Christ for our salvation, triumphing over his enemies, went up.
May he be cursed by the Holy Mother and perpetual virgin. May he be cursed by the souls St. Michael advocated.
May he be cursed by all the angels and archangels, principalities and powers, and all the army of the warriors of heaven.
May he be cursed by the patriarchs and the prophets, praised their number.
May he be cursed by Saint John the first and the baptiser of Christ. May he be cursed by Saint Peter and Saint Paul, and by Saint Andrew, and all the disciples of Christ, and the rest of the apostles at the same time, and the evangelist, who preached over the entire world. May he be cursed by the martyrs and confessors pleasing to God.
May he be cursed by the Holy virgin choir, after futile things of the world, for the sake of honor, Christ rejected and despised.
May he be cursed by all the saints who from the beginning of the world until the end of the world, are found to be beloved of God.
May he be cursed by the heaven and the earth, and all the holy saints remaining therein.
May he be cursed wherever he is, whether in the house, or in the field, or on the road, or in the path, in the wood, or in the water, or in the church. May he be cursed in living, and in dying, in eating, drinking, in hunger and thirst, in fasting, sleeping; in slumbering, in walking, standing, sitting, lying, working, resting, in pissing, in shitting, and in bloodletting. May he be cursed by all the faculties of his body. May he be cursed inwardly and outwardly. May he be cursed in the hair in his head.
May he be cursed in the brains.
May he be cursed in his vertex[?], in his temples, in his forehead, in his ears, in his eyebrows, in his cheeks, in his jawbone, in his nostrils, in his foreteeth and in his grinders, his arms, his hands, his fingers, down to the very stomach, may he be cursed in his reigns, in his groin, in his thghs, in his genitals, in his hips, in his knees, in his legs, in his feet, and in his toenails.
May he be cursed in all the joints of the limbs, from the top of his head to the sole of the foot, even unto the head until there is no sanity in him.
May he be cursed by Christ the son of the living God, with all the powers of heaven at the command of his majesty, and let heaven rise up against him. Unless all the virtues that are move in him to condemn him, he repents, and comes to atonement, so be it.
Let it be done.
Let it be done.
So be it.
Excommunication curse no. 9, mid-10th to 11th century
Folio
Transcription
Translation (see Translation Notes)
99v (select folio number to open facsimile)
Excommunicatio
Auctoritate dei patris omnipotentis,
et filii, et spiritus sancti, et beatae dei genitrices
MARIAE, omniumque sanctorum, et sanctorum canonum,
excommunicamus, anathematizamus, et a
liminibus sanctae matris aecclesiae sequestramus
illos malefactores. AmeN. consenta-
neos quoque uel participes, et nisi re-
sipuerint et ad satisfactionem uene-
rint, sic extinguatur lucerna eorum
ante uiuentem… in secula seculorum.
Fiat. Fiat. AmeN.
Translation
Excommunication
By the authority of almighty God the Father, and the son, and the Holy Spirit, and Saint Mary, all the saints and holy canons, excommunicate, anathematise and sequester those doers from the bounds of holy mother church. So be it.
Those who agreed to participate, and do not repent or give a satisfactory answer, so extinguish the light in front of their living ... for ages and ages.
Let it be done. Let it be done. So be it.
Concerning Laws of the Mercians, probably 9th century
This provides information on the payment of wergild (the legal value set on a person’s life according to rank) within Mercian society.
Transcription
39v (select folio number to open facsimile)
Ceorles wergyld is on Mircna laga cc scillinga. Đegenes wergyld is syx swa micel, þæt byð xii hun-
scillinga. Đonne byð cyninges anfeald wergild
syx þegena wergyld be Mircna laga, þæt is xxx
þusend sceatta, þæt bið ealles cxx punda. Swa
micel is þæs wergyldes on.2 And for þam cynedo-
me gebyrað oþer swilc to bote on cynegylde. Se wer3 gebyreð magum, ⁊ seo cynebot þam
leodum.
Translation
In the laws of the Mercians, a ceorl’s wergild is 200 shillings.4 A thegn’s wergild is six times as much,5 that is 12 hundred shillings. Then, according to Mercian laws, the single wergild of a king is the same as the wergild of six thegns, that is 30 thousand pennies,6 which is 120 pounds in total. It is the greatest of the wergilds in [the ‘folk-right’ of the people, according to Mercian laws].7 And for that kingdom there happens to be a further compensation within the king-payment. The wergild belongs to his family, and the king-bot to the people.8
Footnotes
1 Though this legal tract is associated with a compilation of texts made by Wulfstan of York, archbishop from 1002 to 1023, there is nothing to suggest Wulfstan composed it. On the contrary, the material deals with the kingdom of Mercia, and as Mercia ceased to have an independent kingdom after the 880s, the text likely dates to before that time: see Patrick Wormald, The Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century, vol. 1 (Blackwell, 1999), pp. 391–93. It has been suggested that Be Mircna Laga may derive from traditions of Mercian oral law: see Tom Lambert, Law and Order in Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford University Press, 2017), p. 74.
2 ‘Swa micel is þæs wergyldes on folces folcriht be Myrcna laga.’ The scribe accidentally omitted the second half of the sentence, which does however appear in two other manuscripts that contain a copy of this text.
3 Wer is here used as shorthand for wergild.
4 A ceorl is the lowest ranked freeman in Anglo-Saxon society. The wergild (literally ‘man-payment’) was the monetary value placed on a free person’s life in the context of compensation laws.
5 A thegn (or ‘thane’) is a higher ranked freeman, owing loyalty directly to his lord, or to the king.
6 Or ‘sceats’/‘sceattas’.
7 The bracketed text is missing in the Old English; see note.
8 Old English cynebot, meaning something like ‘king’s compensation’. I’ve preserved the Old English element -bot, here, in order to distinguish it from the -gild (also -gyld) element that appears in wergild and cynegild, and which essentially also has the meaning of ‘payment’ or ‘compensation’.
List of Byzantine Emperors, c.1123
Transcription
107r (select folio number to open facsimile)
xxxiiii Cxxxiiii Constantinus filius con-
stantini et helenae.
xxxv Constantinus et con-
stantius et constans tres filii eius.
xxxvi Iulianus apostata.
xxxvii Iouianus.
xxxviii Valentianus.
xxxix Valens frater eius.
xl Gratianus filius ua-
lentiani cum ua-
lentiniano fratre
matre seuera.
xli Theodosius.
xlii Archadius et Honorius filii theodosii.
xliii Theodosius filius archadii, et ualentinianus.
xliiii Martianus auitus postea episcopus est factus.
xlv Leo et maiorianus, postea alius leo.
xlvi Deinde zenon imperator efficitur.
xlvii Theodericus.
xlviii Anastasius.
xlix Iustinus et iustinianus.
L Iustinus.
Li Tiberius.
Lii Mlii Mauricius.
Liii Focas.
Liiii Eraclius.
Lv Odda.
Lvi Heraclonas.
Lvii Constantinus frater eraclii.
Lviii Constantinus filius constantini.
Lix Constantinus frater constantini superioris regis.
Lx Iustinianus minor.
Lxi Leo.
lxii Tyberius.
Lxiii Iustinianus.
Lxiiii Philippicus.
Lxv Anastasius.
Lxvi Tlxvi Theodosius.
107v
Lxvii Leo.
Translation
34 Constantine [I] son of Constantinius and Helena.
35 Constantine [I] and Constantine and Constans [I] the third son.
36 Julian the Apostate.
37 Jovian.
38 Valentian [I].
39 Valens frater eius.
40 Gratian son of Valentinian [I] of Valentinian
41 Theodosius [I].
42 Arcadius and Honorius sons of Theodosius [I].
43 Theodosius son of Arcadius, and Valentinian [I].
44 Marcian auitus postea episcopus est factus.
45 Leo [I] and maiorianus, postea alius leo.
46 Deinde zenon imperator efficitur.
47 Theodericus.
48 Anastasius.
49 Justin [I] and Justinian [I].
50 Iustin [II].
51 Tiberius [II].
52 Maurice.
53 Phocas.
54 Heraclius.
55 Odda[?].
56 Heraklonas.
57 Constans [II] frater eraclii.
58 Constantine [IV] filius constantini.
59 Constantine [IV] frater constantini superioris regis.
60 Justinian [II] minor.
61 Leontios.
62 Tiberius [III].
63 Justinian [II].
64 Philippikos.
65 Anastasios [II].
66 Theodosius [III].
67 Leo [III].
List of Roman Popes, c.1123
The list is in two columns. Popes names are given coloured initials, either red or green, and are numbered, in red Roman numerals, from 1-149; but then the numbers break off at 106v, and the coloured initials have not been written. The scribe for the last two pages is not the original scribe. The list was completed after 1191.
Transcription
105r (select folio number to open facsimile)
Incipiunt nomina pontificum Romane urbis per ordinem
i Petrus apostolus. iii. kl’ iulii.
ii Linus. vi. k’ decemb’.
iii Cletus. vi. kl’ mai.
iiii Clemens. ix. kl’ deceb’.
v Anacletus. iii. id’ iulii.
vi Euaristus. vi. kl’ nou’.
vii Alexander. v. non’ mai.
viii Sixtus. viii. idus april’.
viiii Thelesphorus. non’ ian’.
x Yginus. iii. idus ian’.
xi Pius. v. idus iunii.
xii Anicitus. xii. kl’ mai.
xiii Sother. x. kl’ mai.
xiiii Eleutherus. vii. kl’ iunii.
xv Victor. xii. k’ mai.
xvi Zepherinus. vii. k’ sept’.
xvii Calestus. ii. idus octob’.
xviii Vrbanus. viii. k’ iunii.
xviiii Pontianus. xii. k’ decemb’.
xx Antherus. iii. non’ ian’.
xxi Fabianus. xiii. k’ feb’.
xxii Cornelius. xviii. k’ octob’.
xxiii Lucius. iiii. non’ mart’.
xxiiii Stephanus. iiii. non’ aug’.
xxv Sixtus. viii. idus aug’.
xxvi Dionisius. vii. k’ ian’.
xxvii Felix. iii. k’ iunii.
xxviii Euticianus. vi. id’ decemb’.
xxviiii Gaius. x. k’ mai.
xxx Marcellinus. vi. k’ mai.
xxxi Marcellus. xvii. k’ feb’.
xxxii Eusebius. vi. non’ octob’.
xxxiii Melciades. iiii. idus decemb’.
xxxiiii Siluester. ii. k’ ian’.
xxxv Marcus. non’ oct’.
xxxvi Iulius. ii. id’ april’.
xxxvii Liberius. vii. kl’ mai.
xxxviii Felix. iiii. k’ aug’.
xxxviiii Damasus. iii. id’ decemb’.
xl Syricius. viii. k’ mart’.
xli Anastasius. v. k’ mai.
xlii Innocentius. v. kl’ aug’.
xliii Zosimus. vii. kl’ ianuarii.
xliiii Bonefacius. ix. kl’ nouemb’.
xlv Caelestinus. viii. idus april’.
xlvi Syxtus. viii. idus aug’.
xlvii Leo. iii. idus april’.
xlviii Hilarius. iiii. id’ Sept’.
xlviiii Simplicius. vi. non’ mart’.
105v
l Felix. iiii. k’ aug’.
li Gelasius. xi. kl’ decemb’.
lii Anastasius. xiiii. kl’ decemb’.
liii Simmachus. xiiii. kl’ aug’.
liiii [O]rmisda. viii. idus aug’.
lv Iohannes. xv. kl’ iunii.
lvi [F]elix. iiii. idus octob’.
lvii Bonifacius. xvi. kl’ nou’.
lviii Iohannes, qui et mercurius, vi. kl’ iun’.
lix Agapitus. x. kl’ mai.
lx Siluerius. xii. kl’ iulii.
lxi Vigilius.
lxii Pelagius. vi. non’ mart’.
lxiii Iohannes martyr. iii. idus iul’.
lxiiii Benedictus. ii. kl’ aug’.
lxv Pelagius. viii. idus feb’.
lxvi Gregorius. iiii. idus mar’.
lxvii Sauinianus. vi. kl’ mai.
lxviii Bonifacius. ii. kl’ nouemb’.
lxviii Bonefacius. viii. kl’ iulii.
lxx Deusdedit. vi. idus nouemb’.
lxxi Bonifacius. viii. kl’ nouemb’.
lxxii Honorius. iii. idus octob’.
lxxiii Seuerinus. iiii. non’ aug’.
lxxiiii Iohannes. iii. idus octob’.
lxxv Theodorus. ii. idus mai.
lxxvi Martinus. iiii. id’ nou’.
lxxvii Eugenius. iiii. non’ iunii.
lxxviii Vitalianus. vi. kl’ febr’.
lxxviiii Adeodatus. vi. kl’ iulii.
lxxx Donus. iii. idus aprilis.
lxxxi Agatho. ii. non’ ian’.
lxxxii Leo iunior. v. non’ iulii.
lxxxiii Benedictus. viii. idus mai.
lxxxiiii Iohannes. iiii. non’ aug’.
lxxxv Conon. xii. kl’ octob’.
lxxxvi Slxxxvi Sergius. vii. idus sept’.
lxxxvii Iohannes.
lxxxviii Iohannes. xv. kl’ nou’.
lxxxviiii Sisinnius. viii. idus nou’.
xc Constantinus. vi. idus ian’.
xci Gregorius. iiii. idus febr’.
xcii Gregorius. iiii. kl’ decemb’.
xciii Zacharias. id. mart’.
xciiii Stephanus. v. kl’ mai.
xcv Paulus.
xcvi Constantinus.
xcvii Stephanus.
xcviii Adrianus.
xcviiii Leo sanctus.
106r
c Stephanus.
ci Paschalis.
cii Eugenius.
ciii Valentinus.
ciiii Gregorius.
cv Sergius.
cvi Leo.
cvii Benedictus.
cviii Nicholaus.
cix Adrianus.
cx Iohannes.
cxi Martinus.
cxii Adrianus.
cxiii Stephanus.
cxiiii Formosus.
cxv Bonefatius.
cxvi Stephanus.
cxvii Romanus.
cxviii Theodorus.
cxix Icxix. Iohannes.
cxx Benedictus.
cxxi Leo.
cxxii Christoforus.
cxxiii Sergius.
cxxiiii Anastasius.
cxxv Lando.
cxxvi Iohannes.
cxxvii Leo.
cxxviii Stephanus.
cxxix Icxxix. Iohannes.
cxxx Lcxxx. Leo.
cxxxi Stephanus.
cxxxii Marinus.
cxxxiii Agapitus.
cxxxiiii Iohannes.
cxxxv Benedictus.
cxxxvi Donus.
cxxxvii Bonifatius.
cxxxviii Benedictus.
cxxxix Iohannes.
cxl Iohannes.
cxli Iohannes.
cxlii Gregorius.
cxliii Leo.
cxliiii Iohannes.
cxlv Benedictus.
cxlvi Iohannes.
cxlvii Siluester.
cxlviii Iohannes.
cxlix Iohannes.
106v
(S)ergius.
(B)enedictus.
(J)ohannes.
(B)enedictus.
(S)iluester.
(G)regorius.
(C)lemens.
( )amasus.
(L)eo.
(V)ictor.
(S)tephanus.
(B)enedictus.
(N)icholaus.
(A)lexander.
(G)regorius.
(V)ictor.
(U)rbanus.
( )aschalis.
( )elasius.
( )alixtus.
(H)onorius.
(I)nnocentius.
(C)elestinus.
(L)ucius.
(E)ugenius.
(A)nastasius.
(A)drianus.
(A)lexander.
(L)ucius.
(U)rbanus.
(G)regorius.
(C)lemens.
(C)elestinus.
Translation
Here are the pontiffs of the city of Rome by ordination: 1 Peter the apostle. 3rd kl’ july.
2 Linus. 6th k’ december.
3 Cletus. 6th kl’ may.
4 Clement [I]. 9th kl’ December.
5 Anacletus. 3rd id’ July.
6 Evaristus. 6th kl’ November.
7 Alexander. 5th non’ may.
8 Sixtus [I]. 8th idus april.
9 Telesphorus. non’ january.
10 Hyginus. 3rd idus january.
11 Pius [I]. 5th idus june.
12 Anicetus. 12th kl’ may.
13 Soter. 10th kl’ may.
14 Eleutherius. 12th kl’ june.
15 Victor [I]. 12th k’ may.
16 Zephyrinus. 7th k’ september.
17 Calestus[?]. 2nd idus october.
18 Urban [I]. 8th k’ june.
19 Pontian. 12th k’ december.
20 Anterus. 3rd non’ january.
21 Fabian. 13th k’ february.
22 Cornelius. 18th k’ october.
23 Lucius [I]. 4th non’ march.
24 Stephan [I]. 4th non’ august.
25 Sixtus [II]. 8th idus august.
26 Dionysius. vii. k’ january.
27 Felix. iii. k’ june.
28 Eutychian. vi. id’ december.
29 Caius. x. k’ may.
30 Marcellinus. vi. k’ may.
31 Marcellus. xvii. k’ february.
32 Eusebius. vi. non’ october.
33 Miltiades. iiii. idus december.
34 Sylvester. ii. k’ january.
35 Mark. non’ october.
36 Julius [I]. ii. id’ april.
37 Liberius. vii. kl’ may.
38 Felix [II]. iiii. k’ august.
39 Damasus. iii. id’ december.
40 Siricius. viii. k’ march.
41 Anastasius. v. k’ may.
42 Innocent [I]. v. kl’ august.
43 Zosimus. vii. kl’ january.
44 Boniface [I]. ix. kl’ november.
45 Celestine [I]. viii. idus april.
46 Sixtus [III]. viii. idus august.
47 Leo [I]. iii. idus april.
48 Hilary. iiii. id’ September.
49 Simplicius. vi. non’ march.
50 Felix [III]. iiii. k’ august.
51 Gelasius [I]. xi. kl’ december.
52 Anastasius [II]. xiiii. kl’ december.
53 Symmachus. xiiii. kl’ august.
54 Hormisdas. viii. idus august.
55 Iohn [I]. xv. kl’ june.
56. Felix [IV]. iiii. idus october.
57 Boniface [II]. xvi. kl’ november
58 John [II], qui et mercurius, vi. kl’ june.
59 Agapetus [I]. x. kl’ may.
60 Silverius. xii. kl’ july.
61 Vigilius.
62 Pelagius [I]. vi. non’ march.
63 John [III] the martyr. iii. idus july.
64 Benedict [I]. ii. kl’ august.
65 Pelagius [II]. viii. idus february.
66 Gregory [I]. iiii. idus march.
67 Sabinian. vi. kl’ may.
68 Boniface [III]. ii. kl’ november.
69 Boniface [IV]. viii. kl’ july.
70 Adeodatus [I]. vi. idus november.
71 Boniface [V]. viii. kl’ november.
72 Honorius [I]. iii. idus october.
73 Severinus. iiii. non’ august.
74 John [IV]. iii. idus october.
75 Theodore [I]. ii. idus may.
76 Martin [I]. iiii. id’ november.
77 Eugene [I]. iiii. non’ june.
78 Vitalian. vi. kl’ february.
79 Adeodatus. vi. kl’ july.
80 Donus. iii. idus april.
81 Agatho. ii. non’ january.
82 Leo [II] junior. v. non’ july.
83 Benedict [II]. viii. idus may.
84 John [V]. iiii. non’ august.
85 Conon. xii. kl’ october.
86 Sergius [I]. vii. idus september.
87 John [VI].
88 John [VII]. xv. kl’ november.
89 Sisinnius. viii. idus november.
90 Constantine. vi. idus january.
91 Gregory [II]. iiii. idus february.
92 Gregory [III]. iiii. kl’ december.
93 Zachary. id. march.
94 Stephen [I]. v. kl’ may.
95 Paul [I].
96 Constantine.
97 Stephen [III?].
98 Adrian [I].
99 Saint Leo [III].
100 Stephen [IV].
101 Paschal [I].
102 Eugene [II].
103 Valentine.
104 Gregory [IV].
105 Sergius [II].
106 Leo [IV].
107 Benedict [III].
108 Nicholas [I].
109 Adrian [II].
110 John [VIII].
111 Marinus [I].
112 Adrian [III].
113 Stephen [V].
114 Formosus.
115 Boniface [VI].
116 Stephen [VI].
117 Romanus.
118 Theodore [II].
119 John [IX].
120 Benedict [IV].
121 Leo [V].
122 Christopher.
123 Sergius [III].
124 Anastasius [III].
125 Lando.
126 John [X].
127 Leo [VI].
128 Stephen [VII].
129 John [XI].
130 Leo [VII].
131 Stephen [VIII].
132 Marinus [II].
133 Agapetus [II].
134 John [XII].
135 Benedict [V].
136 Donus[?].
137 Boniface [VII].
138 Benedict [VII].
139 John [XIV].
140 John [XV].
141 John [XVI].
142 Gregory [V].
143 Leo.
144 Iohannes.
145 Benedict [VII?].
146 John [XVI].
147 Sylvester [II].
148 Iohannes.
149 Iohannes.
Sergius.
Benedictus.
Johannes.
Benedictus.
Siluester.
Gregorius.
Clemens.
( )amasus.
Leo.
Victor.
Stephanus.
Benedictus.
Nicholaus.
Alexander.
Gregorius.
Victor.
Urban.
( )aschalis.
( )elasius.
( )alixtus.
Honorius.
Innocent.
Celestine.
Lucius.
Eugene.
Anastasius.
Adrian.
Alexander.
Lucius.
Urban.
Gregory.
Clement.
Celestine.
List of the Bishops of Jerusalem, c.1123
The lists are written in two columns: each section begins with a rubric, and names are numbered in Red roman numerals. There are spaces left at the end of some of the lists, apparently for updating names.
Folio
Transcription
Literal Translation (see Translation Notes)
107v (select folio number to open facsimile)
Incipiunt nomi-
Here begins the
na episcoporum Heiroso-
names of the bishops of the
limæ urbis.
city of Jerusalem.
i Primus iesus filius iosedech.
1 First was Jesus son of on high.
ii Ioachim.
2 Joachim
iii Elyasib filius eius.
3 Elyasib his son.
iiii Ioachim qui et iudas
Joachim, who is son of Judas
filius elyasib.
son of elyasib.
4 Elyasib.v Iohannes filius eius.
5 John his son.
vi Iaddus.
6 Iaddus.
vii Onias.
7 King.
viii Simon iustus.
8 Simon the just.
ix Eleazar frater eius.
9 Eleazar his brother.
x Mannases patruus eius.
10 Mannases uncle.
xi Onias filius symo-
11 Onias son of
nis iusti.
Simon the Just.
xii Simon.
12 Simon.
xiii Onias.
13 Onias.
xiii Iesus qui et iason frater eius.
14 Jesus and his brother, Jason.
xv Onias qui et menelaus.
15 Onias
xvi Alchimus qui et ioachim.
16 Alchimus
xvii Iudas machabeus.
17VJudah Maccabee.
xviii Ionathas frater eius.
18 his brother Jonathan.
xix Simon tercius frater.
19 Simon was third brother.
108r
xx Iohannes qui et ircanus
20 John ircanus here and Ircanus
filius symonis, filii
the son of Simon, son
eius aristobolus, an-
of Aristobulus,
tigonus, alexan-
Antigonus,
der, et alii duo.
Alexander, and two others.
xxi Aristobolus, i. annum.
21 Aristobolus, i. year.
xxii Alexander, rex et sacerdos.
22 Alexander, king and priest.
xxiii Yrcanus et aristobo-
23 Yrcanus and
lus filius eius de pote-
Aristobolus son might be
state confligunt,
in conflict,
sed yrcanus a pom-
but Yrcanus from
peio pontifex pre-
Pompei high
ficitur.
preficitur.
xxiiii Antigonus filius ari-
24 Antigonns son
stoboli fratris
Aristobulus brother
ircani. Postea
ircani. After
defecit regnum
failed kingship
et sacerdotium iudeorum.
and Jews.
Itaque herodes rex
King Herod,
xxv filius antipatri ana-
25 The son of Antipater
leum quendam de
analeum an invitation
babilonia accitum
from Babilonia
xxv. pontificem
25. pontiff appointed
iudeorum constituit.
Jews constitution.
Post uero exiguum xxvi.
After
xxvi aristobolum
26 Aristobulum
fratrem uxoris suae
brother of his wife
marianinae nepotem
Marian
hircam successorem
successor
dedit.
he gave.
Quo post
After one
annum interfecto,
year
analeo reddidit
sacerdotium. Tunc Then defecerunt pontifi- the pontiffs ces ueteris testa- of the Old menti. Testament.
List of the Popes of Antioch, c.1123
Transcription
109v (select folio number to open facsimile)
Nomina pontifi-
cum antiochenae
urbis.
ii Euodius martyr.
iii Ignatius.
iiii Heros.
110r
v Cornelius.
vi Nero.
vii Theophilus.
viii Maximianus.
ix Serapion.
x Asclepiades.
xi Philetus.
xii Zebennus.
xiii Babillas.
xiiii Fabianus.
xv Demetrianus.
xvi Paulus hereticus.
Sed hoc eiecto suc
xvii cedit Domninus.
xviii Timeus.
xix Cyrillus.
xx Dorotheus.
xxi Tirannus.
xxii Eudoxius.
xxiii Meletius.
xxiiii Paulinus.
xxv Meletius iterum.
xxvi Flauianus.
xxvii Yxxvii Ysidorus martyr.
Translation
Names of the Popes of Antioch:
1 Peter the Apostle
2 Evodius the Martyr.
3 Ignatius.
4 Heron [I].
5 Cornelius.
6 Nero[?].
7 Theophilus.
8 Maximus [I].
9 Serapion.
10 Asclepiades.
11 Philetus.
12 Zebinnus.
13 Babylas.
14 Fabius.
15 Demetrius.
16 Paul the heretic.
Sed hoc eiecto suc
17 cedit Domnus.
18 Timaeus.
19 Cyril.
20 Dorotheus.
21 Tyrannion.
22 Eudoxius.
23 Meletius.
24 Paulinus.
25 Meletius again.
26 Flavian [I].
27 Ysidorus[?] the martyr.
List of twenty-four elders, c.1124
A list of twenty-four elders, the purpose of which is unknown. Translation of Textus Roffensis 116v by Jacob Scott.
Transcription
116v (select folio number to open facsimile)
hæc sunt nomina uiginti quattor
seniorum. Iarim. Bidea. Raletea.
Maria. Correp. Sercib. Hibas. Abia. Michae.
Samae. Phaner. Hesmer. Affessor. Chesir. Gobra.
Chohos. Techeiamer. Ezechkiel. Enasib. Machin.
Samuhel. Beniamin. Dispar. Amin.
Translation
Here are the names of twenty-four elders:
Jarim,
Bidea,
Raletea,
Maria,
Correp,
Sercib,
Hibas,
Abia,
Michae,
Samae,
Phaner,
Hesmer,
Affessor,
Chesir,
Gobra,
Chohos,
Techeiamer,
Ezechiel,
Enasib,
Machin,
Samuel,
Benjamin,
Dispar,
Amin
Lists of British Bishops 604-1313 recorded in Textus Roffensis
Folio
Transcription
Literal Translation (see Translation Notes)
110v (select folio number to open facsimile)
110v Archbishops of Canterbury
The lists are written in two columns: each section begins with a rubric, and names are numbered in Red roman numerals. There are spaces left at the end of some of the lists, apparently for updating names. Some names are written in later hands. Completed after 1313.Nomina archiepiscoporum dorober-
Names of the archbishops of
nensis aecclesiae.
Canterbury:
i Augustinus. >vii. kl’ iunii.<
1 Augustine. >vii. kl’ june.<
ii Laurentius. >iiii. non’ febr’.<
2 Laurence. >iiii. non’< february.
iii Mellitus. >viii. kl’ mai.<
3 Mellitus. >viii. kl’ may.<
iiii Iustus. >iiii. id’ nouembr’.<
4 Justus. >iiii. id’ november.<
v Honorius. >ii. kl’ octob’.<
5 Honorius. >ii. kl’ october.<
vi Deusdedit. >Idus iulii.<
6 Deusdedit. >Idus july.<
vii Theodorus. >xiii. kl’ octob.<
7 Theodore. >xiii. kl’ october.<
viii Berhtuualdus.
8 Berhtwald.
vi [D]atuuinus.
9 Tatwine.
x Nothhelmus.
10 Nothhelm.
xi Cuðbertus.
11 Cuthbert.
xii Bregouuinus.
12 Bregowine.
xiii Iaenbertus.
13 Jænberht.
xiiii Aedilheardus.
14 Æthelhard.
xvWulfredus.
15 Wulfred.
xvi Suidredus.
16 Suidredus[?].
xvii Celnodus.
17 Ceolnoth.
xviii Aethelredus.
18 Æthelred.
xix Elegmundus.
19 Plegmund.
xx Athelmus.
20 Athelm.
xxi Wulfelmus.
21 Wulfhelm.
xxii Oda se goda. iiii. non’ iunii.
22 Oda the Good. iiii. non’ june.
xxiii Dunstanus. xiiii. kl’ iunii.
23 Dunstan. xiiii. kl’ june.
xxiiii Aeþelgarus.
24 Æthelgar.
The list continues at the top of the folio:
xxv Sigericus.
25 Sigeric [the Serious].
xxvi Aelfricus.
26. Ælfric [of Abingdon].
xxvii Aelfeachus. xiii. kl’ mai.
27 Ælfheah. xiii. kl’ may.
xxviii Liuincus.
28 Lyfing.
xxix Aeþelnodus.
29 Æthelnoth.
xxx Eadsynus.
30 Eadsige.
xxxi Rodbertus.
31 Robert [of Jumièges].
xxxii Stigandus.
32 Stigand.
xxxiii Lanfrancus. v. kl’ iunii.
33 Lanfranc. v. kl’ june.
xxxiiii Anselmus. xi. kl’ mai.
34 Anselm. xi. kl’ may.
xxxv Rodulfus. xiii. kl’ nouembr’.
35 Ralph [d'Escures]. xiii. kl’ november.
xxxvi Willelmus.
36 William [de Corbeil].
xxxvii Teodbaldus.
37 Theobald [of Bec].
xxxviii Tomas.
38 Thomas [Becket].
xxxix Ricardus.
39 Richard.
Baldewinus.
Baldewin [of Forde].
Hubertus.
Hubert [Walter].
Stephanus.
Stephen [Langton].
Ricardus.
Richard [le Grant].
Edmundus.
Edmund [of Abingdon].
Robertus.
Robert [Kilwardby].
Iohannes.
John [Peckham].
Robertus.
Robert [Winchelsey].
Walterus.
Walter [Reynolds].
111r Bishops of Rochester
Completed after 1319. There is a Latin annotation, partly legible, in a later hand (Lambarde’s?) at the bottom right corner.111r
Nomina episcoporum hrofensis aecclesiae.
Names of the bishops of Rochester:
i Iustus. iiii. idus nouember.
1 Justus. 4th ides of november
ii Romanus.
2 Romanus.
iii Paulinus. vi. idus october.
3 Paulinus. 6th ides of october
iiii Ythamar.
4 Ithamar.
v Damianus.
5 Damianus.
vi Putta.
6 Putta.
vii Cuichelmus.
7 Cwichelm.
viii Gybmundus.
8 Gebmund.
ix Tobias.
9 Tobias.
x Alduulfus.
10 Ealdwulf.
xi Dunno
11 Dunn.
xii Eardulfus.
12 Eardwulf.
xiii Diora.
13 Diora.
xiiii Weormundus.
14 Waermund [I].
xv Beornmodus.
15 Beornmod.
xvi Tadnothus.
16 Tadnoth.
xviii Badenothus.
17 Badenoth.
xviii Cuðuulfus.
18 Cuthwulf.
xix Suithulfus.
19 Swithwulf.
xx Burhricus.
20 Burgric.
xxi Ceolmundus.
21 Ceolmund.
xxii Cyneferthus.
22 Cyneferth.
xxiii AÆlfstanus.
23 Ælfstan.
xxiiii Goduuinus i.
24 Godwin I.
xxv Goduuinus ii.
25 Godwin II.
xxvi Sywardus.
26 Siward.
xxvii Ernostus.
27 Arnost.
xxviiii Gundulfus.
28 Gundulf.
xxix Radulfus.
29 Ralph [d'Escures].
xxx Ernulfus.
30 Ernulf.
xxxi Iohannes i.
31 John I.
xxxii Ioh’s ii.
32 John II.
xxxiii Ascelinus.
33 Ascelin.
xxxiiii Walterius.
34 Walter.
xxxv Walerannus.
35 Waleran.
xxxvi Gilebertus.
36 Gilbert [Glanvill].
xxxvii Benedictus.
37 Benedict [of Sausetun].
xxxviii Henricus.
38 Henry [Sandford].
Ricardus.
Richard [Wendene].
Laurencius.
Laurence [of St Martin].
Walterus.
Walter [de Merton].
Iohannes.
John [Bradfield].
Thomas.
Thomas [Ingoldsthorpe].
Thomas
Thomas [Wouldham]
Hamo
Hamo [Hethe]
111v Bishops of London
111v
Nomina episcoporum orien-
Names of the bishops of the
talium saxonum.
West Saxons:
i Mellitus.
1 Mellitus.
ii [C]edd.
2 Cedd.
iii Ercenwald.
3 Earconwald.
iiii Waldhere.
4 Waldhere.
v Inguuald.
5 Ingwald.
vi Ecguulf.
6 Ecgwulf.
vii Wigheh.
7 Wigheah.
viii [E]adbriht.
8 Eadberht.
ix Eadgar.
9 Eadgar.
x [C]enwalh.
10 Coenwealh.
xi Eadbald.
11 Eadbald.
xii Haðobriht.
12 Heathoberht.
xiii Osmund.
13 Osmund.
xiiii Æðelnoð.
14 Æthelnoth.
xv Ceolbriht.
15 Ceolberht.
xvi Ðeodred.
16 Ðeodred[?].
xvii Brihthelm.
17 Brihthelm.
xviii Ælfstan.
18 Ælfstan.
111v-112r Bishops of Chichester
Nomina episcoporum austra-
Names of the bishops of the
lium saxonum.
South Saxons:
i Wilfrið.
1 Wilfrid.
ii Eadbriht.
2 Eadberht.
iii Eolla.
3 Eolla.
iiii Sigga.
4 Sigeferth.
v Alubriht.
5 Aluberht.
vi Bosa.
6 Osa/Oswald.
vii Gislhere.
7 Gislhere.
viii Iota.
8 Tota.
ix Wiothun.
9 Wihthun.
x Aðelwulf.
10 Æthelwulf.
xi Cynred.
11 Cynered.
xii Guðheard.
12 Guthheard.
112r
xiii Ælfred.
13 Ælfred.
xiiii Eadhelm.
14 Eadhelm.
xv Æðelgar.
15 Æthelgar.
xvi Ordbyrht.
16 Ordbriht.
112r-112v Bishops of Winchester
Nomina episcoporum
Names of the bishops
occidentalium
of the west
saxonum
Saxons
i Primus occidentalium
1 Prime West Saxons,
saxonum, Birinus fu-
Birinus
it episcopus, qui cum consilio
was the bishop, who at the advice
honorii papae uene-
of the honored pope came to
rat britanniam.
Britain.
ii AÆgilberht.
2 Agilbert.
iii [W]ine.
3 Wine.
iiii Leutherius.
4 Leuthere.
v Hædde. Deinde in duas parrochias diuisus est, altera uuentanae aecclesiae, altera scirburnensis aecclesiae.
5 Hædde. Deinde in duas parrochias diuisus est, altera uuentanae aecclesiae, altera scirburnensis aecclesiae.
vi Danihel.
6 Daniel.
vii Hunfrið.
7 Hunfrith.
viii Cyneheard. ix Æðelhear[d.]
8 Cyneheard. 9 Æthelheard
x Ecgbald.
10 Ecgbald.
xi Dudd.
11 Dudd.
xii Cynebriht.
12 Cyneberht.
xiii Ealhmund.
13 Ealhmund.
xiiii Wigðegin.
14 Wigthegn.
xv Herferð.
15 Herefrith.
xvi Eadhun.
16 Eadhun.
xvii Helmstan.
17 Helmstan.
xviii Sxviii Suuiðhun.
18 Swithun.
112v
xviiii Ealhferð.
19 Ealhferth.
xx Denewulf.
20 Denewulf.
xxi Friðestan.
21 Frithestan.
xxii Byrnstan.
22 Beornstan.
xxiii Ælfheah.
23 Ælfheah [I].
xxiiii Ælfsige.
24 Ælfsige [I].
xxv Aðelwold.
25 Æthelwold [I].
xxvi Ælfheah.
26 Ælfheah [II].
Vuentania aecclesia in duas parrochias diuisa est tempore friðestan, unam tenuit friðestan, et alteram æðelstan, postea oda. Deinde in tres parrochias diuisa est, wiltunensis, et willensis, et cridiensis aecclesiae.
Winchester is then divided into two dioceses in the time of friðestan, one held friðestan and other Æthelstan, then Oda. Then in three parishes divided, Wiltunense and willensis and Cridiensis church.
111r Bishops of Salisbury
Nomina episcoporum Scirebur-
Names of the bishops of
nensis aecclesiae.
Salisbury.
i Eldhelm.
1. Aldhelm.
ii Forðhere.
2. Forthhere.
iii Herewald.
3. Herewald.
iiii Æðelmod.
4. Æthelmod.
v Cenefrið.
5. Denefrith.
vi Sigbriht.
6. Wigberht.
vii Ealhstan.
7. Eahlstan.
viii Heahmund.
8. Heahmund.
ix Æðelheah.
9. Æthelheah.
x Wulfsige.
10. Wulfsige [I].
xi Asser.
xi Asser.
xii Æðelweard.
xii Æthelweard.
xiii Waerstan.
xiii Wærstan.
xiiii Æðelbald.
xiiii Æthelbald.
xv Sigelm.
xv Sigehelm.
xvi Ælfred.
xvi Alfred.
xvii Wulfsige.
xvii Wulfsige [II].
xviii Alfwold.
xviii Ælfwold [I].
xix Æþelsige.
25 xix Æthelsige [I].
112v Bishops of Saint Albans
113r
S Alesbienses
St Albans
Nomina episcoporum uuiltunensis aecclesiae.
Names of the bishops of Saint Albans
i Æðelstan.
i Æðelstan.
ii Oda. iii. Ælrici.
ii Oda. iii. Ælrici.
iii Osolf.
iii Osolf.
iiii Ælfstan.
iiii Ælfstan.
v Wulfgar.
v Wulfgar.
vi Sigericus, dei amicus.
vi Sigericus,
113r Bishops of Wells
Nomina episcoporum uuillensis aecclesiae.
Names of the bishops of Wells
i Aðelm. ii Wulfhelm.
i Athelm. ii Wulfhelm [I].
iii Æiii Ælfheah ii.
iii Alphege ii.
iiii Wulfhelm.
iiii Wulfhelm [II].
v Brihthelm.
v Bryhthelm.
vi Kynewerd.
vi Cyneweard.
vii Sigar.
vii Sigar.
113r Bishops of Exeter
Nomina episcoporum cridiensis aecclesiae.
Names of the bishops of Exeter
i Eadulf.
1 Eadwulf.
ii Æðelgar.
2 Æthelgar.
iii Alfwold.
3 Ælfwold.
iiii Sideman.
4 Sideman.
v Ælfric.
5 Ælfric.
vi Alfwold.
6 Ælfwold.
113v Bishops of Worcester
113v
Nomina episcoporum uuicciorum aecclesiae.
Names of the bishops of Worcester
i Sexwulf.
1 Sexwulf.
ii Bosel.
2 Bosel.
iii Estfor.
3 Estfor.
iiii Ecwine.
4 Ecwine.
v Wilfrið.
5 Wilfrið.
vi Hildred.
6 Hildred.
vii Wærmund.
7 Waermund.
viii Gilhere.
8 Tilhere.
xii Heaðered.
9 Heathured.
113v Bishops of Cheshire
Nomina episcoporum prouinciae merciorum.
Primus in prouincia merciorum et lindisfarorum ac mediterraneorum anglorum i episcopus, Diuma. ii Ceollach. iii Tiii Trumhere. iiii Iaruman. v Cedda. vi Winfrið. vii Seaxwulf. Postea uero in ii.as parrochias diuiditur post seaxwulfum prouincia merciorum, duos episcopos habuit headdan et uuilfridum, postea wilfridus electus et headda prefatus regebat ambas parrochias, deinde eadwine qui et uuor nominabatur. Iterum diuisa est in duas parrochias. i Torhthelm. Leicestrenses. ii Eadberht. iii Enpona. iiii Terenbyrht. v Teðhum. vi Ealdred. vii Ceoldred. viii Hwita. Iterum Cestrenses. ix Cemele. x Cuðfrið. xi Berthun. xii Sigeberht. xiii Aldulwulf. xiiii Herewine. xv Aðelwald. xvi Humberht. xvii Kynefyrð.
114r Bishops of Leicester
114r
114r Bishops of Hereford
Nomina episcoporum herefordensium.
i Putta.
ii Torhelm.
iii Torhthere.
iiii Ealhstod.
v Cuðberht.
vi Dodda.
vii Avii Acca.
viii Ceadda.
ix Aldberht.
x Esne.
114v
xi Ceolmund.
xii Vtel.
xiii Wulfheard.
xiiii Peonna.
xv Adwulf.
( )udulfus, Mucel, Demlef, Kinemund, Edgar, Tidhelm, Wlfhelm, Aluric, Adulfus, Elstanus, Leuegarus, Walterus, Robertus, Girardus, Reinaldus, Gosfridus, Ricardus, Robertus, Gilebertus, Robertus, Robertus, Willelmus.
114v Bishops of Lincoln
Lincolnienses.
Nomina episcoporum lindisfarorum.
i Eadheah.
ii Æðelwine.
iii Eadgar.
iiii Cynebyrht.
v Alowig.
vi Ealdwulf.
ix Byrhtred.
x Leofwine.
xi Ælfnoð.
xii Æscwig. Ælfhelm. Eadnod. Æadricus. Eadnod. Wlfwi. Remigius. Robertus. Alexander. Robertus ii. Walterus. Hugo.
114v Bishops of Norwich
Norwicenses.
Nomina episcoporum orientalium saxonum.
i Felix.
ii Thomas.
iii Beorhtgils.
iiii Bisi.
vii Ceolwulf.
viii Eadwulf.
115r
Postea in duas parrochias diuiditur.
i Eadewine.
ii Roðberht.
iii Haðelac.
iiii Æðelfrið.
v Eanfrið.
vi Aþelwulf.
vii Alhheard.
viii Sviii Sibba.
ix Hunferð.
x Hunberht.
xi Æcce.
xii Æscwulf.
xiii Eadred.
xiiii Guðwine.
xv Alberht.
xvi Ecglaf.
xvii Heardred.
xviii Ælfhun.
xix Widfrið.
xx Wærmund.
xxi Wilred.
xxii Aðulf.
xxiii Ælfric.
xxiiii Ðeodred. Teodredus, Elstanus, Algarus, Elfwinus, Aluricus i. Aluricus ii. Stigandus, Agelmarus, Herfastus, Herebertus.
115r Bishops of North Humber (York)
Eboracenses.
Nomina episcoporum norðan
hymbrorum gentis.
i Primus paulinus, a iusto
archiepiscopo ordinatus. ii Aðan. iii Lines. iiii Colmann. v Iuda. Postea in duas par- rochias diuiditur, ceadda eboracensi aecclesiae ordinatum, wilfrið hagstalden- siae ordinatus. De- positoque wilfriðo a rege ecfriðo, ea- ta pro eo ordine episcopus hagstaldensiae, pro ceaddan bosa eboracensi. Defuncto eatan, iohannes pro eo ordinatur. Post longum uero exilium, wilfrið iterum in episcopatu hagstaldensiae receptus est. Et idem iohanne defuncto, eboraci substitutus.
Nomina episcoporum eboracensis aecclesiae. Names of the bishops of York: i Wilfrið. 1 Wilfrid [I]. ii Ecberht. 2 Ecgbert. iii Coena. 3 Coena. iiii Eanbald. 4 Eanbald. v Wulfsige. 5 Wulfsige. vi Wimund. 6 Wigmund. Ripenses. Ripon
Nomina episcoporum haustal densis aecclesiae. Names of the bishops of i Acca. 1 Acca. ii Friðeberht. 2 Friðeberht. iii Alhmund. 3 Alhmund. iiii Gilberht. 4 Gilberht. v Æðelberht. 5 Æðelberht. vi Heardred. 6 Heardred. vii Eanberht. 7 Eanberht. Dunelmeses Durham
Nomina episcoporum lin- Names of the bishops disfarnensium. of Lindisarn. i Aidan. 1 Aidan. ii Finan. 2 Finan. iii Colman. 3 Colmán. iiii Eata. 4 Eata [of Hexham]. v Cuðberht. 5 Cuthbert. vi Eanberht. 6 Eadberht. vii Eadfrið. 7 Eadfrith. viii Kynewulf. 8 Cynewulf. ix Sigebald. 9 Higbald. x Ecberht. 10 Egbert.
Nomina episcoporum aecclesiae Names of the Bishops of the church quae dicitur casa which is called Casa candi(da). Candida: i Pehthelm. 1 Pehthelm. ii Froðowald. 2 Frithwald. iii Hehtwine. 3 Pehtwine. iiii Æðelberht. 4 Æthelberht [of Whithorn]. v Eadwulf. 5 Beadwulf.
115v
115v Bishops of York
115v Bishops of Ripon
116r Bishops of Durham
116r
116r Bishops of Casa Candida (Galloway, Scotland)
Names of the seven Archangels, 8th century
Names of the seven archangels is a text composed sometime before the 8th century, known by its Latin title Nomina Archangelorum. Transcription and translation of Textus Roffensis f. 116v by Jacob Scott.
This is a copy of the brief Nomina archangelorum, a text probably earlier than the end of the 8th cent., in which seven archangels are listed to whom one should call on during incantations and prayers after changes of circumstance or fortune.
Transcription
116v (select folio number to open facsimile)
hæc sunt nomina septem archangelorum
Michael. Gabrihel. Raphael. Urihel.
Barachiel. Raguhel. Pantasaron.
Translation
Here are the names of the seven archangels:
Michael,
Gabriel,
Raphael,
Uriel,
Barachiel,
Raguel,
Pantasaron1.
Further reading
Paolo Tomea, 2017, Appunti sulla venerazione agli angeli extrabiblici nel Medioevo occidentale. I nomina archangelorum e l’enigmatica fortuna di Pantasaron. Analecta Bollandiana, Volume 135, Issue 1, pp. 27-62. Online here
Footnotes
1 Pantasaron, perhaps of Jewish provenance, who at the moment is not attested in any earlier source than the Nomina (Tomea 2017).
Notes of liturgy added to the Mass, c.1124
Date uncertain. Also see the Popes responsible for introducing new forms of service into the liturgy on folio 116v.
Transcription
117r (select folio number to open facsimile)
Officium missæ instituit Celestinus
papa. Telesforus papa constituit
ut gloria in excelsis deo diceretur. Syxtus
papa addidit, sanctus, sanctus, sanctus.
Translation
The service of Mass instituted by Pope Celestine1.
Pope Telesphorus2 set that we were to say 'Glory to God in the highest'.
Pope Sixtus I3 added 'holy, holy, holy'.
Footnotes
1 Bishop of Rome from 10 September 422 to 1 August 432.
2 The eighth bishop of Rome from c. 126 to c. 137.
3 Also spelled Xystus. The seventh bishop of Rome from c. 115 to 124/126/128.
Popes responsible for new forms of service, c.1124
Notes on Popes responsible for introducing new forms of service into the liturgy, c.1124 AD. Translation of Textus Roffensis 116v by Jacob Scott.
Folio
Transcription
Literal Translation (see Translation Notes)
116v (select folio number to open facsimile)
Clemens alexandrinus, Te igitur clemen-
Clement of Alexandria. Most
tissime pater. Gregorius papa primus,
Merciful Father. Pope Gregory I:
Diesque nostros in tua pace. Alexander papa
Order of your peace. Pope Alexander
primus, Qui pridie quam pateretur. Magnus
I: Who the day before he was to suffer.
leo, Supplices te rogamus omnipotens deus. Grego-
Leo the great: We humbly pray Almighty God.
rius papa secundus, Intra quorum nos con-
Gregory II: Admit us.
sortium. Gregorius papa primus, Preceptis
Pope Gregory I: Commands
salutaribus moniti. Sergius papa, Agnus dei.
thy saving. Pope Sergius: Lamb of God.
Innocentius papa constituit ut pax da-
Pope Innocent set the order that peace
retur.
is given.
Bull of Pope Eugene, 1146
Transcription
206r (select folio number to open facsimile)
P R I U I L E G I U M E V G E N I I PAPE.
Eugenius episcopus seruus seruorum Dei, dilectis filiis brieno pri-
ori ecclesie beati Andree Rofensis, eiusque fratribus tam presenti-
bus quam futuris regularem uitam professis. Inperpetuum.
Ad hoc2 uniuersalis ecclesie cura nobis a prouisore omnium
bonorum Deo commissa est, ut religiosas diligamus personas,
et beneplacentem Deo religionem studeamus modis
omnibus propagare. Neque enim Deo gratus aliquando famu-
latus impenditur, nisi ex karitatis radice procedens,
a puritate religionis fuerit conseruatus. Oportet igitur
omnes Christiane fidei amatores religionem diligere, et loca
( )3 uenerabilia cum ipsis personis diuino seruicio
mancipatis attentius confouere, vt nullis prauorum
hominum inquietentur molestiis, vel inportunis
angariis fatigentur. Quapropter dilecti in Domino
filii uestris iustis postulationibus clementer annui-
mus, et prefatam beati Andree apostoli ecclesiam, in qua
diuino mancipati estis obsequio, sub beati Petri
et nostra protectione suscipimus, et presentis
scripti priuilegio communimus. Statuentes ut
quascunque possessiones, quecunque bona, tam ex
dono et concessione bone memorie Lanfranci, Anselmi,4 Radulfi, Teodbaldi, Cantuariensium
archiepiscoporum, et Gundulfi Rofensis episcopi, Willelmi et Henrici Anglorum regum, quam aliorum Dei fide-
lium, inpresentiarum iuste et canonice possidetis,
aut in futurum concessione pontificum, liberali-
tate regum, largitione principum, oblatione fide-
lium, seu aliis iustis modis prestante Domino poteri-
tis adipisci, firma uobis uestrisque successoribus et illi-
bata permaneant. Concessionem autem uobis
rationabiliter factam ab Ernulfo bone memorie
episcopo uestro de sinodalibus denariis, et scripti eius
pagina confirmatam, ratam esse censemus. Preterea
concordiam que inter uos et uenerabilem fratrem
nostrum Ascelinum episcopum uestrum, per prefatum Teodbaldum Can-
tuariensem archiepiscopum de Lamheđa,5 Cudintu-
na, et quibusdam aliis possessionibus iuste et cano-
nice facta est, ratam et firmam esse decernimus. Preposi-
turam quoque ipsius ciuitatis sicut actenus super homi-
nes uestros et episcopi et prepositure regis quartam partem racio-
nabiliter habuistis, Socam etiam et Sacam, tol et tem,
et infangenetheof, ceteras quoque consuetudines
et libertates uestras racionabiliter hactenus habitas, ni-
chilominus uobis confirmamus. Decernimus ergo ut nulli
omnino hominum liceat prefatum locum temere perturbare,
aut eius possessiones auferre, vel ablatas retinere, mi-
nuere, seu quibuslibet uexationibus fatigare. Sed
omnia integra conseruentur, eorum quorum guberna-
tione et sustentacione concessa sunt, vsibus omni-
modis profutura. Salua sedis apostolice auctoritate, et
diocesanorum episcoporum canonica iusticia et reue-
rentia. Si qua igitur in futurum ecclesiastica secularisue per-
sona huius nostre constitutionis paginam sciens, contra eam
temere uenire temptauerit, secundo tertioue com-
monita, si non reatum suum congrua satisfactione
correxerit, potestatis honorisque sui dignitate ca-
reat, reamque se diuino iudicio existere de perpetrata
iniquitate cognoscat, et a sacratissimo corpore
et sanguine Dei et Domini redemptoris nostri Iesu Christi alie-
na fiat, atque in extremo examine districte ultioni subia-
ceat. Cunctis autem eidem loco sua iura seruantibus, sit
pax domini nostri Iesu Christi. Quatinus et hic fructum bone ac-
tionis percipiant, et apud districtum iudicem premia ęterne
pacis inueniant Amen Amen. Datus transtiberim per manum Rodberti sancte Romane ecclesie pres-
biteri cardinalis et cancellarii v kalendas Martii, indictione viiii.a, Inca[r]nationis dominice anno mcxlv pontificatus uero
domni Eugenii pape iii anno secundo.
+ Ego Eugenius catholice ecclesie episcopus subscripsi.7
+ Ego Conradus8 Sabinensis episcopus subscripsi et,
+ Ego Albericus Hostiensis episcopus subscripsi.
+ Ego Ymarus Tusculanus episcopus subscripsi.
+ Ego Odo diaconus cardinalis sancti Georgii ad Velum Aureum subscripsi.
+ Ego Guido diaconus cardinalis sanctorum Cosme et Damiani, subscripsi.
+ Ego Octauianus diaconus cardinalis sancti Nicolai in Carcere
Tulliano subscripsi.
+ Ego Gregorius diaconus cardinalis sancti Angeli subscripsi.
+ Ego Berardus diaconus cardinalis sancte Romane ecclesie subscripsi.
+ Ego Guido diaconus cardinalis sancte Marie in Porticu subscripsi.
+ Ego Gregorius presbiter cardinalis tituli Calixti subscripsi.
+ Ego Guido presbiter cardinalis tituli sancti Grisogoni subscripsi.
+ Ego Gilbertus indignus sacerdos sancte Romane ecclesie subscripsi.
+ Ego Guido presbiter cardinalis tituli sanctorum Laurentii et Damasi subscripsi.9
+ Ego Bernardus presbiter cardinalis tituli sancti Clementis subscripsi.
+ Ego Iordanus presbiter cardinalis tituli sancte ( )10 Susanne subscripsi.
Papal rota:11
Outer circle:
Inner circle, upper left quadrant:
Inner circle, upper right quadrant:
Lower quadrants:
EVGENIVS PAPA III
Monogram:12
BENE VALETE subscripsi13
Translation
The Privilegium14 of Pope Eugene15
Bishop Eugene, servant of God’s servants, to beloved sons, namely the holy prior of the church of Saint Andrew of Rochester and his brothers, both present and future, professed to the regular life. Eternal blessings.
As is necessary, the care of the universal church was entrusted to us by God, the Overseer of all good men, in order that we may esteem religious persons,16 and may by all means increase the religion pleasing to God.17 And, indeed, not at any time is grateful service being rendered to God unless it is proceeding from the root of charity and has been preserved by the purity of religion. 18 It is right therefore that all friends of the Christian faith esteem religion,19 and diligently care for venerable places along with the very persons surrendered for divine service, so that they are not being disturbed by trouble from any crooked person, or with importunity being wearied by duress. Wherefore, O beloved sons in the Lord, we mercifully nod our assent to your lawful petitions; and the aforementioned church of the blessed apostle Andrew, to whom you are surrendered in divine obedience, we receive under the protection of ourselves and St Peter, and we reinforce the claim of privilege of the present communication.
It is established by means of the gift and grant, from good memory,20 of Lanfranc, Anselm, Ralph, Theobald, archbishops of Canterbury,21 and of bishop Gundulf of Rochester,22 and of William and Henry, kings of the English,23 and of other faithful ones of God, that you will now presently hold whatever possessions and whatever good things both justly and canonically, and will do so also in the future, whether by pontifical grant, the generosity of kings, the largess of leaders, the offerings of the faithful, or by other lawful means furnished by the Lord; and thus you will be able to firmly secure such things for you and your successors, and they shall remain undiminished.
Moreover, we recommend to be ratified the grant of synodal pennies, reasonably made to you, from good memory, by Ernulf your bishop and confirmed by a sheet of his writing.24 In addition, we ratify and validate the mutual agreement between you and our venerable brother Ascelin,25 your bishop, concerning Lambeth and Cuddington,26 along with certain other possessions, an agreement which was made justly and canonically through the aforementioned Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury.27 And likewise, in the same way, through the head of this very community,28 hitherto above your men, we no less to you confirm that you reasonably hold a quarter from the bishop and the king’s reeve,29 including soke and sake,30 toll and team,31 and infangen-theof,32 as well as other customs and liberties of yours reasonably held thus far.
We determine therefore that is it not permitted for anyone at all to recklessly trouble the aforementioned place, or carry off its possessions, or accept what has been stolen from there, or diminish or harass by disturbances of any kind. But everything should be preserved intact for those for whom they were granted, with governance and maintenance, for all beneficial uses. By the reliable authority of the apostolic see, and by the canonical rights and reverence of the diocesan bishops.
If therefore in the future any person, ecclesiastical or secular, knowing this documentation of our decree, is tempted to rashly go against it, despite being warned a second and a third time, he should know that if he will not correct his guilt with suitable penance – should he be devoid of the dignity of power and honour – that he is liable by divine justice to be proved a perpetrator of iniquity, and alienated from the most sacred body and blood of God and of our Lord Redeemer Jesus Christ,33 and moreover subject to severe retribution at the Last Judgement. But may the peace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with all those maintaining his justice at that very place. 34 May they be well served here and now with the fruit of activity, and may they find the reward of eternal peace before the stern judge. Amen. Amen.
Dated across the Tiber by the hand of Robert, cardinal priest and Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church,35 on the fifth day before the kalends of March [25th February], in the ninth year of the indiction [1146],36 [following] the year 1145 of the Lord’s incarnation, in the second year of the papacy of the lord Pope Eugene III.37
I Eugene, bishop of the catholic church,38 assented.
I Corrado, bishop of Sabina,39 assented and
I Alberic, bishop of Ostia,40 assented.
I Imar, bishop of Tusculum,41 assented.
I Odo, cardinal deacon of San Georgio ad Velum Aureum,42 assented.
I Guido, cardinal deacon of Santi Cosma e Damiano,43 assented.
I Octavian, cardinal deacon of San Nicola in Carcere Tulliano,44 assented.
I Gregorio, cardinal deacon of San Angelo,45 assented.
I Berardus, cardinal deacon of the holy Roman Church,46 assented.
I Guido, cardinal deacon of Santa Maria in Portico,47 assented.
I Gregorio, cardinal priest of the titular [church] of [San] Callisto,48 assented.
I Guido, cardinal priest of the titular [church] of San Crisogono, assented.
I Gilberto, unworthy priest of the holy Roman Church, assented.
I Guido, cardinal priest of the titular [church] of Santi Lorenzo e Damasi, assented.
I Bernardo, cardinal priest of the titular [church] of San Clemente, assented.
I Johannes, cardinal priest of the titular [church] of Santa Susanna, assented.
[Papal rota]49
Show me, O Lord, a token for good.50
Saint Peter. Saint Paul. Pope Eugene III.
[Monogram]51
Be of good health.
I assented.
Footnotes
1 See notes 24 and 25, below. This text was added to Textus Roffensis later in the twelfth century by a scribe other than the principal scribe, who completed his work around 1123.
2 ‘Ad hoc…’.
3 Scribal erasure.
4 ‘Anselmi’.
5 Or ‘Lamheða’.
6 Much of the first section of folio 207v is difficult to read due to both water damage and ink from the other side of the folio showing through. I used Colin Flight’s transcript as an aid to reconstructing the text: online here [accessed 13.04.2018].
7 The abbreviation for subscripsi (‘I assented’, literally, ‘I wrote below’), usually referred to as a ‘subscription’, appears at the end of each witness name and title; it looks like a tramlined ‘X’. The cross symbols (+) in the left margin may be taken to represent the crosses written by each individual witness in the original document, which the witness would have placed before his name. The ones in this charter are replicas by the Textus Roffensis scribe.
8 ‘Conradus’, possibly an error for ‘Corradus’. See n. 27, above.
9 Here, the Latin refers to two saints, Lawrence and ‘D’, which I have taken as Damasus. The basilica of San Lorenzo in Damaso is the church in question but it was formerly known as Titulus Damasi, the titular church of Saint Damasus. A useful article on this is online here [accessed 09.05.2018]
10 Scribal erasure.
11 The papal rota appears after the list of witnesses to authenticate the document. It is a cross within two concentric circles. The inner circle is divided into quadrants.
12 The monogram consists of letters of different sizes forming a composition similar to a modern-day logo.
13 The monogram is followed by the subscription abbreviation.
14 A document containing a special right, privilege or prerogative, usually conveyed by a bull, charter or letter.
15 Eugene (Eugenius) III, pope from 15 February 1145 to his death in 1153.
16 ‘religious persons’: the sense, here, is people devoted to a religious order. The pope is alluding to the monks of St Andrew’s priory.
17 ‘religion’: the sense, here, is the spiritual life of those in a religious order, such as the monks of St Andrew’s.
18 Latin ‘conseruatus’, ‘preserved’; if ‘consecratus’ was meant, then ‘sanctified’ would be the meaning, which may seem more apt.
19 Again, the implication for ‘religion’ in the context of this bull is the spiritual life of those in a religious order.
20 The Latin phrase (de) bone memorie, ‘from/of good memory’ is used in legal documents, apparently with the sense of ‘it is well recalled’.
21 Archbishops of Canterbury: Lanfranc, 1070–89; Anselm, 1093–1109; Ralph d’Escures, 1114–22, formerly bishop of Rochester, 1108–14; Theobald of Bec, 1139–61.
22 Gundulf, bishop of Rochester and prior of St Andrew’s Priory, Rochester, 1077–1108.
23 William II (‘Rufus’), r. 1087–1100; Henry I, r. 1100–35.
24 Ernulf, bishop of Rochester and prior of St Andrew’s priory, Rochester, 1114–24. Ernulf’s document is recorded in Textus Roffensis at folio 197r. The money refers to that due from the priests of the parish to the bishop on the occasion of a synod or, as in this particular case, when the priests receive chrism (holy anointing oil). For a translation of Ernulf’s document, see Christopher Monk, ‘Bishop Ernulf grants funds for the building and maintenance of St Andrew’s Priory: Textus Roffensis, f. 197r’: online here.
25 Ascelin, bishop of Rochester, 1142–48.
26 Cuddington was the village appended to the manor of Haddenham, Buckinghamshire, owned by the monks of St Andrew’s priory, Rochester. The ‘mutual agreement’, which in reality saw bishop Ascelin being rebuked by a papal legate, Imar of Tusculum, is recorded in Textus Roffensis, folios 203v–204r, for which see Christopher Monk, ‘Judgment of Imar of Tusculum in favour of the monks of St Andrew’s Priory, Rochester, Textus Roffensis, ff. 203v–204r’: online here [accessed 08.05.2018].
27 Theobald’s confirmation of the grants of Lambeth and Cuddington, along with various other manors, is found in Textus Roffensis, folios 204v–205r.
28 ‘head of this very community’, translating ‘Preposituram […] ipsius ciuitatis’, could conceivably mean ‘reeve of the very city’, but the context suggests the pope is confirming land and privileges through the prior of St Andrew’s.
29 The meaning of ‘quarter’ or ‘fourth part’ (Latin, ‘quartam partem’) is not entirely clear to me, but the allusion must be to land formerly granted by both the bishop and king’s reeve to St Andrew’s priory.
30 Christopher Corèdon and Ann Williams, A Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases (2004): ‘Sake, and sokE. Grants of sake and soke allowed the granter to intercept the fines and other profits of justice relating to his own estate which would otherwise have gone to the king; the rights of sake and soke are particularly associated with bocland’, i.e. ‘bookland’, land granted by the book, by royal charter.
31 A Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases: ‘Toll and team. Term describing wide-ranging rights of a lord. In A[nglo-]S[axon] law, “toll” indicated the lords’ right to take payment, i.e. commission on the sale of cattle or goods within his estate. “Team” indicated the lord’s right to take fines from those accused of stealing cattle; also it indicated the power to oversee the presentation of evidence of the right to sell presented goods. When new town charters were granted, “toll and team” was usually included from the beginning.’
32 An Old English term signifying the legal right to judge and punish a thief who commits the crime within one’s own jurisdiction, and to receive any fines related to the crime of said thief. Compare A Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases: ‘Infangen-theof. The right of a lord to pursue and hang a thief caught in possession of stolen goods, i.e. red handed.’
33 ‘alienated from the most sacred body and blood, etc’: this is the threat of excommunication.
34 That is, at St Andrew’s Priory.
35 Robert Pullen, d. in or after 1146, was an English theologian and the archdeacon of Rochester from before 1134 to c. 1144, when he resigned. He became cardinal priest of San Martino ai Monte in 1144 and was appointed as Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church by Pope Lucius II in 1145. He is often considered one of the founders of Oxford University. A useful entry on Robert Pullen, along with relevant bibliography, is online here [accessed 08.05.2018].
36 The indiction refers to 15-year cycles originally related to the Roman fiscal year. The ninth year of the indiction referred to here is the ninth year from the indiction year of 1137. Indiction years run from September to September, making February 25, 1146 the date the bull was signed. More information on indiction years online here [accessed 30.04.2018].
37 The sense must be following the 1,145th full year of Christ’s incarnation (which falls on the 25 December, 1145), and therefore corresponding to the year 1146, as the bull is dated to 25 February which is said to be in the second year of Eugene’s papacy, which we know began 15 February, 1145.
38 i.e. Pope Eugene III.
39 Corrado Demetri della Suburra, bishop of Sabina from 1127/8; he succeeded Eugene III as pope (1153–54).
40 Albéric of Ostia b. France in 1080, d. 1148, a Benedictine monk and cardinal bishop of Ostia 1138–48.
41 Imar of Tusculum (d. 1161), cardinal-bishop from 1142, and served as papal legate to England during the pontificate of Lucius II, 1144–45.
42 Odo (Odone) Fattiboni, b. Italy, d. 1165, created cardinal deacon in 1130; the church is also known as San Giorgio in Velabro. I have kept the Italian names of the churches throughout.
43 Guido da Vico, b. Italy, d. 1150, created cardinal deacon in 1130.
44 Octavian (Ottaviano) of Monticelli, cardinal deacon 1138–51.
45 Possibly Gregorio Papareschi, b. Italy, created cardinal deacon 1134.
46 Cardinal deacon without title. Very little is known about him. His earliest subscription is for a bull in 1144.
47 Guido de Crema, created cardinal deacon in 1145; later Antipope Paschal III (1164–68).
48 I have not attempted to provide any biographical details for those of the lower rank of cardinal priest. The meaning of ‘titular’ is simply to indicate the church has been assigned to a cardinal priest.
49 See n. 47, below.
50 Based on Psalm 85:17 in the Vulgate.
51 See n. 48, below.
It He Bequeathed, c.975-c.1025 AD
Hit becwæð (‘It he bequeathed’), a c. 975–c.1025 formula for asserting the right to hold bequeathed land.
Transcription
95r (select folio number to open facsimile)
hit becwæð, ⁊ becwæl
se ðe hit ahte mid fullan folcrihte swa swa
hit his yldran mid feo, ⁊ mid feore rihte begea-
tan, ⁊ letan, ⁊ læfdan ðam to gewealde ðe hy
wel uðan, ⁊ >swa< ic hit hæbbe swa hit se sealde þe to
syllanne ahte unbryde, ⁊ unforboden, ⁊ ic
agnian wylle to agenre æhte ðæt ðæt ic hæb-
be, ⁊ næfre ðæt yntan ne plot, ne ploh, ne turf,
ne toft, ne furh, ne fotmæl, ne land, ne læse, ne
fersc, ne mersc,2 ne ruhnerum, wudes ne feldes,
landes ne strandes wealtes, ne wæteres, butan
ðæt læste ða hwile ðe ic libbe, forþam nise tinan
on life ðe æfre gehyrde ðæt man cwydde oððon
crafode hine on hundrede oððon ahwar on ge-
mote on ceapstowe oþþe on cyricware ða hwile þe
he lifde unsac he wæs on life beo on legere swa swa
he mote, do swa ic lære beo ðe be þinum, ⁊ læt ine
be minum ne gyrne ic ðines ne læðes ne landes,
ne sace ne socne, ne ðu mines ne ðærft ne myn-
te ic ðe nan ðing.
Translation
It he bequeathed,3 and he died: he who owned it with full folk-right,4 just as his ancestors obtained it with cattle and with life-right, and allotted and left it to his keeping, which they granted well. And so I have it just as he who owned the right to give gave it, both honestly and lawfully. And I wish to own that which I have as my own property, and never to intend for you anything,5 not plot or ploughland, turf or toft,6 furrow or footmark, land or pasture, freshwater or marsh land, clearing, wood or field, of land or of shore, of woodland or of water, but that it may last as long as I live. For there is not a tithing-man7 alive who has ever heard that it was claimed or craved, in a hundred-court or any other meeting, in a market-place or at church, for the time he was alive:8 guiltless he was in life; let him be so in death, as he must. Do as I instruct: you be with yours and leave me to mine; I do not desire what is yours, not lea or land, sake or soke,9 and you do not need what is mine, nor do I intend to leave you anything.10
Footnotes
1 This text is anonymous and undated; however, scholars suggest a date of composition between the late tenth and early eleventh centuries; see http://www.earlyenglishlaws.ac.uk/laws/texts/becw/ [accessed 14.02.2018].
2 ‘It’: in context, a piece of land.
3 Folk-right, the right of customary law.
4 ‘never to intend for you’, translating ‘næfre þe myntan’, a correction of Textus Roffensis’ ‘næfre ðæt yntan’, and which appears in the only other manuscript containing Hit becwæð: Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 383, folios 59r–59v, at folio 59v, line 2: www.earlyenglishlaws.ac.uk/laws/manuscripts/b/?tp=s&nb=2086 [accessed 14.02.18]. In his own translation of Hit becwæð, Patrick Wormald translates myntan with the modern legal term ‘devise’, meaning to leave land by means of a will: The Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century (Blackwell, 2001), pp. 384–85.
5 Old English toft, probably a Scandinavian loan-word, meaning ‘a piece of ground’: see Bosworth and Toller Dictionary online: http://www.bosworthtoller.com/030678 [accessed 14.02.18].
6 ‘tithing-man’: translating ‘tinan’ (? accusative of tin [variant of tien]), ‘ten’, a ‘ten-man’, an allusion to the ‘tithingmen’, who had responsibilities assisting at the hundred court. See Tom Lambert, Law and Order in Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford University Press, 2017), p. 247.
7 ‘he was alive’, referring to the man who bequeathed the property.
8 ‘sake and soke’ (Old English, sac and socn) was a ‘standard way of referring to the right to receive legal revenues’ from owned land: Lambert, Law and Order, p. 134.
9 See above, n. 4.
10 ‘-c’ corrects a ‘-t’.
Judgement of Imar of Tusculum, 1146
Transcription
203v (select folio number to open facsimile)
IMARUS Dei gratia Tusculanus episcopus, apostolicę
sedis legatus. Omnibus matris ęcclesię filiis ad
quos litterę istę peruenerint, salutem. Rei gestę
memoria litteris prouide committitur, ne lites
semel sopitę, in futuro iterum Pinstaurentur.roinde uniuersitati uestrę per pręsentia scripta
notum esse uolumus, quod inter Ascelinum Rofensem
episcopum, et eiusdem loci monachos, ęcclesię scilicet beati
Andreę, super iure maneriorum Lamhetham
et Hendenham,2 controuersia huiusmodi
orta est. Asserebant prędicti monachi memo-
rata maneria sibi ad uictum proprium a rege An-
glorum Willelmo3 iuniore, et Lamfranco4 pię
recordationis Cantuariensi archiepiscopo, et
Gundulfo5 Rofensi episcopo concessa rationabi-
liter et donata, et ad eiusdem rei euidentiorem
probationem, eorundem car( )tas6 et confirma-
tiones, et sequentium regum Anglorum Henrici,
et Stephani, et Anselmi Cantuariensis archiepiscopi
in medium proferebant.7 Contra quę cum
pręfatus Ascelinus Rofensis episcopus nichil firmum,
nichil ualidum responderet, nec se in pretaxatis
maneriis ius habere probare posset, assiden-
tibus nobis uenerabilibus fratribus Teobaldo8 Cantuariensi
archiepiscopo, Rodberto Lundoniensi, Henrico Wintoniensi,
Alexandro Linconiensi, Ebrardo Noruuicensi, Si-
fredo Cicestrensi episcopis, Gaufrido Sancti Albani, Ger-
uasio Westmonasterii, Petro Scireburnensi, abbatibus,
et magistro Hilario, et aliis quam pluribus
religiosis personis ipsa maneria cum omnibus
suis appenditiis secundum quod carte donatio-
nis et confirmationis continebant, ipsis
monachis adiudicauimus,9 et ipsos possessores
constituimus ipso eorum episcopo promittente, quod
deinceps sine uexatione et inquietatione,
monachos bona et possessiones suas habere
permitteret, et pacem eis seruaret, quod et ipsi
firmiter obseruare precipimus, ad cuius rei ar-
gumentum ipsos monachos in osculo pacis
recepit. Nos itaque prędictorum fratrum iustis
petitionibus facilem prębentes assensum,
tam sepedicta maneria quam alia omnia
eorum bona et possessiones quas in pręsentia-
rum iuste possident, uel in futuro legitime
habituri sunt, iura etiam, consuetudines,
libertates rationabiliter indultas, auctoritate
officii quo fungimur ipsis confirmamus, et
pręsentis scripti attestatione roboramus.
Translation
Imar, bishop of Tusculum, by the grace of God, legate of the apostolic see.10 To all the sons of the mother church to whom this letter shall have come, greetings. The memory of a former matter is providently committed to a letter: quarrels not finally laid to rest may yet be renewed in the future.11
Hence, we wish to be known to you all through this present communication, because a dispute of this sort has arisen between Ascelin, bishop of Rochester,12 and the monks of that same place, namely the church of St Andrew, over the right of the manors of Lambeth and Haddenham. The aforesaid monks have claimed the above-mentioned manors for themselves for their own living by [grant of] William the younger,13 king of the English, and on record by Lanfranc, pious archbishop at Canterbury,14 and granted and bestowed in accordance with reason by Gundulf, bishop at Rochester.15 And for the proof of this very thing they have brought forward to the mediator the charters and confirmations of these same ones, as well as the supporting [documentation] of Henry and Stephen, kings of the English,16 and of Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury.17 Whereas, against this, the aforementioned Ascelin, bishop of Rochester, has responded with nothing of substance, nothing of validity; nor has he been able to prove his right to the previously assigned manors to our venerable brothers sitting in council: Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury;18 Robert of London;19 Henry of Winchester;20 Alexander of Lincoln;21 Everard of Norwich;22 Seffred, bishop of Chichester;23 the abbots, Geoffrey of St Albans,24 Gervase of Westminster, 25 Peter of Sherborne;26 and Hilary the master;27 and to as many other religious persons. The very manors, with all their associated appurtenances, which the charters of gift and confirmation were securing, we awarded to the very monks, and constituted them owners with the assurance of their bishop, who hereafter, without vexation and disturbance, might both permit the good monks to have their properties and preserve peace towards them – which we give orders to him to observe steadfastly. And as evidence of this he received the very monks with the kiss of peace. Therefore, with such just petitions of the aforementioned brothers, we give our easy assent to both those oft-spoken manors and all other goods and possessions, which in the present time they rightly possess, or in the future will legitimately hold, whether rights, customs, or freedoms reasonably granted. We confirm these very things by the authority of the office which I discharge and reinforce the present written testimony.
Footnotes
1 This document was copied by a later scribe; the principal scribe of Textus Roffensis completed his work about 1123. The original charter dates to the period of Imar of Tusculum’s service as papal legate. See n. 2, below.
2 ‘Lamhetham et Hendenham’ (‘Lambeth and Haddenham’), underlined for emphasis by a later scribe, who has also drawn the symbol } in the right margin to draw attention to the lines where he has made further underlines, for which see the notes below.
3 ‘ad uictum proprium a rege […] Willelmo’ (‘for their own living by king […] William’), underlined by a later scribe.
4 ‘Lamframco’ (‘Lanfranc’), underlined by a later scribe.
5 ‘Gundulfo’ (‘Gundulf’), underlined by a later scribe.
6 A letter has been erased to give the correct spelling of ‘cartas’.
7 A partially legible Latin annotation appears in the left margin at this point, written in a non-medieval hand, and in the form of a question. It is possible to decipher ‘pro Lambeth’ (‘for Lambeth’) on the upper line; and the last word looks like ‘pensionis’ (genitive form of pension, ‘payment’).
8 ‘Teobaldo’ (‘Theobald’), underlined by a later scribe.
9 ‘ipsis monachis adiudicauimus’ (‘we awarded to the very monks’), underlined by a later scribe.
10 Imar of Tusculum (d. 1161), cardinal-bishop from 1142, and served as papal legate to England during the pontificate of Lucius II, 1144–45.
11 This rather enigmatic statement alludes to the ongoing nature of the disagreement over the ownership of certain manors between the monks of St Andrew’s and their bishops; it is outlined in what follows. Though the charter does not say so, the disagreement originally began in the time of bishop John II, 1139–42; see Mary P. Richards, ‘Texts and their traditions in the medieval library of Rochester Cathedral Priory’, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 78.3 (1988), pp. 1–129, at p. 59.
12 Ascelin, bishop of Rochester, 1142–48. Unlike some of the earlier bishops of Rochester, Ascelin was not a monk and so was not also the prior at St Andrew’s.
13 William II (‘Rufus’), r. 1087–1100.
14 Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, 1070–89.
15 Gundulf, bishop of Rochester and prior of St Andrew’s Priory, 1077–1108.
16 Henry I, r. 1100–35; Stephen, r. 1135–54.
17 Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, 1093–1109.
18 Theobald of Bec, archbishop of Canterbury, 1139–61.
19 Robert, bishop of London, 1141–50.
20 Henry of Winchester, also known as Henry of Blois, younger brother of King Stephen, and bishop of Winchester, 1129–71.
21 Alexander, bishop of Lincoln, 1123–48.
22 Everard, bishop of Norwich, 1121–45.
23 Seffred I, bishop of Chichester, 1125–45.
24 Geoffrey, abbot of St Albans Abbey, 1119–46.
25 Gervase of Blois, illegitimate son of King Stephen, abbot of Westminster Abbey, 1138–57.
26 Peter, abbot of Sherborne Abbey, c. 1142–c.1160.
27 Probably Hilary of Chichester (c. 1110–69), who served as clerk for Henry of Blois, see n. 12, above; he was educated as a canon lawyer, hence the use of ‘master’, i.e. a scholar, and was appointed as bishop of Chichester in 1147.
Rochester Cathedral Foundation Charter, 604 CE*
The foundation charter of Rochester Cathedral, written primarily in Latin, though preserving its land boundary clause in Old English, announces that King Æthelberht grants land and privileges to the Church of St Andrew (the early name of the cathedral) in the year 604.
King Æthelberht1 grants land in Rochester to the church of St Andrew, Textus Roffensis, ff. 119r–119v Translated from Latin and Old English by Dr Christopher Monk. Date: likely after 1066.2
Transcription
119r (select folio number to open facsimile)
INcipiunt8 priuilegia aecclesię sancti9
Andreae Hrofensis concessa a tempore Ęthil-
berhti regis, qui fide Christiana a beato Au-
gustino suscepta, eandem ęcclesiam con-
strui fecit.10
REGNANTE11
IN PERPETVVM DOMINO
nostro Iesu Christo saluatore,
mense Aprilio, sub die
iiii kalendas Maias, indictione
vii ego Æthelberhtus12 rex
filio meo Eadbaldo admo-
nitionem catholice fidei
optabilem. Nobis est13
aptum semper inquirere,
qualiter per loca sanctorum
pro animę remedio
uel stabilitate salutis nostrę aliquid de portione
terrę nostrę in subsidiis seruorum Dei deuotissi-
mam uoluntatem debeamus offerre. Ideoque tibi
Sancte Andrea tuęque ęcclesiae quę est constitu-
ta in ciuitate Hrofibreui ubi pręesse uidetur
Iustus episcopus, trado aliquantulum telluris mei. hic est terminus mei doni.14 Fram Suðgeate
west andlanges wealles oð Norðlanan to
Stræte, ⁊ swa east fram St>aerte oð Dodding-
hyrnan ongean Bradgeat. Siquis uero au-
gere uoluerit hanc ipsam donationem, auge-
at illi Dominus dies bonos. Et si presumpserit
minuere aut contradicere, in conspectu
Dei sit damnatus et sanctorum eius hic et in ęterna
secula, nisi emendauerit ante eius transitum
quod inique gessit contra Christianitatem nostram. hoc cum consilio Laurentii episcopi et omnium princi-
pum meorum signo sanctę crucis confirmaui, eosque
iussi ut mecum idem facerent. AMEN.15
Translation
Here begin the privileges granted to the Church of Saint Andrew at Rochester, from the time of King Æthelberht who, having received the christian faith from the blessed Augustine, caused the same church to the built:
By our Lord Saviour Jesus Christ reigning perpetually, in the month of April, on the 4th day before the May calends [28th April],3 in the 7th year of the indiction [604],4 I King Æthelberht to my son Eadbald, a desired reminder of the Catholic faith. To us it is always proper to examine how, by means of holy places, for the remedy of the soul and the steadfastness of our salvation, we ought to offer, a most devout wish, something from the share of our land for the relief of the servants of God. And, therefore, to thee Saint Andrew and thy church, which is located in the city of Rochester and where Bishop Justus is seen to be head, I do hand over a small part of my land. Here is the boundary of my gift: from South Gate, west along the wall as far as North Lane, to Street,5 and so east from Street as far as Doddinghyrne6 opposite Broad Gate. If any man wishes to increase this very gift, may the Lord increase good days to him. And if he presumes to diminish or oppose it, may he be damned in the sight of God and his saints, here and on into the worlds everlasting, unless he repents that which he has done unjustly against our Christian faith.
This, in counsel with bishop Laurence and all my principal men,7 I have confirmed by the sign of the holy cross and have commanded them in order that they might with me accomplish the same. Amen.
Footnotes
1 King Æthelberht of Kent, often spelt Ethelbert, r. c.590–616.
2 This is a fraudulent document; see Nicholas Brooks, ‘Rochester, A.D. 400–1066’, in Medieval Art, Architecture and Archaeology at Rochester, ed. Tim Ayers and Tim Tatton-Brown (Maney, 2006), pp. 6–21, at pp. 8–10. The purported date is 28th April, 604 (see notes 3 and 4 below). 604 is the date for the foundation of Rochester Cathedral assigned by the monk-historian Bede: ‘In the year of our Lord 604 […] Augustine also consecrated Justus as bishop of a Kentish city which the English call Hrofescaestir [Rochester] after an early chieftain named Hrof. This lies nearly twenty-four miles west of Canterbury, and a church in honour of Saint Andrew the Apostle was built here by King Ethelbert’. Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People, trans. Leo Sherley-Price, revised R. E. Latham (Penguin, revised ed., 1990), pp. 107–08. The document, as it appears in Textus Roffensis (penned by the principal scribe about 1123), is a copy of an earlier forgery which was possibly written a few years after the Norman Conquest of 1066. The forger may have modelled the forgery on a much older charter, for it is skilfully crafted, but inserted the boundary clause to correspond exactly to land that was seized by William I to build Rochester Cathedral. Therefore, as Brook suggests, the cathedral would have been able to use this charter to claim compensation for their lost land.
3 ‘May calends’, i.e. the first of May; the fourth day before the May calends is therefore April 28th .
4 i.e. in the year 604. The indiction refers to cycles of 15-year periods related to the Roman fiscal year. The indiction year referred to here is that beginning September 597 through to September 598. The seventh year of this particular indiction runs therefore from September 603 to September 604. As the date already given is the 28th April, it follows that the year must be 604. For more information on indiction years, see: https://www.britannica.com/topic/indiction [accessed 30.04.2018].
5 The main thoroughfare at that time through the city, from Westgate to Eastgate, continuing on to Canterbury, and corresponding to the present-day (old) High Street in Rochester (not the bypass of the same name). See Tim TattonBrown, ‘The topography and buildings of Medieval Rochester’, in Medieval Art, Architecture and Archaeology at Rochester, ed. Ayers and Tatton-Brown, pp. 22-37, at p. 23, fig. 1. 6 ‘Dodda’s corner/horn’, located at the crossroads in the centre of Rochester. See Brook, ‘Rochester, A.D. 400–1066’, p. 10, and Fig. 1
6 ‘Dodda’s corner/horn’, located at the crossroads in the centre of Rochester. See Brook, ‘Rochester, A.D. 400–1066’, p. 10, and Fig. 1
7 Bishop Laurence, archbishop of Canterbury, c.604–619. He was part of the Gregorian mission sent to Kent to convert the English peoples and was, unusually, consecrated by his predecessor Augustine before the latter died.
8 A Latin annotation in a non-medieval hand appears above the rubric; it is not fully legible.
9 The bar of the letter ‘t’ is extended.
10 The bar of the letter ‘t’ is extended.
11 ‘REGNANTE…’. To the right, in the margin, there is a faint manicule (a pointing finger).
12 A later hand, probably early-modern, has underlined the date and the king’s name and made an annotation, perhaps in Latin, in the right margin; however, it is not fully legible.
13 The bar of the letter ‘t’ is extended.
14 A later hand has inserted an asterisk with a corresponding annotation in the left margin, translating into earlymodern English the boundary clause: ‘[…] from Southgate West & along […] wal[l]s to north lane to street. & so east from street to dodinghorn lane and then to brod gate.’ The last word of the boundary clause, ‘Brad[-]geat’, has also been underlined.
15 The letter ‘N’ is stretched.
Dispute over the estate at Snodland, 995-1005
The dispute between bishop Godwine and Leofwine over the estate of Snodland, 995–10051. Textus Roffensis, ff. 155r–156v. Translated from Old English by Dr Christopher Monk.
Transcription
155r (select folio number to open facsimile)
xP2Her cyð on ðysum gewrite, hu Godwine biscop
on Hrofeceastre, ⁊ Leofwine Ælfeages
sunu ( )3 wurðon gesybsumode ymbe þæt land
æt Snoddinglande, on Cantwarabyrig.
Þa4 ða se biscop Godwine com to ðam biscopstole
þurh hæse his cynehlafordes Æðelredes cynges
æfter Ælfstanes forðsiþe biscopes, þa gemetæ he on
ðam mynstre þa ylcan swutelunga þe his fore-
genga hæfde, ⁊ þærmid on þæt land spæc, ongan
ða to specenne on ðæt land, ⁊ elles for Godes
ege ne dorste, oððæt seo spræc wearð þam
cynge cuð. Þa ða him seo talu cuð wæs, þa sende
he gewrit ⁊ his insegl5 to þam arcebisceope Æl-
frice, ⁊ bead him þæt he ⁊ hys þegenas on East6
Cent, ⁊ on West Cent,7 hy onriht gesemdon,
be ontale, ⁊ be oftale. Þa þæt wæs þæt se bisceop Godwi-
ne com to Cantwarabyrig to ðam arcebiscope, þa
com ðider se scyresman8 Leofric, ⁊ mid him Ælfun
abbod, ⁊ þegenas ægþer ge of9 East Cent ge of
West Cent,10 eal seo duguð, ⁊ hy ðær þa spæce swa
lange handledon, syððon se bisceop his swute-
lunge ge(e)owod hæfde, oþ hy ealle bædon þone
biscop eaðmodlice, þæt he geunnan scolde þæt he
moste mid bletsunga þæs landes brucan æt
Snoddinglande his dæg, ⁊ se biscop þa þæs
getiðode on ealra þæra witena ( )11 þanc
þe þær gesomnode wæran, ⁊ he ( ) behet
þæs truwan þæt land æfter his dæge unbesacen
eode eft into þære stowe þe hit ut alæned
wæs, ⁊ ageaf þa swutelunga þe he to þam lande
hæfde þe ær of þære stowe geutod wæs, ⁊ þa ha-
gan ealle þe he bewestan þære cyrcan hæfde
into þære halgan stowe, ⁊ þises loces æren-
dracan wæran, Ælfun abbod ⁊ Wulfric abbod,
⁊ Leofric sciresman, ⁊ Siweard, ⁊ Wulfstan æt
Sealtwuda, ⁊ Ælfelm Ordelmes sunu. Þonne
is her seo gewitnes þe æt þisum loce wæs, þæt is
ærest se arcebiscop Ælfric, ⁊ se biscop God-
uuine, ⁊ Wulfric abbod, ⁊ Ælfun abbod, ⁊ Ælfnoð
æt Orpedingtune, ⁊ se hired æt Cristes Cyr-
can, ⁊ se hired æt Sancte Augustine, ⁊ s[e]o burh-
waru on Cantwarebyrig, ⁊ Leofric sciresman,
⁊ Lifing æt Meallingan, ⁊ Siweard, ⁊ Sired his
broðor, ⁊ Leo[f]stan12 æt Mærseham, ⁊ Godwine
Wulfeages sunu, ⁊ Wul[f]stan13 æt Sealtwuda, ⁊
Wul[f]stan14 iunga, ⁊ Leo[f]wine15 æt Dictune, ⁊ Leo-
fric Ealdredes sunu, ⁊ Goda Wulfsiges sunu,
⁊ Ælfelm Ordelmes sunu, ⁊ Sidewine æt Peal-
leswyrðe, ⁊ Wærelm, ⁊ Æþelred portgerefa
on byrig,16 ⁊ Guðwold. Gif hwa þis ðence to awen-
denne, ⁊ þas foreword to abrecenne, awende
him God fram his ansyne on þam miclan dome,
swa þæt he si ascyred fram heofena rices myrhðe,
156v
⁊ sy eallum deoflum betæht into helle. AMEN.
Translation
It is made known here in this document how Godwine,17 Bishop of Rochester, and Leofwine, son of Ælfheah, became reconciled at Canterbury in regard to the land at Snodland.18
When bishop Godwine came to the episcopal see at the behest of his sovereign lord, King Æthelred,19 after the death of bishop Ælfstan,20 then he discovered in the cathedral the very same written testimony which his predecessor had,21 and who had therewith made a claim on that land.22 Then [Godwine] attempted to lay claim to that land – for the fear of God he durst not do otherwise – until the suit became known to the king. When the claim was known to him, then [the king] sent a letter and his seal to the archbishop, Ælfric, and commanded him that he and his thegns, in both East and West Kent, should settle matters justly, be the verdict for or against the claim.
Then it was that bishop Godwine came to Canterbury to the archbishop; then thither came Leofric the sheriff,23 and with him abbot Ælfun and the thegns of both East and West Kent, the entire body of noblemen. And there they deliberated over the claim, after the bishop had revealed his written testimony, until finally they all respectfully bade the bishop that he should grant that [Leofwine] might, with his blessing, have use of the land at Snodland during his lifetime. And the bishop then permitted this to the satisfaction of all the witan, which was gathered there.24 And [Leofwine] pledged his troth that after his lifetime the land should thereafter revert to the place from which it was leased out.25 And he gave up the written testimony he had related to the land, which previously had been alienated from that place,26 and all the hagas which he had west of the church to the holy place.27 And the mediators of this agreement were abbot Ælfun, abbot Wulfric, sheriff Leofric, Siweard, Wulfstan of Saltwood, and Ælfhelm son of Ordhelm.28 And here is the list of witnesses to this agreement: namely, first, the archbishop Ælfric,29 then the bishop Godwine, abbot Wulfric, abbot Ælfun, Ælfnoth of Orpington, the brethren at Christ Church,30 the brethren at St Augustine’s,31 the citizens of Canterbury, sheriff Leofric, Lifing of Malling, Siweard and Sired his brother, Leofstan of Mersham,32 Godwine son of Wulfheah,33 Wulfstan of Saltwood,34 Wulfstan the Young,35 Leofwine of Ditton,36 Leofric son of Ealdred, Goda son of Wulfsige, Ælfhelm son of Ordhelm, Sidewine of Paddlesworth, Wærhelm,37 Æthelred the town port-reeve,38 and Guthwold.
If anyone attempts to turn from or break these terms, God will turn his face from him at the great judgement, so that he be cut off from the joy of the kingdom of heaven and be handed over to all the devils in Hell. Amen.
Footnotes
1 The date range corresponds to the reign of the first witness listed in the document: Ælfric, archbishop of Canterbury; see online here [accessed 15.03.18]. See also A. Campbell, Charters of Rochester (Oxford University Press, 1973), p. xxvii. The original document was copied into Textus Roffensis by the principal scribe about 1123.
2 A Chi-Rho symbol marks the beginning of the text. I’ve represented it with the Greek letters separated.
3 There is a hole in the manuscript at this point.
4 ‘Þa…’
5 ‘insegl’ (‘seal’), underlined by a later hand.
6 ‘on East’ (‘in East’), underlined by a later hand.
7 ‘on West Cent’ (‘in West Kent’), underlined by a later hand.
8 ‘scyresman’ (‘sheriff’), underlined by a later hand.
9 ‘oft’ in the document.
10 ‘East Cent ge of West Cent’ (‘East Kent and of West Kent’), underlined by a later hand.
11 There is a hole in the manuscript at this point, also affecting the line below.
12 ‘f’ omitted by mistake.
13 ‘f’ omitted by mistake.
14 ‘f’ omitted by mistake.
15 ‘s’ for ‘f’ by mistake.
16 ‘⁊ Æþelred portgerefa on byrig’ (‘and Æthelred the port-reeve in the town’), underlined by a later hand.
17 Godwine, bishop of Rochester, r. 994/5–c.1013.
18 Snodland lies along the river Medway between Rochester and Maidstone.
19 King Æthelred (Ethelred) the ‘Unready’, r. 978–1016.
20 Ælfstan, bishop of Rochester, r. before 964–994/5.
21 ‘written testimony’, translating swutelunga, a rather vague term, most likely alluding to the written land grant, i.e. the charter, or land-book, for Snodland.
22 i.e. Snodland.
23 Sheriff of Kent, presumably.
24 Witan, ‘wise men’, the king’s council in Anglo-Saxon England.
25 That is, to Rochester Cathedral.
26 This seems to be alluding to the land being alienated from Rochester Cathedral.
27 Haga, either a plot of land or a piece of enclosed land (possibly with a house and other buildings) within a town; in this case the land was within the city walls of Rochester. It seems that Leofwine gave up land he owned near the cathedral in exchange for the estate in Snodland.
28 Spelt ‘Ælfelm’ and ‘Ordelm’ in the document. The ‘-helm’ element of Old English names signifies ‘protector’.
29 Ælfric of Abingdon, archbishop of Canterbury 995–1005.
30 Christ Church, the monastery at Canterbury Cathedral.
31 St Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury.
32 Misspelt as ‘Leostan’ in the document. The ‘Leof-’ element in Old English names means ‘friend’ or ‘beloved’.
33 Spelt ‘Wulfeag’ in the document.
34 Misspelt as ‘Wulstan’ in the document. The Wulf- element in Old English names means ‘wolf’.
35 Misspelt as ‘Wulstan’ in the document. See n. 19 above.
36 Misspelt as ‘Leoswine’ in the document. See n. 17 above.
37 Spelt ‘Wærelm’ in the document. See n. 13 above.
38 Reeve of Canterbury.
William I gives 100 pounds to Rochester Cathedral
William I gives one hundred pounds, shortly before his death, to the church of St Andrew, Rochester, c.10871.Textus Roffensis, ff. 210r–210v. Translated from Latin by Dr Christopher Monk.
Transcription
210r (select folio number to open facsimile)
Donum Willelmi magni regis. Willelmus2 rex Anglorum magnus, pater Uuil-
lelmi regis eiusdem gentis, Hrofensem
ęcclesiam beati Andreę in tantum dilexit,
ut imminente articulo mortis suę centum
ei libras donaret, regiam quoque tunicam, propriumque
cornu eburneum, dorsale etiam unum, cum feretro
deargentato dimitteret. Pro quo et aliis eius
multis beneficiis, nostrę ęcclesię ab eo benigne
impensis, eius anniuersarium constituimus
debere singulis annis festiue fieri.
Translation
The gift of the great King William3
William, great king of the English, father of William,4 king of the same people, esteemed so much the Rochester church of Saint Andrew that he gave to it, at the moment of his imminent death, one hundred pounds, besides bequeathing a royal tunic, a special ivory horn, and also one dossal with a silver-gilded frame.5 For this, and for his many other privileges benevolently bestowed upon our church, we established a festal anniversary to take place every year.6
Footnotes
1 This document was likely copied from an earlier original by the principal scribe of Textus Roffensis around 1123.
2 ‘Willelmus…’
3 William I (‘the Conqueror’), r. 1066–87, died 9th September 1087.
4 William II (‘Rufus’), r. 1087–1100.
5 Dossal, an altar piece, or hanging, often of cloth, placed so as to rise from the back of the church altar.
6 Presumably, the anniversary of his death.
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